A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity

Phytomedicine

Volumn 12, Issue 6-7, 2005, Pages 514-535

  Rocha, L G ^a   Almeida, J R G S ^b   Macedo R O ^b   Barbosa Filho, J M ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO NORTE   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARAÍBA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Antileishmanial activity; Antileishmaniasis; Leishmania; Leishmanicidal activity; Medicinal plants; Natural products

Indexed keywords

1 METHYL ETHER RUBIADIN; 1 [2,4 DIHYDROXY 3 (3 METHYL 2 BUTENYL)]PHENYL 3 [4 HYDROXY 3 (3 METHYL 2 BUTENYL)PHENYL]PROP 2 EN 1 ONE; 1 [2,4 DIHYDROXY 3 (3 METHYLBUT 2 ENYL)PHENYL] 3 [4 HYDROXY 3 (3 METHYLBUT 2 ENYL)PHENYL]PROP 2 EN 1 ONE; 1' CHLOROPANNARINE; 15 ACETYLSERGOLIDE; 15 ALPHA HYDROXYHOLAMINE; 15 BETA GLUCOSYL GLAUACARUBOL; 15 BETA HEPTYLCHAPARRINONE; 16,17 DIHYDROBRACHYCALYXOLIDE; 17 EPI N NORHOLACURTINE; 17 EPIHOLACURTINE; 18 CARBOXY METHYL ESTER LAMBDA 8,13 DIEN 15 OIC ACID; 2 (3,4 DIMETHOXYPHENYLETHYL)QUINOLINE; 2 (3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYPHENYLETHYL)QUINOLINE; 2 CARBALDEHYDE ANTHRAQUINONE; 2 CYCLO EPOXIDE BRACHYCOUMARINONE; 2 EPICYCLO EPOXIDE BRACHYCOUMARINONE; 2 HYDROXYMETHYL 2 HYDROXYANTHRAQUINONE; 2 N PENTYLQUINOLINE; 2',6' DIHYDROXY 4' METHOXYCHALCONE; 2,3 DEHYDROEMETINE; 2,5 EPOXY 2 BETA HYDROXY 8 ALPHA (2 METHYLPROPENOYLOXY) 4(15),10(14),11(13) 12,6 ALPHA OLIDE GERMACRATIEN; 3 ALPHA AMINO 14 BETA HYDROXYPREGNAN 20 ONE; 3 BETA ACETOXY 8 ALPHA 13 EPOXY 12 OXO LAMBDA 9,14 DIENE; 3 HDYROXY 1,7 BIS(4',4'' DIHYDROXYPHENYL)HEPTANE; 3 METHYLALIZARIN; 3(2H) 4,6 DIBENZOYL 2 (PHENYLHYDROXYMETHYL)BENZOFURANONE; 3(2H) HYDROXY 2 (PHENYLMETHYLENE)BENZOFURANONE; 3(2H) METHOXY 2 (PHENYLHYDROXYMETHYLENE)BENZOFURANONE; 3(2H) METHOXY 2 (PHENYLMETHYLENE)BENZOFURANONE; 3,3' BIPLUMBAGIN; 3,4,5 TRIMETHOXY 8 (3',5' DIMETHOXY 4' PROPENYLPHENOXY)PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 O TETRADECANOL; 3,6 EPIDIOXY 4,6,8,10 TETRAETHYLTETRADECA 7,11 DIENOIC ACID; 3,6 EPOXY 4,6 8 TRIETHYLMETHYL ESTER DODECA 2,4 DIENOIC ACID; 4 COLCHISIDE; 4,6 DIETHYL 3,5 EPIDIOXY 8 METHYLDODEC 4 ENOIC ACID; 4,6 DIETHYL 3,6 EPOXY 8 METHYLMETHYL ESTER DODECA 2,4 DIENOIC ACID; 6 BENZOYL 2 (OXOMETHYLPHENYL) 3 HYDROXYBENZOFURAN; 6 BETA HYDROXYLOGANIN; 6 BETA HYDROXYROSENOLACTONE; 7 COLCHISIDE; 8 ALPHA HYDROXYTAURIN; 8,8' BIPLUMBAGIN; ABUTA PAHNI EXTRACT; ABUTA RUFESCENS EXTRACT; ACANTHOSPERMUM HISPIDUM EXTRACT; ACHYROCLINE FLACCIDA EXTRACT; ACIVICIN; ACTEOSIDE; AGAROFURAN DERIVATIVE; AGERATINA PENTLANDIANA EXTRACT; AJMALICINE; ALIZARIN; ALLOPURINOL; ALOE EMODIN; ALPHA HEDERIN; ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS EXTRACT; AMAROGENTIN; AMENTOFLAVONE; AMPELOCERA EDENTULA EXTRACT; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANCISTROEALAINE A; ANCISTROEALAINE B; ANIBA CANELILLA EXTRACT; ANIBA EXTRACT; ANNONA GLAUCA EXTRACT; ANNONA MURICATA EXTRACT; ANNONA SENEGALENSIS EXTRACT; ANNONA SPRAGUEI EXTRACT; ANNONACIN; ANNONACIN A; ANOMOSPERMUM BOLIVIANUM EXTRACT; ANONAINE; ANOPHONIN; ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVE; ANTILEISHMANIAL AGENT; ANTIOQUINE; APHIDICOLIN; ARBORTRISTOSIDE A; ARBORTRISTOSIDE B; ARBORTRISTOSIDE C; ARGENTILACTONE; ARGENTININE; ARISTEROMYCIN; ARTEMETHER; ARTEMISIA HERBA ALBA EXTRACT; ARTEMISININ; AZADIRACHTA INDICA EXTRACT; AZELASTINE; BACCHARIS SALICIFOLIA EXTRACT; BENZOFURAN DERIVATIVE; BENZOXAZOL 2(3H) ONE; BENZOXAZOLINONE; BERBAMINE; BERBERIDACEAE BOLIVIANA EXTRACT; BERBERINE; BERBERIS LAURINA EXTRACT; BERBERIS PAUCIDENTATA EXTRACT; BETA DIHYDRO 6BETA DIACETOXY 1ALPHA,9ALPHA DIBENZOYLOXY 15(2) METHYLBUTYROYLOXY 2ALPHA HYDROXYAGAROFURAN; BETA HEDERIN; BETULETOL; BETULIN; BISMETHOXYCURCUMIN; BOCCONIA PEARCEI EXTRACT; BRACTEIN; BRACTEOLIN; BRUCEANTIN; BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM EXTRACT; BUCHTIENINE; BUDDLEJASAPONIN; BULLATACIN; CAMPTOTHECIN; CANADINE; CAPPARIS SPINOSA EXTRACT; CARDIOPETALUM CALOPHYLLUM EXTRACT; CHALCONE DERIVATIVE; CHAPARRINONE; CHERSODOMA JODOPAPPA EXTRACT; CHIMANINE A; CHIMANINE B; CHIMANINE D; CNICOTHAMNUS LORENTZII EXTRACT; COLA ATTIENSIS EXTRACT; CONCANAVALIN B; CONOBEA SCOPARIOIDES EXTRACT; CONODURAMINE; CONODURINE; COREXIMINE; CORONARIDINE; CORYDINE; CORYNANTHEIDINE; CORYNANTHINE; COUMARIN DERIVATIVE; CROTALARIA BARBATA EXTRACT; CRYPTOFOLIONE; CURCUMIN; CUSPARINE; DAMNACANTHAL; DAPHNANDRINE; DECANOIC ACID; DEHYDROPINIFOLIC ACID 15 METHYL ESTER; DEHYDROZALUZANIN C; DELTA HEDERIN; DESMODIUM GANGETICUM EXTRACT; DIALLYL DISULFIDE; DICENTRINONE; DICTYOLAMIDE A; DICTYOLOMA PERUVIANUM