Conservation genetics: Theory and practice

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-11

  Schaal, Barbara A ^a   Leverich, Wesley J ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation genetics; Genetic drift; Inbreeding depression; Outbreeding depression

Indexed keywords

EID: 20144382634     PISSN: 00266493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (62)

1. Antonovics, J. & A. Bradshaw. 1970. Evolution in closely adjacent plant populations. VIII. Clinal patterns at a mine boundary. Heredity 25: 349-362.
2. Betz, R. 1989. Ecology of Mead's milkweed (Asclepias meadii Torrey) Pp. 187-191 In T. Bragg & J. Stubeendieck (editors), Proceedings of the Eleventh North American Prairie Conference. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
3. Beyers, D. 1998. Effect of cross proximity on progeny fitness in a rare and a common species of Eupatorium (Asteraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 644-53.
4. _ & D. Waller. 1999. Do plant populations purge their genetic load? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 479-513.
5. Bowles, M. L., J. L. McBride & R. F. Betz. 1998. Management and restoration ecology of the federal threatened Mead's milkweed, Asclepias meadii (Asclepiadaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 110-125.
6. Clausen, J., D. Keck & W. Hiesey. 1940. Experimental studies on the nature of species. I. Effect of varied environments on western North American plants. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 520.
7. _ & _. 1948. Experimental studies on the nature of species. III. Environmental responses of climatic races of Achillea. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 581.
8. Cruzan, M. 2001. Population size and fragmentation thresholds for the maintenance of genetic diversity in the herbaceous endemic Scutellaria montana (Lamiaceae). Evolution 55: 1569-1580.
9. Day, S., E. Bryant & L. Meffert. 2003. The influence of variable rates of inbreeding on fitness, environmental responsiveness, and evolutionary potential. Evolution 57: 1314-1324.
10. DeMauro, M. 1993. Relationship of breeding system to rarity in the Lakeside Daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra). Conservation Biol. 7: 542-550.
11. Dudash, M. R., C. J. Murren & D. E. Carr. 2005. Using Mimulus as a model system to understand the role of inbreeding in conservation: Genetic and ecological approaches. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 36-51.
12. Ellstrand, N. 1992. Gene flow by pollen: Implications for plant conservation genetics. Oikos 63: 77-86.
13. _ & D. Elam. 1993. Population genetic consequences of small population size: Implications for plant conservation. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 217-242.
14. Ewens, W. 1979. Mathematical Population Genetics. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
15. Fenster, C. & M. Dudash. 1994. Genetic considerations for plant population restoration and conservation. Pp. 34-62 in M. Bowles & C. Whelan (editors), Restoration of Endangered Species: Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
16. _ & L. Galloway. 2000. Inbreeding and outbreeding depression in natural populations of Chamaecrista fasciculata (Fabaceae). Conservation Biol. 14: 1406-1412.
17. Fischer, M., M. Hock & M. Paschke. 2003. Low genetic variation reduces cross-compatibility and offspring fitness in populations of a narrow endemic plant with a self-incompatibility system. Conservation Genet. 4: 325-336.
18. Frankham, R. 1995. Inbreeding and extinction: A threshold effect. Conservation Biol. 9: 792-799.
19. _. 1999. Quantitative genetics in conservation biology. Genet. Res. 74: 237-244.
20. _ & K. Ralls. 1998. Inbreeding leads to extinction. Nature 392: 441-442.
21. Gliddon, C. & J. Goudet. 1994. The genetic structure of metapopulations and conservation biology. Pp. 107-114 in V. Loeschcke, J. Tomiuk & S. Jain (editors), Conservation Genetics. Birkhauser, Basel.
22. Hamrick, J. & M. Godt. 1990. Allozyme diversity in plant species. Pp. 43-63 in A. Brown, M. Clegg, A. Kahler & B. Weir (editors), Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
23. _, D. Murawski & M. Loveless. 1991. Correlations between species traits and allozyme diversity: Implications for conservation biology. Pp. 75-86 in D. Falk & K. Holsinger (editors), Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
24. Hayworth, D., M. Bowles, B. Schaal & K. Shingleton. 2002. Clonal population structure of the federal threatened Mead's milkweed, as determined by RAPD analysis and its conservation implication. Pp. 182-190 in N. Berstein (editor), Seeds for the Future, Roots of the Past; Proceedings of the 17 North American Prairie Conference.
25. Hedrick P. & S. Kalinowski. 2000. Inbreeding depression and conservation biology. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31: 139-162.
26. Helenurm, K. & B. A. Schaal. 1996. Reproductive ecology and breeding system of Lupinus texensis. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1585-1594.
27. Holsinger, K., R. Mason-Gamer & J. Whitton. 1999. Genes, demes, and plant conservation. Pp. 23-46 in L. Landweber & A. Dobson (editors), Genetics and the Extinction of Species. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
28. Hufford, K. M. & S. J. Mazer. 2003. Plant ecotypes: Genetic differentiation in the age of ecological restoration. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18: 147-155.
