Dating nodes on molecular phylogenies: A critique of molecular biogeography

Cladistics

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 62-78

  Heads, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC   (Fiji)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATING METHOD; DIVERGENCE; FOSSIL; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PHYLOGENY;

EID: 17444422891     PISSN: 07483007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00052.x     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Arbogast, B.S., Edwards, S.V., Wakeley, J., Beeli, P., Slowinski, J.B., 2002. Estimating divergence times from molecular data on phylogenetic and population genetic time scales. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33, 707-740.
2. Avise, J.C., 2000. Phylogeography: the History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
3. Baldwin, B.G., Crawford, D.J., Francisco-Ortega, J., Kim, S.C., Sang, T., Stuessy, T.F., 1998. Molecular phylogenetic insights on the origin and evolution of oceanic island plants. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Doyle, J.J. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics of Plants II. DNA Sequencing. Kluwer, Boston, pp. 410-441.
4. Banford, H.M., Bermingham, E., Collette, B.B., McCafferty, S.S., 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of the Scomberomorus regalis (Teleostei: Scombridae) species group: molecules, morphology and biogeography of Spanish mackerels. Copeia, 1999, 596-613.
5. Benton, M.J., Ayala, F. J., 2003. Dating the tree of life. Science, 300, 1698-1700.
6. Bossuyt, F., Milinkovitch, M.C., 2001. Amphibians as indicators of early Tertiary 'out-of-India' dispersal of vertebrates. Science, 292, 93-95.
7. Bremer, K., 2002. Gondwanan evolution of the grass alliance of families (Poales). Evolution, 56, 1374-1387.
8. Briggs, J.C., 1974. Operation of marine zoogeographic barriers. Syst. Zool. 23, 248-256.
9. Brochu, C.A., 2004. Calibration age and quartet divergence date estimation. Evolution, 58, 1375-1382.
10. Buckley, T.R., Simon, C., Chambers, G.K., 2001. Phylogeography of the New Zealand cicada Maoricicada campbelli based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: ancient clades associated with Cenozoic environmental change. Evolution, 55, 1395-1407.
11. Cifelli, R.L., Davis, B.M., 2003. Marsupial origins. Science, 302, 1899-1900.
12. Conti, E., Rutschmann, F., Eriksson, T., Sytsma, K.J., Baum, D.A., 2004. Response to Robert G. Moyle 'Calibration of molecular clocks and the biogeographic history of Crypteroniaceae'. Evolution, 58, 1874-1876.
13. Cowie, R.H., 1996. Pacific island land snails: relationships, origins and determinants of diversity. In: Keast, A., Miller, S.E. (Eds.), The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Biotas, New Guinea to Eastern Polynesia: Patterns and Processes. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 347-372.
14. Craw, R.C., 1982. Phylogenetics, areas, geology and the biogeography of Croizat: a radical view. Syst. Zool. 31, 304-316.
15. Craw, R.C., 1983. Panbiogeography and vicariance biogeography: are they truly different? Syst. Zool. 32, 431-438.
16. Craw, R.C., 1985. Classic problems of southern hemisphere biogeography re-examined: panbiogeographic analysis of the New Zealand frog Leiopelma, the ratite birds and Nothofagus. Zeit. Zool. Syst. Evol. 23, 1-10.
17. Craw, R.C., Grehan, J.R., Heads, M.J., 1999. Panbiogeography: Tracking the History of Life. Oxford University Press, New York.
18. Croizat, L., 1952. Manual of Phytogeography. Junk, The Hague.
19. Croizat, L., 1958. Panbiogeography. Published by the Author, Caracas.
20. Croizat, L., 1964. Space, Time, Form: the Biological Synthesis. Published by the Author, Caracas.
21. Croizat, L., 1975. Biogeografía analitica y sintética ('Panbiogeografía') de las Américas. Bol. Acad. Cienc. Fís., Mat. Nat. [Caracas] 35, 103-106. [Also published as Bibl. Acad. Cienc. Fís., Mat. Nat. [Caracas], 15 and 16, 1976.].