EXTRACT; DIHYDROBERBERINE; DIHYDROCORYNANTHEIDINE; DIOSPYRIN; DOLIOCARPUS DENTATUS EXTRACT; DOMESTICINE; DORSTENIA MULTIRADIATA EXTRACT; DUGUETIA SPIXIANA EXTRACT; ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACT; EMETINE; EPIOLEANOLIC ACID; ESPINTANOL; ESTER DERIVATIVE; EXTBERBERIS BUMELIAEFOLIA EXTRACT; FARAMEA GUIANENSIS EXTRACT; FISSINOLIDE; FLAVONE DERIVATIVE; FORMYCIN B; GABUNINE; GALIPEA LONGIFLORA EXTRACT; GARLIC EXTRACT; GLAUCAFILIN; GLAUCANISIN; GLAUCARUANTINE; GLAUCARUBIN; GLAUCARUBINONE; GLUCAN; GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIA EXTRACT; GONIOTHALAMICIN; GRIFOLIC ACID; GRIFOLIN; GUAREA POLYMERA EXTRACT; GYROCARPINE; HARMALINE; HARMINE; HEDELIX; HEDERACOLCHISIDE A; HEDERACOLCHISIDE A 1; HEDERACOLCHISIDE A'; HEDERAGENIN; HOLACURTINE; HOLACURTINOL; HOLAMINE; HOLLARHENA CURTISII EXTRACT; HUBERODENDRON PATINOI EXTRACT; HYALURONIC ACID; HYDROPIPERONE; HYDROXYDIOSPYRIN; HYDROXYVERNOLIDE; IBERICIN; INCOMPTIN B; INULA MONTANA EXTRACT; ISO 3',7 DIHYDROXY 4' METHOXYFLAVONE; ISOBRUCEINE A; ISOBRUCEINE B; ISOGUATTOUREGIDINE; JACARANDA COPAIA EXTRACT; JACARANONE; JASONIA GLUTINOSA EXTRACT; JATROGROSSIDIONE; JATROPHONE; KHAYA SENEGALENSIS EXTRACT; KIGELIA PINNATA EXTRACT; KUDTRIOL; KUTKIN; KUTKOSIDE; LAPACHOL; LAURIC ACID; LICOCHALCONE A; LIMACINE; LIRIODENINE; LUTEOLIN; LYSICAMINE; MALVA NICAEENSIS EXTRACT; MANDEVILLA ANTENNACEA EXTRACT; MARILA LAXIFLORA EXTRACT; MAYTENUS SENEGALENSIS EXTRACT; MEDIORESINOL; MIMENGOSIDE A; MINQUARTYNOIC ACID; MOLVIZARIN; MUNNOZIA FOURNETII EXTRACT; MUZANZAGENIN; MYCOBACILLIN; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; MYRSINE PELLUCIDA EXTRACT; N METHYLLIRIODENDRONINE; N NORHOLACURTINE; NATAMYCIN; NEUROLAENA LOBATA EXTRACT; NEUROLENIN B; NEUROLENIN C; NORCURCUMIN; NORUSHINSUNINE; NYASOL; NYCTANTHES ARBORTRISTIS EXTRACT; NYSTATIN; O METHYLMOSCHATOLINE; OBABERINE; OLEANOLIC ACID; OPHRYOSPORUS PIQUERIOIDES EXTRACT; OREOPANAX EXTRACT; OTOBA NOVOGRANATENSIS EXTRACT; OTOBA PARVIFOLIA EXTRACT; OXANDRA ESPINTANA EXTRACT; OXYBERBERINE; PACLITAXEL; PALMATINE; PALMITIC ACID; PANNARINE; PAROMOMYCIN; PELARGONIUM SIDOIDES EXTRACT; PEPEROMIA GALIOIDES EXTRACT; PERA BENENSIS EXTRACT; PEREZIA MULTIFLORA EXTRACT; PERIANDRA MEDITERRANEA EXTRACT; PERIPLOCA GRAECA EXTRACT; PESCHIERA AUSTRALIS EXTRACT; PESCHIERA VARIANT HEURKII EXTRACT; PHASEOLINONE; PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA EXTRACT; PICRALINA NITIDA EXTRACT; PICRORHIZA KURROA EXTRACT; PICROSIDE I; PIPER ADUNCUM EXTRACT; PIPER RUSBYI EXTRACT; PIPERINE; PIPEROGALIN; PLANT EXTRACT; PLEIOCARPINE; PLUMBAGIN; PODOCARPUSFLAVONE A; PODOCARPUSFLAVONE B; POLYMYXIN B; PROTIUM AMPLUM EXTRACT; PTEOCAULON ALOPECURIODEUM EXTRACT; PUERTOGALINE A; PUERTOGALINE B; QUERCETIN; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; RAUWOLSCINE; RESERPINE; RIBENOL; RICINUS COMMUNIS EXTRACT; RIGIDUSTINE; ROLLIDESIN B; ROLLINIASTATIN 1; SARACHA PUNCTATA EXTRACT; SARACHINE; SCROPHULARIA GLAUCA EXTRACT; SENECIO CLIVICOLUS EXTRACT; SENEGALENE; SEPECRINE; SERGOLIDE; SERJANIA TENUIFOLIA EXTRACT; SIMALIKALACTONE D; SINEFUNGIN; SKIMMIANINE; SOLANUM ACTAEABOTRYS EXTRACT; SOLANUM LUTEUM EXTRACT; SPARTIUM JUNCEUM EXTRACT; SQUAMOCIN; STEVIA YACONENSIS EXTRACT; STRIATIN A; STRIATIN B; SULFURETIN; SURINAMENSINE; SWERTIA CHIRATA EXTRACT; SWINGLEA GLUTINOSA EXTRACT; SYLVATICIN; TABERNAEMONTANA OBLIQUA EXTRACT; TAURINE DERIVATIVE; TETRAHYDRO 2 [5 (2 HYDROXYUNDECYL) 2 TETRAHYDROFURANYL] 5 [14 (5 METHYL 2 OXO 2,5 DIHYDRO 3 FURANYL) 1,5,12 TRIHYDROXYTETRADECYL]FURAN; TETRAHYDRO 2 [BETA (4 HYDROXYPHENYL)ETHYL] 6 (4 HYDROXYPHENYL)PYRROLE 2 CARBOXALDEHYDE PYRAN; TETRAHYDRO N OXIDE BERBERINE; TETRANDRINE; TIBOUCHINA SEMIDECANDRA EXTRACT; TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA EXTRACT; TITUCALL 3 ALPHA HYDROXY 7,24 DIEN 26 OIC ACID; TYROCIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNONOPSINE; URSOLIC ACID; USNIC ACID; VERNODALIN; VERNODAOLOL; VERNOLIDE; VERNONIA SQUAMULOSA EXTRACT; VITEX HETEROPHYLLA EXTRACT; VOACANGINE; WERNERIA NUBIGENA EXTRACT; XANTHIUM CATHARTICUM EXTRACT; XYLOPIA AROMATICA EXTRACT; YANGAMBIN; YUCCA FILAMENTOSA EXTRACT;