29. Jain, S. 1994. Genetics and demography of rare plants and patchily distributed colonizing species. Pp. 291-308 in V. Loeschcke, J. Tomiuk & S. Jain (editors), Conservation Genetics. Birkhauser, Basel.
30. King, L. E. & B. A. Schaal. 1989. Ribosomal DNA variation among glade populations of Rudbeckia missouriensis. Evolution 43: 1117-1119.
31. Krakowski, J., S. Aitken & Y. El-Kassaby. 2003. Inbreeding and conservation genetics in whitebark pine. Conservation Genet. 4: 581-593.
32. Lammi, A., P. Siikamaki & K. Mustajarvi. 1999. Genetic diversity, population size, and fitness in central and peripheral populations of a rare plant, Lychnis viscaria. Conservation Biol. 13: 1069-1078.
33. Lande, R. 1995. Mutation and conservation. Conservation Biol. 9: 782-791.
34. _. 1999. Extinction risks from anthropogenic, ecological, and genetic factors. Pp. 23-46 in L. Landweber & A. Dobson (editors), Genetics and the Extinction of Species. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
35. Learn, G. H. & B. A. Schaal. 1987. Population subdivision in Clematis freemontii: Local differentiation for rDNA repeats. Evolution 41: 433-438.
36. Les, D. H., J. A. Reinartz & E. J. Esselman. 1991. Genetic consequences of rarity in Aster furcatus (Asteraceae), a threatened, self-incompatible plant. Evolution 45: 1641-1650.
37. Lynch, M., J. Conery & R. Burger. 1995. Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations. Amer. Naturalist 146: 489-519.
38. McMillan, C. 1964. Ecotypic differentiation within four North American prairie grasses. II. Amer. J. Bot. 51: 1119-1128.
39. _. 1969. Survival patterns in four prairie grasses transplanted to central Texas. Amer. J. Bot. 56: 108-115.
40. Montalvo, A., S. Williams, K. Rice, S. Buchmann, C. Cory, S. Handel, G. Nabhan, R. Primack & R. Robichaux. 1997. Restoration biology: A population biology perspective. Restorat. Ecol. 5: 277-290.
41. Newman, D. & D. Pilson. 1997. Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size: Experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella. Evolution 51: 354-362.
42. Paland, S. & B. Schmid. 2003. Population size and the nature of genetic load in Gentianella germanica. Evolution 57: 2242-2251.
43. Paschke, M., G. Bernasconi & B. Schmid. 2003. Population size and identity influence the reaction norm of the rare, endemic plant Cochlearia bavarica across a gradient of environmental stress. Evolution 57: 496-508.
44. Poon, A. & S. Otto. 2000. Compensating for our load of mutation: Freezing the meltdown of small populations. Evolution 54: 1467-1479.
45. Primack, R. 1996. Lessons from ecological theory: Dispersal, establishment and population structure. Pp. 209-233 in D. Falk, C. Millar & P. Olwell (editors), Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
46. Reed, D. & R. Frankham. 2001. How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variation? A meta-analysis. Evolution 55: 1095-1103.
47. _, E. Lowe, D. Briscoe & R. Frankham. 2003. Inbreeding and extinction: Effects of rate of inbreeding. Conservation Genet. 4: 405-410.
48. Reinartz, J. & D. Les. 1994. Bottleneck-induced dissolution of self-incompatibility and breeding system consequences in Aster furcatus (Asteraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 81: 446-455.
49. Remington, D. & D. O'Malley. 2000. Evaluation of major genetic loci contributing to inbreeding depression for survival and early growth in a selfed family of Pinus taeda. Evolution 54: 1580-1589.
50. Schaal, B. 1989. The population biology of an annual Texas lupine. Pp. 283-292 in C. Stirton & J. Zarucchi (editors), Advances in Legume Biology. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29.
51. _ & W. Leverich. 2004. Population genetic issues in ex situ plant conservation. Pp. 267-285 in E. Guerrant, K. Havens & M. Maunder (editors), Ex Situ Plant Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
52. Scheiner, S. 1993. Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 35-68.
53. Schlichting, C. 1986. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 667-693.
54. Sheridan, P. & D. Karowe. 2000. Inbreeding, outbreeding and heterosis in the pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava (Sarraceniaceae), in Virginia. Amer. J. Bot. 87: 1628-1633.
55. Soulé, M. 1986. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
56. Smith, S., J. Hughes & G. Wardell-Johnston. 2003. High population differentiation and extensive clonality in a rare mallee eucalypt: Eucalyptus curtisii. Conservation Genet. 4: 289-300.
57. Whitlock, M. 2000. Fixation of new alleles and the extinction of small populations: Drift load, beneficial alleles, and sexual selection. Evolution 54: 1855-1861.
58. Wallace, B. 1968. Topics in Population Genetics. Norton, New York.
59. Williams, S. 2001. Reduced genetic diversity in eelgrass transplantations affects both population growth and individual fitness. Ecol. Applic. 11: 1472-1488.
60. Young, A., T. Boyle & T. Brown. 1996. The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1: 413-418.
61. Young, A. G., C. Millar, E. A. Gregory & A. Langston. 2000. Sporophytic self-incompatibility in diploid and tetraploid races of Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides. Austral. J. Bot. 48: 667-672.
62. Zampini, C. 1991. Genetic and Environmental Sources of Variation in Natural Populations of Helianthus tuberosus L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis.