Management of prehypertension

Hypertension

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1056-1061

  Svetkey, Laura P ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CASE REPORT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREHYPERTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 20044373657     PISSN: 0194911X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000167152.98618.4b     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42:1206-1252.
2. JNC-6. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413-2446.
3. Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new Joint National Committee guidelines. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2126-2134.
4. Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension in the United States, 1999-2000. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2113-2118.
5. Mainous AG III, Everett CJ, Liszka H, King DE, Egan BM. Prehypertension and mortality in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1496-1500.
6. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358: 1682-1686.
7. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, Abbott R, Goodwin J, Dyer A, Stamler J. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765-774.
8. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-1913.
9. Stamler J, Stamler R, Neaton JD. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:598-615.
10. Russell LB, Valiyeva E, Carson JL. Effects of prehypertension on admissions and deaths: a simulation. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164: 2119-2124.
11. Washio M, Tokunaga S, Yoshimasu K, Kodama H, Liu Y, Sasazuki S, Tanaka K, Kono S, Mohri M, Takeshita A, Arakawa K, Ideishi M, Nu T, Shirai K, Arai H, Doi Y, Kawano T, Nakagaki O, Takada K, Hiyamuta K, Koyanagi S. Role of prehypertension in the development of coronary-atherosclerosis in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2004;14:57-62.
12. Toikka JO, Laine H, Ahotupa M, Haapanen A, Viikari JS, Hartiala JJ, Raitakari OT. Increased arterial intima-media thickness and in vivo LDL oxidation in young men with borderline hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;36:929-933.
13. King DE, Egan BM, Mainous AG III, Geesey ME. Elevation of C-reactive protein in people with prehypertension. J Clin Hypertension. 2004;6:562-568.
14. Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Skournas J, Stefanadis C. Association between prehypertension status and inflammatory markers related to atherosclerotic disease: the ATTICA Study. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:568-573.
15. Karanja NM, Obarzanek E, Lin PH, McMullough ML, Phillips KM, Swain JF, Champagne CM, Hoben KP. Descriptive characteristics of the dietary patterns used in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial. DASH Collaborative Research Group. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999; 99(suppl 8):S19-S27.
16. Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Windhauser MM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, McCullough M, Karanja N, Lin P-H, Steele S, Proschan M, Evans MA, Appel L, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Moore TJ: DASH Investigators. Rationale and design of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial (DASH). Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5:108-118.
17. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollraer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin P-H, Karanja N: DASH Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117-1124.
18. Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton D, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Conlin PR, Ryan DH, Ard J, Kennedy BM; DASH Research Group. Effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial. Arch Internal Med. 1999;159:285-293.
19. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. A clinical trial of the effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the DASH dietary pattern (The DASH-Sodium Trial). N Engl J Med. 2001;344:3-10.
20. Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR: Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:2083-2093.
21. Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton DG, Proschan MA, Sacks FM, Conlin PR, Harsha D, Moore TJ; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and reduced sodium intake on blood pressure control. J Clin Hypertens. 2004;6:373-381.
22. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42:878-884.
23. TOHP-1. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase I. J Am Med Assoc. 1992;267: 1213-1220.
24. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, Milas NC, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Beiden L, Bragg C, Millstone M, Raczynski J, Brewer A, Singh B, Cohen J; Trials of Hypertension Prevention Research Group. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1-11.
25. Staessen J, Fagard R, Amery A. The relationship between body weight and blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 1988;2:207-217.
26. Mulrow CD, Chiquette E, Angel L, Cornell J, Summerbell C, Anagnostelis B, Grimm R Jr, Brand MB. Dieting to reduce body weight for controlling hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD000484.
27. Ebrahim D, Smith GD. Lowering blood pressure: a systematic review of sustained effects of non-pharmacological interventions. J Public Health Med. 1998;20:441-448.
28. Cutler JA. Randomized clinical trials of weight reduction in nonhypertensive persons. Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:363-370.
29. INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. INTERSALT: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ. 1988;297: 319-328.
30. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer A, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M. INTERSALT revisited: further analyses of 24-hour sodium excretion and blood pressure variation within and across populations. BMJ. 1996; 312:1249-1253.