ABUTA PAHNI; ABUTA RUFESCENS; ACANTHOSPERMUM HISPIDUM; ACHYROCLINE FLACCIDA; AGAVACEAE; AGERATINA PENTLANDIANA; ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS; AMPELOCERA EDENTULA; ANIBA; ANIBA CANELILLA; ANNONA GLAUCA; ANNONA MURICATA; ANNONA SENEGALENSIS; ANNONA SPRAGUEI; ANOMOSPERMUM BOLIVIANUM; ARTEMISIA HERBA ALBA; AZADIRACHTA INDICA; BACCHARIS SALICIFOLIA; BERBERIS BOLIVIANA; BERBERIS BUMELIAEFOLIA; BERBERIS LAURINA; BERBERIS PAUCIDENTATA; BOCCONIA PEARCEI; BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM; CAPPARIS SPINOSA; CARDIOPETALUM CALOPHYLLUM; CHERSODOMA JODOPAPPA; CHIRATA; CNICOTHAMNUS LORENTZII; COLA ATTIENSIS; CONOBEA SCOPARIOIDES; CROTALARIA BARBATA; DESMODIUM GANGETICUM; DICTYOLOMA PERUVIANUM; DOLIOCARPUS DENTATUS; DORSTENIA MULTIRADIATA; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG ISOLATION; DUGUETIA SPIXIANA; ECHINACEA PUPUREA; FARAMEA GUIANENSIS; GALIPEA LONGIFLORA; GARLIC; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIA; GUATTERIA FOLIOSA; GUATTERIA SCHOBURGKIANA; HOLARRHENA CURTISII; HUBERODENDRON PATINOI; INULA MONTANA; IVY; JACARANDA COPAIA; JASONIA GLUTINOSA; KHAYA SENEGALENSIS; KIGELIA PINNATA; MALVA NICAEENSIS; MANDEVILLA ANTENNACEA; MARILA LAXIFLORA; MAYTENUS SENEGALENSIS; MEDICINAL PLANT; MICROORGANISM; MUNNOZIA FOURNETII; MYRSTINE PELLUCIDA; NEUROLAENA LOBATA; NICOTIANA GLAUCA; NONHUMAN; NYCTANTHES ARBOTRISTIS; OPHRYOSPORUS PIQUERIOIDES; OREOPANAX; OTOBA NOVOGRANATENSIS; OTOBA PARVIFOLIA; OXANDRA ESPINTANA; PELARGONIUM SIDOIDES; PEPEROMIA GALIOIDES; PERA BENENSIS; PEREZIA MULTIFORA; PERIANDRA MEDITERRANEA; PERIPLOCA GRAECA; PESCHIERA AUSTRALIS; PESCHIERA HEURKII; PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA; PICRALINA NITIDA; PICRORHIZA KURROA; PIPER ADUNCUM; PIPER RUSBYI; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTIUM AMPLUM; PTEROCAULON ALOPECURIODEUM; REVIEW; RICINUS COMMUNIS; SARACHA PUNCTATA; SCROPHULARIA SCORODONIA; SENECIO CLIVICOLUS; SERJANIA TENUFOLIA; SOLANUM ACTAEABOTRYS; SOLANUM LUTEUM; SPARTIUM JUNCEUM; STEVIA YACONENSIS; SWINGLEA GLUTINOSA; TABERNAEMONTANA OBLIQUA; TIBOUCHINA SEMIDECANDRA; TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA; VERNONIA SQUAMULOSA; VITEX HETEROPHYLLA; WERNERIA NUBIGENA; XANTHIUM CATHARTICUM; XYLOPIA AROMATICA; YUCCA FILAMENTOSA;

EMBRYOPHYTA; PROTOZOA;

EID: 19944424798     PISSN: 09447113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.10.006     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. P.M. Abreu, E.S. Martins, O. Kayser, K.U. Bindseil, K. Siems, A. Seemann, and J. Frevet Antimicrobial, antitumor and antileishmanial screening of medicinal plants from Guinea-Bissau Phytomedicine 6 1999 187 195
2. C.A.C. Araújo, L.V. Alegrio, and L.L. Leon Antileishmanial activity of compounds extracted and characterized from Centrolobium sclerophylum Phytochemistry 49 1998 751 754
3. R.W. Ashford The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses Int. J. Parasitol. 30 2000 1269 1281
4. J.L. Avila, T. Rojas, H. Monzon, and J. Convit Sinefungin as treatment for American Leishmania in sensitive BALB/c and resistant c57BL/6 mice Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 43 1990 139 145
5. F.R. Balana, R. Reguera, J.C. Cubria, and D. Ordonez The pharmacology of leishmaniasis Gen. Pharmacol. 30 1998 435 443
6. L.E.S. Barata, L.S. Santos, P.H. Ferri, F.J.D. Phillipson, A. Paine, and S.L. Croft Antil-leishmanial activity of neoligans from Virola species and synthetic analogues Phytochemistry 55 2000 589 595
7. M. Barral-Neto, R.L. Von Sohsten, M. Teixeira, W.L. Conrado dos Santos, M.L. Pompeu, R.A. Moreira, J.T.A. Oliveira, B.S. Cavada, E. Falcoff, and A. Barral In vivo protective effect of the lectin from Canavalia brasiliensis of BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania amazonensis Acta Trop. 60 1996 237 250
8. I. Berger, C.M. Passreiter, A. Cáceres, and W. Kubelka Antiprotozoal activity of Neurolaena lobata Phytother. Res. 15 2001 327 330
9. J.D. Berman, and H.K. Webster In vitro effects of mycophenolic acid and allopurinol against Leishmania tropica in human macrophages Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 21 1982 887 891
10. R. Bhadra Antileishmanial agents Drugs Future 18 1993 451 463
11. D.S. Bhakuni, A.K. Goel, S. Jain, B.N. Mehrotra, G.K. Patnaik, and V. Prakash Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part XIII Indian J. Exp. Biol. 26 1988 883 904
12. A.L. Bodley, and T.A. Shapiro Molecular and cytotoxic effects of camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor on Trypanosomes and Leishmania Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 92 1995 3726 3730
13. A.L. Bodley, M.W. Mc Garry, and T.A. Shapiro Drug cytotoxicity assay for African Trypanosomes and Leishmania species J. Infect. Dis. 172 1995 1157 1159
14. Bou Habib, D.C., Ferraro, G.A., Bou Habib, E.M.S., Delorenzi, J.C.M.O.B., Pinto, A.D.C., Moraes de Rezende, C., Teixeira de Andrade, M., 1998. Alkaloids of Peschiera australis for use in treatment of leishmaniasis. Patent Brazil 98 04,032, 49.