22. Croizat, L., 1975. Biogeografía analitica y sintética ('Panbiogeografía') de las Américas. Bol. Acad. Cienc. Fís., Mat. Nat. [Caracas] 35, 103-106. [Also published as Bibl. Acad. Cienc. Fís., Mat. Nat. [Caracas], 15 and 16, 1976.].
23. Croizat, L., 1977. Carlos Darwin y sus teorías. Bol. Acad. Cienc. Fís., Mat. Nat. [Caracas] 37 (113), 15-90.
24. Croizat, L., 1981. Vicariance/vicariism, panbiogeography, 'vicariance biogeography', etc. a clarification. Syst. Zool. 31, 291-304.
25. Cunningham, C.W., Collins, T.M., 1994. Developing model systems for molecular biogeography: vicariance and interchange in marine invertebrates. In: Schierwater, B.S., Streit, B.B., Wagner, G.P., DeSalle, R. (Eds), Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp. 405-433.
26. Darlington, P.D., 1957. (1966 Reprint). Zoogeography: the Geographical Distribution of Animals. Wiley, New York.
27. Darwin, C., 1971 [1882]. On the Origin of Species, 6th edn. Dent, London.
28. Donovan, S.K., Paul, C.R.C. (Eds.), 1998a. The Adequacy of the Fossil Record. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
29. Donovan, S.K., Paul, C.R.C., 1998b. Introduction: adequacy vs. incompleteness. In: Donovan, S.K., Paul, C.R.C. (Eds.), The Adequacy of the Fossil Record. Wiley, Chichester, UK, p. ix-x.
30. Douady, C.J., Catzeflis, F., Kao, D.J., Springer, M.S., Stanhope, M.J., 2002. Molecular evidence for the monophyly of Tenrecidae (Mammalia) and the timing of the colonization of Madagascar by Malagasy tenrecs. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 22, 357-363.
31. Dugdale, J.S., Fleming, C.A., 1978. New Zealand cicadas of the genus Maoricicada (Homoptera: Tibicinidae). NZ. J. Zool. 5, 295-340.
32. Ebach, M., Humphries, C.J., 2002. Cladistic biogeography and the art of discovery. J. Biogeog. 29, 427-444.
33. Ehrendorfer, F., Samuel, R., 2000. Comments on S. B. Hoot's interpretation of Southern Hemisphere relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) based on molecular data [Am. J. Bot. 2000; 87(6, Suppl.), 154-155]. Taxon, 49, 781-784.
34. Engel, M.S., 2000. A new interpretation of the oldest fossil bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Am. Mus. Nov. 3296, 1-11.
35. Ernst, C.H., Barbour, R.W., 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
36. Fishbein, M., Hibsch-Jetter, C., Soltis, D.E., Hufford, L., 2001. Phylogeny of Saxifragales (Angiosperms, Eudicots): analysis of a rapid, ancient radiation. Syst. Biol. 50, 817-847.
37. Galen, 1916. On the Natural Faculties. Transl. Brock, A.J. Heinemann, London.
38. Gao, K., Shubin, N.H., 2003. Earliest known crown group salamanders. Nature, 422, 424-426.
39. Gee, H., 1999. In Search of Deep Time: Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life. Free Press, New York.
40. Givnish, T.J., Millam, K.C., Evans, T.M., Hall, J.C., 2004. Ancient vicariance or recent long-distance dispersal? Inferences about phylogeny and South American-African disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae based on ndhF sequence data. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165(Suppl. 4), S35-S54.
41. Givnish, T.J., Renner, S.S. (Eds.), 2004a. Tropical intercontinental disjunctions. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165(4 Suppl.), 1-6.
42. Givnish, T.J., Renner, S.S., 2004b. Tropical intercontinental disjunctions: Gondwana breakup, immigration from the boreal tropics, and transoceanic dispersal. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165 (4 Suppl.), S1-S6.
43. Glynn, P.W., 1972. Observations on the ecology of the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama. Bull. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, 13-30.
44. Glynn, P.W., 1982. Coral communities and their modifications relative to past and prospective Central American seaways. Adv. Mar. Biol. 19, 91-132.
45. Gould, S., 1989. The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. Penguin, London.
46. Graur, D., Martin, W., 2004. Reading the entrails of chickens: molecular timescales of evolution and the illusion of precision. Trends Genet, 20, 80-86.