31. Cutler JA, Follman D, Allender PS. Randomized trials of sodium reduction: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:643S-651S.
32. TOHP 2-The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:657-667.
33. He J, Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Charleston J, Klag MJ. Long-term effects of weight loss and dietary sodium reduction on incidence of hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;35:544-549.
34. Ainsworth BE, Keenan NL, Strogatz DS, Garrett JM, James SA. Physical activity and hypertension in black adults: the Pitt County Study. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:1477-1479.
35. Reaven PD, Barrett-Connor E, Edelsteins. Relation between leisure time physical activity and blood pressure in older women. Circulation. 1991; 83:559-565.
36. Tuomilehto J, Marti B, Salonen JT, Virtala E, Lahti T, Puska P. Leisure-time physical activity is inversely related to risk factors for coronary heart disease in middle-aged Finnish men. Ear Heart J. 1987; 8:1047-1055.
37. Braith RW, Pollock ML, Lownthal DT, Graves JE, Limacher MC. Moderate and high-intensity exercise lowers blood pressure in normotensive subjects 60 to 79 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:1124-1128.
38. Hagberg JM, Montain SJ, Martin WH, Ehsani AA. Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:348-353.
39. Roman O, Camuzzi AL, Villalon E, Klenner C. Physical training program in arterial hypertension. A long-term prospective follow-up. Cardiology. 1981;67:230-243.
40. Blumenthal JA, Siegel WC, Appelbaum M. Failure of exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 1991;266:2098-2104.
41. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Progressive resistance exercise and resting blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2000;35:838-843.
42. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:493-503.
43. MacMahon S. Alcohol consumption and hypertension. Hypertension. 1987;9:111-121.
44. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB, Gerard MJ. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1977;296:1194-1200.
45. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, Rouse imerleukin (IL), Rogers P. Evidence for a direct effect of alcohol consumption on blood pressure in normotensive men: a randomized controHed trial. Hypertension. 1985;7: 707-713.
46. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R. Regular alcohol use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive subjects. Lancet. 1987;1:647-651.
47. Cushman WC, Cutler JA, Hanna E, Bingham SF, Follmann D, Harford T, Dubbert P, Allender PS, Dufour M, Collins JF, Walsh SM, Kirk GF, Burg M, Felicetta JV, Hamilton BP, Katz LA, Perry HM Jr, Willenbring ML, Lakshman R, Hamburger RJ. Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension Study (PATHS): effects of an alcohol treatment program on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1197-1207.
48. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, Ogden LG, Motsamai OI, Whelton PK. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2001;38:1112.
49. Stamler R, Stamler J, Gosch FC, Civinelli J, Fishman J, McKeever P, McDonald A, Dyer AR. Primary prevention of hypertension by nutritional-hygienic means. J Am Med Assoc. 1989;262:1801-1807.
50. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Menard J, Ralin KH, Wedel H, Westerling S. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet. 1998;351:1755-1762.
51. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, oncardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342: 145-153.
52. Nissen SE, Tuzeu EM, Libby P, Thompson PD, Ghali M, Garza D, Berman L, Shi H, Buebendorf E, Topol EJ; CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure. The CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292:2217-2226.
53. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:2981-2997.
54. Ryan DH, Espeland MA, Foster GD, Haffner SM, Hubbard VS, Johnson KC, Kahn SE, Knowler WC, Yanovski SZ; Look AHEAD Research Group. Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes): design and methods for a clinical trial of weight loss for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24: 610-628.
55. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. NIH Publication No. 98-4083. September 1998.
56. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, Bray GA, Miller ER III, Lin PH, Karanja NM, Most-Windhauser MM, Moore TJ, Swain JF, Bales CW, Proschan MA; DASH Research Group. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:80-89.
57. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, Giugliano D. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:1799-1804.
58. Dietary Guidelines at http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/ report.
59. Health People 2010 at http://www.healthypeople.gov.
60. Olivieria S, Lapuerta P, McCarthy B, L'Italien G, Berlowitz D, Asch S. Physician-related barriers to the effective management of uncontrolled hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:413-420.
61. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 1991.
62. Serdula MK, Khan LK, Dietz WH. Weight loss counseling revisited. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:1747-1750.
63. Jeffery RW, Gillum R, Gerber WM, Jacobs D, Elmer PJ, Prineas RJ. Weight and sodium reduction for the prevention of hypertension: a comparison of group treatment and individual counseling. Am J Public Health. 1983;73:691-693.
64. Ammerman A, Caggiula A, Elmer PJ, Kris-Etherton P, Keyserling T, Keyserling T, Lewis C, Luepker R, Pearson T, Schucker B Shannon B, Simpson RJ Jr, Watson J. Putting medical practice guidelines into practice: the cholesterol model. Am J Prev Med. 1994;10:209-216.
65. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Levy D. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:1003-1010.