15. J.A. Bravo, M. Sauvain, A. Gimenez, V. Munoz, J. Callapa, L. Le Men-Olivier, G. Massiot, and C. Lavaud Bioactive phenolic glycosides from Amburana cearensis Phytochemistry 50 1999 71 74
16. J.A. Bravo, M. Sauvain, T.A. Gimenez, E. Balanza, L. Serani, O. Laprevote, G. Massiot, and C. Lavaud Typanocidal withanolides and withnolide glycosides from Dunalia brachyacantha J. Nat. Prod. 64 2001 720 725
17. G. Bringman, A. Hamm, C. Gunther, M. Michel, R. Brun, and V. Mudogo Ancistroealaines A and B, two new bioactive naphthlisoquinolines, and related naphthoic acids from Ancistrocladus ealaensis J. Nat. Prod. 63 2000 1465 1470
18. M.D.R. Camacho, R. Mata, P. Castaneda, G.C. Kirby, D.C. Warhust, S.L. Croft, and J.D. Phillipson Bioactive compounds from Celaenodredon mexicanum Planta Med. 66 2000 462 468
19. M.D.R. Camacho, G.C. Kirby, D.C. Warhurst, S.L. Croft, and J.D. Phillipson Oxoaporphine alkaloids and quinines from Stephanina dinklagei and evaluation of their antiprozoal activities Planta Med. 66 2000 478 480
20. D.A. Carson, and K.P. Chang Phosphorylation and anti-leishmanial activity of formycin B Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 100 1981 1377 1383
21. P.B. Carvalho, and E.I. Ferreira Leishmaniasis phytotherapy. Nature's leadership against an ancient disease - review Fitoterapia 72 2001 599 618
22. P.B. Carvalho, M.A.G. Arribas, and E.I. Ferreira Leishmaniasis. What do we know about its chemotherapy? Rev. Bras. Ci. Farm 36 Suppl. 1 2000 69 96
23. Cavé, A., Hocquemiller, R., Laprovote, O., 1990. Isolation of acetogenins and their use as antiparasitic agents. Patent-Fr Demande-2,634,123
24. P. Chalcat, J. Colas Belcour, P. Destombes, E. Drouhet, H. Fromentin, L. Martin, P. Ravisse, and J. Silverie A case of mucus skin leishmaniasis resistant to antimony compounds and cleared by amphotericin B Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 58 1965 73 80
25. M.J. Chan-Bacab, and L.M. Pena-Rodriguez Plant natural products with leishmanicidal activity Nat. Prod. Rep. 18 2001 674 688
26. M.L. Chance New developments in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 89 1995 37 43
27. T.K. Chattopadhyay, S.N. Ghatak, N.A. Bhaduri, and D.K. Ghosh Antileishmanial activity of mycobacillin J. Antibiot. 30 1976 262 266
28. M. Chen Antileishmanial and antimalarial activities of licochalcone A Dan. Med. Bull. 42 1995 378 380
29. M. Chen, S.B. Christensen, J. Blom, E. Lemmich, L. Nadelmann, K. Fich, T.G. Theander, and A. Kharazmi Licochalcone A, a novel antiparasitic agent with potent activity against human pathogenic protozoan species of Leishmania Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37 1993 2550 2556
30. M. Chen, S.B. Christensen, T.G. Theander, and A. Kharazmi Antileishmanial activity of licochalcone A in mice infected with Leishmania major and in hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 1994 1339 1344
31. S.B. Christensen, C. Ming, L. Andersen, U. Hjorne, C.E. Olsen, C. Cornett, T.G. Theander, and A. Kharazmi An antileishmanial chalcone from Chinese licorice roots Planta Med. 60 1994 121 123
32. R.S. Compagnone, I.C. Pina, H.R. Rangel, F. Dagger, A.I. Suarez, M.V.R. Reddy, and D.J. Faulkner Antileishmanial cyclic peroxides from the Palauan sponge Plakortis aff. angulospiculatus Tetrahedron 54 1998 3057 3068
33. R.S. Compagnone, M.C. Oliveri, I.C. Pina, S. Marques, H.R. Rangel, F. Dager, A.L. Suarez, and M. Gomez 5-Alkylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes from the Caribbean sponges Mycale microsigmatosa and Desmapsamma anchorata Nat. Prod. Lett. 13 1999 203 211
34. J.A. Cook, T.W. Holbrook, and B.W. Parker Visceral leishmaniasis in mice: protective effect of glucan J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 27 1980 567 573
35. B. Cubukcu, M. Gasquet, F. Delmas, A. Favel, A.H. Mericli, and G. Balansard Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antigungal activities of Turkish Artemisia santonicum J. Fac. Pharm. Istanbul Univ. 32 1998 20 22
36. L.V. Cunningham, B.H. Kazan, and S.S. Kuwahara Effect of long-chain fatty acids on some trypanosomatid flagellates J. Gen. Microbiol. 70 1972 491 496
37. S.A.G. Da Silva, S.S. Costa, S.C.F. Mendonça, E.M. Silva, V.L.G. Moraes, and B. Rossi-Bergmann Therapeutic effect of oral Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract in murine leishmaniasis Acta Trop. 60 1995 201 210
38. J.C. Delorenzi, M. Attias, C.R. Gattass, M. Abdrade, C. Rezende, A. Cunha-Pinto, A.T. Henrique, D.C. Bou-Habib, and E.M. Saraiva Antileishmanial activity of an indole alkaloid from Peschiera australis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 2001 1349 1354
39. F. Demirci, B. Demirci, S.A. Ali, M.I. Shoudary, and K.H.C. Baser Bioassays on Periploca graeca L. (Silk Vine) Acta Pharm. Turc 40 1998 145 149
40. T.M. Doherty, A. Sher, and S.N. Vogel Paclitaxel (Taxol)-induced killing of Leishmania major in murine macrophages Infect Immun. 66 1998 4553 4556
41. J.A.M. Edward, A.T. Amador, G.P. Luis, T.D.Y. Stell, and N. Santiago In vivo activity of berberine chloride towards cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana 856/INS Rev. Colomb. Quim. 24 1995 55 64
42. J. El-On, L. Weinrauch, R. Livshin, Z. Even-Paz, and G.P. Jacobs Topical treatment of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride Br. Med. J. 291 1985 704 705
43. A.M. Emam, A.M. Moussa, M.A. Essa, R. Faure, R. Elias, G. Balansard, and G. Boudon Isolation of phenyl propanoid glycosides from Buddleja madagascariensis Lam. leaves Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett. 5 1995 177 178
44. A.M. Emam, A.M. Moussa, R. Faure, A. Favel, F. Delmas, R. Elias, and G. Balansard Isolation and biological study of a triterpenoid saponin, mimengoside A, from the leaves of Buddleja madagascariensis Planta Med. 62 1996 92 93
45. A. Fevrier, M.E. Ferreira, A. Fournet, G. Yaluff, A. Inchausti, A.R. Arias, R. Hocquemiller, and AI. Waechter Acetogenins and other compounds from Rollinia emarginata and their antiprotozoal activities Planta Med. 65 1999 47 49