47. Hall, R., 2001. Cenozoic reconstructions of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: changing patterns of land and sea. In: Metcalfe, I., Smith, J.M.B., Morwood, M., Davidson, I.D. (Eds.), Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution of SE Asia and Australia. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 35-56.
48. Heads, M., 1985. Biogeographic analysis of Nothofagus (Fagaceae). Taxon, 34, 474-492.
49. Heads, M., 1990. Integrating earth and life sciences in New Zealand natural history: the parallel arcs model. NZ. J. Zool. 16, 549-586.
50. Heads, M., 1999. Vicariance biogeography and terrane tectonics in the South Pacific: an analysis of the genus Abrotanella (Compositae), with a new species from New Zealand. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 67, 391-432.
51. Heads, M., 2001. Birds of paradise, biogeography and ecology in New Guinea: a review. J. Biogeog, 28, 893-927.
52. Heads, M., 2002. Birds of paradise, vicariance biogeography and terrane tectonics in New Guinea. J. Biogeog. 29, 261-284.
53. Heads, M., 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea, 10, 311-449.
54. Heads, M., 2004. What is a node? J. Biogeog. 31, 1883-1891.
55. Heads, M., in press, a. Towards a panbiogeography of the seas. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. in press.
56. Heads, M., in press, b. History and philosophy of panbiogeography. In: Morrone, J. (Ed.), Biogeography in Latinamerica. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.
57. Heenan, P.B., Mitchell, A.D., Koch, M., 2002. Molecular systematics of the New Zealand Pachycladon (Brassicaceae) complex: generic circumscription and relationships to Arabidopsis sens. lat. and Arabis sens. lat. NZ. J. Bot. 40, 543-562.
58. Hennig, W., 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
59. Hoffmann, H., 2000. The rise of life on earth: Messel - window on an ancient world. Nat. Geog. Mag, 2000(2), 34-51.
60. Hofman, A., Maxson, L.R., Arntzen, J.W., 1991. Biochemical evidence pertaining to the taxonomic relationships within the family Chameleonidae. Amphibia-Reptilia, 12, 245-265.
61. Humphries, C.J., 1981a. Biogeographical methods and the southern beeches. In: Forey, P. (Ed.). The Evolving Biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 283-297.
62. Humphries, C.J., 1981b. Biogeographical methods and the southern beeches (Fagaceae: Nothofagus). In: Funk, V., Brooks, D. (Eds), Advances in Cladistics. New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp. 177-207.
63. Humphries, C.J., 2000. Form, space, time: which comes first? J. Biogeog. 27, 11-15.
64. Hurr, K.A., Lockhart, P., Heenan, P.B., Penny, D., 1999. Evidence for the recent dispersal of Sophora (Leguminosae) around the Southern Oceans: molecular data. J. Biogeog. 26, 565-577.
65. Hutton, F.J., 1872. On the geographic relations of the New Zealand fauna. Trans. NZ. Inst, 5, 227-256.
66. Jackson, J.B.C., Jung, P., Coates, A.G., Collins, L.S., 1993. Diversity and extinction of tropical American mollusks and closure of the Isthmus of Panama. Science, 260, 1624-1626.
67. de Jong, R., Congdon, T.C.E., 1993. The montane butterflies of the eastern Afrotropics. In: Lovett, J.C., Wasser, S.K. (Eds.), Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 133-172.
68. Kearey, P., Vine, F.J., 1996. Global Tectonics, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford.
69. Kimball, R.T., Crawford, D.J., Smith, E.B., 2003. Evolutionary processes in the genus Coreocarpus: insights from molecular phylogenetics. Evolution, 57, 52-61.
70. Klak, C., Reeves, G., Hedderson, T., 2004. Unmatched tempo of evolution in Southern African semi-desert ice plants. Nature, 427, 63-65.
71. Klaver, C.J.J., Böhme, W., 1986. Phylogeny and classification of the Chameleonidae (Sauria) with special reference to hemipenis morphology. Bonn Zool. Monogr. 22, 1-64.