46. A. Fournet, A.A. Barrios, V. Munoz, R. Hocquemiller, and A. Cavé Effect of natural naphthoquinones in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis and L. venezuelensis Trop. Med. Parasitol. 43 1992 219 222
47. A. Fournet, A. Angelo, V. Munoz, F. Roblot, R. Hocquemiller, and A. Cavé Biological and chemical studies of Pera benensis, a Bolivian plant used in folk medicine as treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis J. Ethnopharmacol. 37 1992 159 164
48. A. Fournet, R. Hocquemiller, F. Roblot, A. Cavé, P. Richomme, and J. Bruneton Chimanines, novel substituted quinoleines, isolated from Bolivian antiparasitic plant, Galipea longiflora J. Nat. Prod. 56 1993 1547 1552
49. A. Fournet, V. Munoz, F. Roblot, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, and J.C. Gantier Antiprotozoal activity of dehydrozaluzanin C, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Munnozia maronii (Asteraceae) Phytother. Res. 7 1993 111 115
50. A. Fournet, A.A. Barrios, V. Munoz, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, and J. Bruneton 2-Substituted quinoline alkaloids as potential antileishmanial drugs Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37 1993 859 863
51. A. Fournet, A.A. Barrios, V. Munoz, R. Hocquemiller, and A. Cavé Effect of some bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid on American Leishmania sp. in BALB/c mice Phytother. Res. 7 1993 281 284
52. A. Fournet, A.A. Barrios, V. Munoz, R. Hocquemiller, F. Roblot, A. Cavé, P. Richomme, and J. Bruneton Antiprotozoal activity of quinoline alkaloids isolated from Galipea longiflora, a Bolivian plant used as a treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis Phytother. Res. 8 1994 174 178
53. A. Fournet, A.A. Barrios, and V. Munoz Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of Bolivian medicinal plants J. Ethnopharmacol. 41 1994 19 37
54. A. Fournet, M.E. Ferreira, A.R. Arias, S. Fuentes, S. Torres, A. Inchausti, A. Yaluff, H. Nakayama, V. Mahiou, R. Hocquemiller, and A. Cavé In vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal studies of Peperomia galioides (Piperaceae) Phytomedicine 3 1996 271 275
55. A. Fournet, M.E. Ferreira, A.R. Arias, S.T. Ortiz, A. Inchausti, G. Yaluff, W. Quilhot, E. Fernandez, and M.E. Hidalgo Activity of compounds isolated from Chilean lichens against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Ser. C 116 1997 51 54
56. H. Fuchino, T. Koide, M. Takahashi, S. Sekita, and M. Satake New sesquiterpene lactones from Elephantopus mollis and their leishmanicidal activities Planta Med. 67 2001 647 653
57. T.A. Furtado, E.O. Cisalpino, and U.M. Santos In vitro studies of effect of amphotericin B on Leishmania brasiliensis Antibiot. Chemother. 10 1960 692 693
58. A. Garcia-Granados, E. Linan, A. Martinez, F. Rivas, C. Mesa-Valle, J.J. Castilla-Calvente, and A. Osuna In vitro action of ent-manoyl oxydes against Leishmania donovani J. Nat. Prod. 60 1997 13 16
59. T. Ghazanfari, Z.M. Hassan, M. Ebtekar, A. Ahmadiani, G. Naderi, and A. Azar Garlic induces a shift in cytokine in Leishmania major - infected balb/mice Scand. J. Immunol. 52 2000 491 495
60. B.K. Ghosh Action of an antifungal antibiotic, nystatin, on the protozoa Leishmania donovani. Studies on the cytological and cytochemical changes Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 23 1963 193 200
61. B.K. Ghosh Action of an antifungal antibiotic, nystatin, on the protozoa, Leishmania donovani. Investigations concerning the effect on isolated member and the isolation of antibiotic-rich cell portions of L. donovani Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 23 1963 337 344
62. B.K. Ghosh, and A.N. Chaterjee Action of an antifungal antibiotic, nystatin, on the protozoa Leishmania donovani. Studies on the metabolism of Leishmania donovani Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 21 1961 307 322
63. B.K. Ghosh, and A.N. Chaterjee Action of an antifungal antibiotic, nystatin, on the protozoa Leishamania donovani. Studies on the lysis of the cells of Leishmania donovani Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 23 1963 173 186
64. C. Guerrero, J. Taboada, J.B. Biaz, A. Oliva, and A. Ortega Incomptins A and B, two heliangolides from Decachaeta incompta. Preliminary studies on the biological activity of incomptin B Rev. Latinoam. Quim. 23 1995 142 147
65. S. Hatimi, M. Boudouma, M. Bichichi, N. Chaib, and N.G. Idrissi In vitro evaluation of antileishmania activity of Artemisia herba alba Asso Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 94 2001 29 31
66. P.A. Haughan, M.L. Chance, and L.J. Goad Effects of sinefungin on growth and sterol composition of Leishmania promastigotes Exp. Parasitol. 77 1993 147 154
67. B. Hazra, R. Ghosh, A. Banerjee, G.C. Kirby, D.C. Warhurst, and J.D. Phillipson In vitro antiplasmodial effects of diospyrin, a plant-derived naphthoquinoid, and a novel series of derivatives Phytother. Res. 9 1995 72 74
68. O. Hiraoka, H. Satake, S. Iguchi, A. Matsuda, T. Ueda, and Y. Wataya Carbocyclic inosine as a potent antileishmanial agent: the metabolism and selective cytotoxic effects of carbocyclic inosine in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 134 1986 1114 1121
69. R. Hocquemiller, D. Cortex, G.J. Arango, S.H. Myint, A. Cavé, A. Angel, V. Munos, and A. Fournet Isolation and synthesis of espintanol, a novel antiparasitic monoterpene J. Nat. Prod. 54 1991 443 452
70. A. Inchausti, G. Yaluff, A.R. Arias, S. Torres, M.E. Ferreira, H. Nakayama, A. Schinini, K. Lorenzen, T. Anke, and A. Fournet Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activity of extracts and secondary metabolites from Basidiomycetes Phytother. Res. 11 1997 193 197
71. M.M. Iwu, J.E. Jackson, J.D. Tally, and D.L. Klayman Evaluation of plant extracts for antileishmanial activity using a mechanism-based radiorespirometric microtechnique (RAM) Planta Med. 58 1992 436 441