72. Klaver, C.J.J., Böhme, W., 1997. Chamaeleonidae (Animal Kingdom, 112). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
73. Knowlton, N., 1993. Sibling species in the sea. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24, 189-216.
74. Knowlton, N., Weigt, L.A., 1998. New dates and new rates for divergence across the Isthmus of Panama. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 265, 2257-2263.
75. Koch, M.A., Haubold, B., Mitchell-Olds, T., 2000. Comparative evolutionary analysis of chalcone synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase loci in Arabidopsis, Arabis, and related genera (Brassicaceae). Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 1483-1498.
76. Lockhart, P.J., Mclenachan, P.A., Havell, D., Glenny, D., Huson, D., Jensen, U., 2001. Phylogeny, radiation, and transoceanic dispersal of New Zealand alpine buttercups: molecular evidence under split decomposition. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 88, 462-477.
77. Luo, Z.-X., Ji, Q., Wible, J.R., Yuan, C-X., 2003. An early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science, 302, 1934-1940.
78. Magallón, S.A., 2004. Dating lineages: molecular and paleontological approaches to the temporal framework of clades. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165(4, Suppl.), S7-S21.
79. Matthew, W.D., 1915. Climate and evolution. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 24, 171-318.
80. Mayr, E., 1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
81. Mayr, G., 2004. Old World fossil record of modern-type humming-birds. Science, 304, 861-864.
82. McCall, R.A., 1997. Implications of recent geological investigations of the Mozambique Channel for the mammalian colonization of Madagascar. Proc. Bio. Sci. 264, 663-665.
83. McDaniel, S.F., Shaw, A.J., 2003. Phylogeographic structure and cryptic speciation in the trans-Antarctic moss Pterobryum mnioides. Evolution, 57, 205-215.
84. Muss, A., Robertson, D.R., Stepien, C.A., Wirtz, P., Bowen, B.W., 2001. Phylogeography of Ophioblennius: the role of ocean currents and geography in reef fish evolution. Evolution, 55, 561-572.
85. Near, T.J., Sanderson, M.J., 2004. Assessing the quality of molecular divergence time estimates by fossil calibrations and fossil-based model selection. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 359, 1477-1483.
86. Nelson, G., 2004. Cladistics: its arrested development. In: Williams, D.M., Forey, P.L. (Eds.), Milestones in Systematics: the Development of Comparative Biology. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 127-147.
87. Nelson, G., Ladiges, P.Y., 2001. Gondwana, vicariance biogeography, and the New York school revisited. Aust. J. Bot. 49, 389-409.
88. Norman, J.E., Ashley, M.F., 2000. Phylogenetics of Perissodactyla and tests of the molecular clock. J. Mol. Evol. 50, 11-21.
89. Pennington, R.T., Cronk, Q.C.B., Richardson, J.A. (Eds.), 2004a. Plant phylogeny and the origin of major biomes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359 (1450).
90. Pennington, R.T., Cronk, Q.C.B., Richardson, J.A., 2004b. Introduction and synthesis: plant phylogeny and the origin of major biomes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 359, 1455-1464.
91. Perrie, L.R., Brownsey, P.J., Lockhart, P.J., Brown, E.A., Large. M.F., 2003. Biogeography of temperate Australasian Polystichum ferns as inferred from chloroplast sequence and AFLP. J. Biogeog. 30, 1729-1736.
92. Philipson, W.R., 1970. Floristics of Rarotonga. In: Fraser, R. (Ed.), The Cook Bicentenary Expedition in the Southwestern Pacific. Royal Society of New Zealand (Bulletin 8). Wellington, pp. 49-54.
93. Raxworthy, C.J., Forstner, M.R.J., Nussbaum, R.A., 2002. Chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal. Nature, 415, 784-787.
94. Renner, S.S., Clausing, G., Meyer, K., 2001. Historical biogeography of Melastomataceae: the roles of Tertiary migration and long-distance dispersal. Am. J. Bot. 88, 1290-1300.
95. Renner, S.S., Foreman, D.B., Murray, D., 2000. Timing transantarctic disjunctions in the Atherospermataceae (Laurales): evidence from coding and noncoding chloroplast sequences. Syst. Bot. 49, 579-591.
96. Renner, S.S., Meyer, K., 2001. Melastomeae come full circle: biogeographic reconstruction and molecular clock dating. Evolution, 55, 1315-1324.