72. M.C. Jaramillo, G.J. Arango, M.C. González, S.M. Robledo, and I.D. Velez Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp Fitoterapia 71 2000 183 186
73. T.S. Kam, K.M. Sim, T. Koyano, M. Toyoshima, M. Hayashi, and K. Komyiama Cytotoxic and leishmanicidal aminoglycosteroids and aminosteroids from Holarrhena curtisii J. Nat. Prod. 61 1998 1332 1336
74. T.S. Kam, K.M. Sim, T. Koyano, and K. Komiyama Leishmanicidal alkaloids from Kopsia griffithii Phytochemistry 50 1999 75 79
75. A. Kapil Piperine: a potent inhibitor of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro Planta Med. 59 1993 474
76. O. Kayser, and A.F. Kiderlen Leishmanicidal activity of aurones Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med. 23 1999 423 426
77. O. Kayser, and A.F. Kiderlen In vitro leishmanicidal activity of naturally occurring chalcones Phytother. Res. 15 2001 148 152
78. O. Kayser, A.F. Kiderlen, U. Folkens, and H. Koldziej In vitro leishmanicidal activity of aurones Planta Med. 65 1999 316 319
79. O. Kayser, H. Kolodziej, and A.F. Kiderlen Immunomodulatory principles of Pelargonium sidioides Phytother. Res. 15 2001 122 126
80. O. Kayser, A.F. Kiderlen, S. Bertels, and K. Siems Antileishmanial activities of aphidicolin and its semisynthetic derivaties Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 2001 288 292
81. O.I. Kellina Chemotherapeutic activity of certain preparations in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of white mice Probl. Med. Parazitol. I Profilaktiki Infeksii Moscow 1964 317 338
82. S.A. Khalid, G.M. Friedrichsen, A. Kharazmi, T.G. Theander, C.E. Olsen, and S.B. Christensen Limonoids of Khaya senegalensis Phytochemistry 49 1998 1769 1772
83. K. Koshimizu, H. Ohigashi, and M.A. Huffman Use of Vernonia amygdalina by wild chimpanzee: possible roles of its bitter and related constituents Physiol. Behav. 56 1994 1209 1216
84. C. Lavaud, G. Massiot, J.B. Barrera, C. Moretii, and L. Le Men-Oliver Triterpene saponins from Myrsine pellucida Phytochemistry 37 1994 1671 1677
85. C. Lavaud, G. Massiot, C. Vasquez, C. Moretii, M. Sauvain, and L. Balderrama 4-Quinolinone alkaloids from Dictyoloma peruviana Phytochemistry 40 1995 317 320
86. F. Lawrence, and M. Robert-Gero Distribution of macromolecular methylations in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and impact of sinefungin J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40 1993 581 589
87. Lemma, A., Maxwell, A., Brody, G., 1972. Antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities of endod (Phytolacca dodecandra). Research Report No. 12, Inst. Pathobiol., Addis Ababa Univ., pp. 6-10.
88. Y. Lockman, D. Vardy, D. Ohayon, and J. El-On The failure of traditionally used desert plants to act against cutaneous leishmaniasis in experimental animals Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 85 1991 499 501
89. L.K. Lyubimova, L.I. Fateeva, and L.A. Sergeeva Experimental characteristics of the antileishmaniasis action of amphotericin B Antibiotiki (Moscow) 24 1979 281 284
90. V. Mahiou, F. Roblot, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, R. Arias, A. Inchausti, G. Yaluff, A. Fournet, and A. Angelo New aporphine alkaloids from Guatteria foliosa J. Nat. Prod. 57 1994 890 895
91. V. Mahiou, F. Roblot, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, A.A. Barrios, A. Fournet, and P.H. Ducrot Piperogalin, a new prenylated diphenol from Peperomia galioides J. Nat. Prod. 58 1995 324 328
92. V. Mahiou, F. Roblot, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, A.R. Arias, A. Inchausti, G. Yaluff, and A. Fournet New prenylated quinones from Peperomia galioides J. Nat. Prod. 59 1996 694 697
93. V. Mahiou, F. Roblot, A. Fournet, and R. Hocquemiller Bisabenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Guatteria boliviana (Annonaceae) Phytochemistry 54 2000 709 716
94. T. Martin, L. Villaescusa, M. Gasquet, F. Delma, C. Bartolome, A.M. Diaz-Lanza, E. Ollivier, and G. Balansard Screening for protozoocidal activity of Spanish plants Pharm. Biol. 36 1998 56 62
95. C.D. McClure, L.L. Nolan, and S.A. Zatyrka Antileishmanial properties of Allium sativum extracts and derivatives Acta Hortic. 426 1996 183 191
96. S. Medda, S. Mukhopadhyay, and M.K. Basu Evaluation of the in vivo activity and toxicity of amarogentin, an antileishmanial agent, in both liposomal and niosomal forms J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 1999 791 794
97. N. Mittal, N. Gupta, S. Saksena, N. Goyal, U. Roy, and A.K. Rastogi Protective effect of picroliv from Picrorhiza kurroa against Leishmania donovani infections in Mesocricetus auratus Life Sci. 63 1998 1823 1834
98. B. Mittra, A. Saha, A.R. Chowdhury, C. Pal, S. Mandal, S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Bandyopadhyay, and H.K. Majumder Luteolin, an abundant dietary component is a potent anti-leishmanial agent that acts by inducing topoisomerase II-mediated kinetoplast DNA cleavage leading to apoptosis Mol. Med. New York 6 2000 527 541
99. S.V.K. Moideen, P.J. Houghton, and S.L. Croft Antileishmanial activity of Kigelia pinnata root bark constituents J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49 1997 114
100. G. Morales, P. Sierra, J. Borquez, and LA. Loyola Rigidusine, a new glycoditerpenoid from Haplopappus rigidus Bol. Soc. Chil. Quim. 45 2000 611 614
101. C. Moretii, M. Sauvain, C. Lavaud, G. Massiot, J.A. Bravo, and V. Munoz A novel antiprotozoal aminosteroid from Saracha punctata J. Nat. Prod. 61 1998 1390 1393
102. N.Y. Moskalenko, and G.N. Pershin Comparative chemotherapeutic effects of paromomycin and monomycin in induced leishmaniasis of mouse skin Farmakol. Toksikol. 29 1966 90 94
103. L. Moulay, and M. Robert-Gero Leishmania donovani: enhanced expression of soluble acid phosphatase in the presence of sinefungin, an antiparasitic agent Exp. Parasitol. 80 1995 8 14
104. V. Mshvildadze, A. Favela, F. Delmas, R. Elias, R. Faure, G. Decanosidze, E. Kemertelidze, and G. Balansard Antifungal and antiprotozoal activities of saponis from Hedera colchica Pharmazie 55 2000 325 326
105. T. Mukherjee, K. Roy, and A. Bhaduri Acivicin: a highly active potential chemotherapeutic agent against visceral leishmaniasis Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170 1990 426 432
106. M.H. Munos, J. Mayrargue, A. Fournet, J.C. Gantier, R. Hocquemiller, and H. Moskowitz Synthesis of an antileishmanial alkalod isolated from Galipea longiflora, a Bolivian plant used as treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis Phytother. Res. 8 1994 174 178
107. V. Munoz, C. Moretii, M. Sauvain, C. Caron, A. Prozel, G. Massiot, B. Richard, and L. Le Men-Olivier Isolation of bis-indole alkaloids with antileishmanial and antibacterial activities from Peschiera var heurkii (Syn. Tabernaemontana var heurkii) Planta Med. 60 1994 455 459
108. R.A. Neal The effect of antibiotics of the neomycin group on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 62 1968 54 62
109. R.A. Neal Effect of emetine and related compounds on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 64 1970 159 165
110. R.A. Neal, and S.L. Croft An in vitro system for determining the activity of compounds against the intracellular amastigote form of Leishmania donovani J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 14 1984 463 475
111. R.A. Neal, S.L. Croft, and D.J. Nelson Antileishmanial effect of allopurinol ribonucleoside and the related compounds, allopurinol, thiopurinol, thiopurinol ribonucleoside, and of formyc B, sinefungin and the lepidine WR6026 Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79 1985 122 128
112. R.A. Neal, M.V. Iwobi, and M. Robert-Gero Antileishmanial effect of free and encapsulated sinefungin against Leishmania donovani infections in BALB/c mice C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III 308 1989 485 488
113. H.A. Oketch-Rabah, E. Lemmich, S.F. Dossaji, T.G. Theander, C.E. Olsen, C. Cornett, A. Kharazmi, and S.B. Christensen Two new antiprotozoal 5-methylcoumarins from Vernonia brachycalyx J. Nat. Prod. 60 1997 458 461
114. H.A. Oketch-Rabah, E. Lemmich, S.F. Dossaji, T.G. Theander, C.E. Olsen, C. Cornett, A. Kharazmi, and S.B. Christensen Antiprotozoal compounds from Asparagus africanus J. Nat. Prod. 60 1997 1017 1023
115. H.A. Oketch-Rabah, S.B. Christensen, K. Frydenvang, S.F. Dossaji, T.G. Theander, C. Cornett, W.M. Watkins, A. Kharazmi, and E. Lemmich Antiprotozoal properties of 16,17-dihydrobrachycalyxolide from Vernonia brachycalyx Planta Med. 64 1998 559 562
116. P. Paolantonacci, F. Lawrence, L.L. Nolan, and M. Robert-Gero Inhibition of leishmanial DNA synthesis by sinefungin Biochem. Pharmacol. 36 1987 2813 2820
117. M.J. Parnham Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation Phytomedicine 3 1996 95 102
118. J.A. Patz, T.K. Graczyk, N. Geller, and A.Y. Vittor Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases Int. J. Parasitol. 30 2000 1395 1405
119. J.M. Perez-Victoria, B.M. Tincusi, I.A. Jimenez, I.L. Bazzocchi, M.P. Gupta, S. Castanys, F. Gamarro, and A.G. Ravelo New natural sesquiterpenes as modulators of daunomycin resistance in a multidrug-resistant Leishmania tropica line J. Med. Chem. 42 1999 4388 4393
120. G.N. Pershin, and N.Y. Moskalenko Chemotherapeutic activity of monomycin in induced cutaneous leishmaniasis Farmakol. Toksikol. (Moscow) 26 1963 97 101
121. M.A. Phelouzat, M. Basselin, F. Lawrence, and M. Robert-Gero Sinefungin shares adomet-uptake system to enter Leishmania donovani promastigotes Biochem. J. 305 1995 133 137
122. A. Plock, W. Sokolowska-Köhler, and W. Presber Application of flow cytometry and microscopical methods to characterize the effect of herbal drugs on Leishmania spp Exp. Parasitol. 97 2001 141 153
123. E.F. Queiroz, F. Roblot, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, A.A. Barrios, A. Fournet, and P.H. Ducrot Pessoine and spinosine, two catecholic berbines from Annona spinescens J. Nat. Prod. 59 1996 438 440
124. H.B. Rasmussen, S.B. Christensen, L.P. Kvist, and A. Karazmi A simple and efficient separation of the curcumins, the antiprotozoal constituents of Curcuma longa Planta Med. 66 2000 393 398
125. H.B. Rasmussen, S.B. Christensen, L.P. Kvist, A. Kharazmi, and A.G. Huansi Absolute configuration and antiprotozoal activity of minquartynoic acid J. Nat. Prod. 63 2000 1295 1296
126. A. Rathore, R.K. Juneja, and J.S. Tandon An iridoid glucoside from Nyctanthes arbortristis Phytochemistry 28 1989 1913 1917
127. S. Rezzano de Raffo, G. Moreno, J. Garcia, and J.V. Scorza Efficacy of paromomycin-I against Leishmania garnhami in heterozygous albino mice Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 37 1985 55 65
128. P. Richomme, M.C. Godet, F. Foussard, L. Toupet, T. Sevenet, and J. Bruneton A novel leishmanicidal labdane from Polyalthia macropoda Planta Med. 57 1991 552 554
129. O. Ridoux, C. Di Giorgio, F. Delmas, R. Elias, V. Mshvildadze, G. Dekanosidze, E. Kemertelidze, G. Balansard, and P. Timon-David In vitro antileishmanial activity of three saponins isolated from ivy, alpha-hederin, beta-hederin and hederacolchiside A1, in association with pentamidine and amphotericin B Phytother. Res. 15 2001 298 301
130. M. Robert-Gero, U. Bachrach, S. Baatnagar, and J. Polonsky Inhibition in vitro of the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by quassinoids C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. II 300 1985 803 806
131. B.R. Rossi, E.C. Torres-Santos, A.P.P.T. Santos, A.P. Almeida, S.S. Costa, and S.A.G. Da-Silva Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with Kalanchoe pinnata: experimental and clinical data Phytomedicine 7 2000 115
132. R. Roy, G. Bhattacharya, K.A.I. Siddiqui, and R. Bhadra Berberine derivatives as antileishmanial drugs Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34 1990 918 921
133. J. Saez, H. Granados, B. Torres, I.D. Velez, and D. Munoz Leishmanicidal activity of Annona aff. spraguei seeds Fitoterapia 69 1998 478 479
134. S. Sahpaz, C.H. Bories, P.M. Loiseau, D. Cortes, R. Hocquemiller, A. Lauerns, and A. Cavé Cytotoxic and antiparasitic activity from Annona senegalensis seeds Planta Med. 60 1994 538 540
135. S. Sahpaz, M.C. Gonazalez, R. Hocquemiller, M.C. Zafra-Polo, and D. Cortes Annosenegalin and annogalene: two cytotoxic mono-tetrahydrofuran acetonins from Annona senegalensis and Annona cherimolia Phytochemistry 42 1996 103 107
136. W.R. Santo, R.R. Bernardo, L.M.T. Pecanha, M. Palatnik, J.P. Parente, and C.B.P. Sousa Haemolytic activities of plant saponins and adjuvants. Effect of Periandra mediterranea saponin on the humoral response to the fml antigen of Leishmania donovani Vaccine 15 1997 1024 1029
137. B.M. Savornin, R. Elias, A.M. Diaz-Lanza, G. Balansard, M. Gasquet, and F. Delmas Saponins of the ivy plant, Hedera helix, and their leishmanicidic activity Planta Med. 57 1991 260 262
138. M. Sauvain, J.P. Dedet, N. Kunesch, J. Poisson, J.C. Gantier, P. Gayral, and G. Kunesch In vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activities of natural and synthetic quinoids Phytother. Res. 7 1993 161 171
139. M. Sauvain, J.P. Dedet, N. Kunesch, and J. Poisson Isolation of flavans from the amazonian shrub Faramea guianensis J. Nat. Prod. 57 1994 403 406
140. M. Sauvain, N. Kunesch, J. Poisson, J.C. Gantier, P. Gayral, and J.P. Dedet Isolation of leishmanicidal triterpenes and lignans from the amazonian liana Doliocarpus dentatus (Dilleniaceae) Phytother. Res. 10 1996 1 4
141. Y. Schlein Mortality of Leishmania major in Phlebotomus papatasi caused by plant feeding of the sand flies Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50 1994 20 27
142. G. Schmeda-Hirschmann, I. Razmilic, M. Sauvain, C. Moretti, E. Ruiz, E. Balanza, and A. Fournet Antiprotozoal activity of jatrogrossidione from Jatropha grossidentata and jatrophone from Jatropha isabellii Phytother. Res. 10 1996 375 378
143. G. Schmeda-Hirschmann, L. Astudillo, J. Bastida, C. Codina, A.R. De Arias, M.E. Ferreira, A. Inchaustti, and G. Yaluff Cryptofolione derivaties from Cryptocarya alba fruits J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53 2001 563 567
144. H. Seneca, E. Henderson, and M. Harvey Effect of hyaluronidase and of hyaluronic acid on cultures of Trypanosomes, Leishmania, and Ameba Science 108 1948 714 715
145. U.K. Singha, P.Y. Guru, A.B. Sen, and J.S. Tandon Antileishmanial activity of traditional plants against Leishmania donovani in golden hamsters Int. J. Pharmacog 30 1992 289 295
146. A.A. Sittie, E. Lemmich, C.E. Olsen, L. Hvidd, A. Kharazmi, FK. Nkrumah, and S.B. Christensen Structure-activity studies: in vitro antileishmanial and antimalarial activities of anthraquinones from Morinda lucida Planta Med. 65 1999 316 319
147. D. Staerk, E. Lemmich, J. Christensen, A. Kharazmil, C.E. Olsen, and J.W. Jaroszewski Leishmanicidal, antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of indole alkaloids from Corynanthe pachyceras Planta Med. 66 2000 531 536
148. A.E. Tahir, A.M. Ibrahim, G.M.H. Satti, T.G. Theander, A. Kharazmi, and A.S. Khslid The potential antileishmanial activity of some Sudanese medicinal plants Phytother. Res. 12 1998 576 579
149. J.S. Tandon, V. Srivastava, and P.Y. Guru Iridoids: a new class of leishmanicidal agents from Nyctanthes arbortristis J. Nat. Prod. 54 1991 1102 1104
150. E.C.S. Torres-Santos, D.L. Moreira, A.M.C. Kaplan, M.N. Meirelles, and B. Rossi-Bergmann Selective effect of 2′,6′-dihydroxy-4′- methoxychalcone isolated from Piper aduncum on Leishmania amazonensis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 1999 1234 1241
151. J.L. Vennerstrom, J.K. Lovelace, V.B. Waits, W.L. Hanson, and D.L. Klayman Berberine derivatives as leishmanial drugs Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34 1990 918 921
152. L. Villaescusa, A.M. Diaz-Lanza, T. Martin, M. Gasquet, F. Delmas, and G. Balansard Preliminary screening of antiprotozoal activity of Jasonia glutinosa aerial parts Int. J. Pharmacogn. 34 1996 303 304
153. L. Villaescusa, A.M. Diaz-Lanza, M. Gasquet, F. Dlemas, E. Ollivier, M. Bernabe, R. Faure, R. Elisa, and G. Galansard Antiprotozoal activity of sesquiterpene from Jasonia glutinosa Pharm. Biol. 38 3 2000 176 180
154. A.I. Waechter, M.E. Ferreira, A. Fournet, A.R. Arias, H. Nakayama, S. Torres, R. Hocquemiller, and A. Cavé Experimental treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with argentilactone isolated from Annona haematantha Planta Med. 63 1997 433 435
155. A.I. Waechter, G. Yaluff, A. Inchausti, A.R. Arias, R. Hocquemiller, A. Cavé, and A. Fournet Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activities of acetogenins isolated from Annona glauca Phytother. Res. 12 1998 541 544
156. A.I. Waechter, A. Cavé, R. Hocquemiller, C. Bories, V. Munoz, and A. Fournet Antiprotozoal activity of aporphine alkaloids isolated from Unonopsis buchtienii (Annonaceae) Phytother. Res. 13 1999 175 177
157. D. Weinman Effects of gramicidin and tyrocidine on pathogenic protozoa and a spirochete Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 54 1943 38 40
158. B. Weniger, S. Robledo, G.J. Arango, E. Deharo, R. Aragon, V. Munoz, J. Callapa, A. Lobstein, and R. Anton Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants J. Ethnopharmacol. 78 2001 193 200
159. L.M. Werbel, and D.F. Worth Antiparasitics agents. Protozoal disease Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 1980 120 129
160. World Health Organization (WHO), 2002. Programme for the surveillance and control of leishmaniasis (http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/leish/index.html). Accessed 04/02/2002.
161. D.M. Yang, and F.Y. Liew Effects of qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its derivatives on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis Parasitology 106 1993 7 11
162. L. Zhai, J. Blom, M. Chen, S.B. Christensen, and A. Kharazmi The antileishmanial agent licochalcone A interferes with the function of parasite mitochondria Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39 1995 2742 2748