97. Richards, C.M., Moore, W.S., 1996. A phylogeny for the African tree frog family Hyperoliidae based on mitochondrial rDNA. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 5, 522-532.
98. Richardson, J.E., Pennington, R.T., Pennington, T.D., Hollingsworth, P.M., 2001a. Rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of Neotropical rain forest trees. Science, 293, 2242-2245.
99. Richardson, J.E., Weitz, P.M., Fay, M.F., Cronk, Q.C.B., Linder, H.P., Reeves, G., Chase, M.W., 2001b. Rapid and recent origin of species richness in the Cape flora of South Africa. Nature, 412, 181-183.
100. Rieppel, O., 2002. A case of dispersing chameleons. Nature. 415, 744-745.
101. Rodriguez-Trelles, F., Tarrio, R., Ayala, F.J., 2004. Molecular clocks: whence and whither? In: Donoghue, P.C.J., Smith, M.P. (Eds.), Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 5-26.
102. Rosen, B., 1988. Progress, problems and patterns in the biogeography of reef corals and other tropical marine organisms. Helgoländ. Meeres. 40, 269-301.
103. Sanmartín, I., Ronquist, F., 2004. Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Syst. Biol. 53, 216-243.
104. Savin, S.M., Douglas, R.G., 1985. Sea level, climate, and the central american land bridge. In: Stehli, F.G., Webb, S.D. (Eds.), The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum, New York, pp. 303-324.
105. Seiffert, E.R., Simons, E.L., Attia, Y., 2003. Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of looses and galagos. Nature, 422, 421-423.
106. Shaul, S., Graur, D., 2002. Playing chicken (Callus gallus): Methodological inconsistencies of molecular divergence date estimates due to secondary calibration points. Gene, 300, 59-61.
107. Smissen, R.D., Garnock-Jones, P.J., Chambers, G.K., 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences suggests a Pliocene origin for the bipolar distribution of Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 16, 301-313.
108. Smith, A.B., Peterson, K.J., 2002. Dating the time of origin of major clades: molecular clocks and the fossil record. Ann. Rev. Earth. Planet. Sci. 30, 65-88.
109. Sparks, J.S., 2004. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and South Asian cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 30, 599-614.
110. Sparks, J.S., Smith, W.L., in press. Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae): a multilocus approach to recovering deep intrafamilial divergences and the cichlid sister group. Cladistics, 20, 1-17.
111. Stehli, F.G., Webb, S.D., 1985. The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum, New York.
112. Swenson, U., 1995. Systematics of Abrotanella, an amphi-Pacific genus of Asteraceae (Senecioneae). Plant Syst. Evol. 197, 149-193.
113. Swenson, U., Bremer, K., 1997. Pacific biogeography of the Asteraceae genus Abrotanella (Senecioneae, Blennospermatineae). Syst. Bot. 22, 493-508.
114. Townsend, T., Larson, A., 2002. Molecular phylogenetics and mitochondrial genomic evolution in the Chameleonidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23, 22-36.
115. Turk, F.A., 1964. Form, size, macromutation and orthogenesis in the Arachnida: an essay. Ann. Natal Mus. 16, 236-255.
116. Van Tuinen, M., Hadly, E.A., 2004. Error in estimation of rate and time inferred from the early amniote fossil record and avian molecular clocks. J. Mol. Evol. 59, 267-276.
117. Vences, M., Kosuch, J., Glaw, F., Veith, M., 2003. Molecular phylogeny of hyperoliid tree frogs: biogeographic origin of Malagasy and Seychellean taxa and reanalysis of familial paraphyly. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 41, 205-215.
118. Verboom, G.A., Linder, H.P., Stock, W.D., 2003. Phylogenetics of the grass genus Ehrharta: evidence for radiation in the summer-arid zone of the South African Cape. Evolution, 57, 1008-1021.
119. Voelker, G., 1999. Dispersal, vicariance, and clocks: historical biogeography and speciation in a cosmopolitan passerine genus (Anthus, Motacillidae). Evolution, 53, 1536-1552.
120. Wagstaff, S.J., Bayly, M.J., Garnock-Jones, P.J., Albach, D.C., 2002. Classification, origin, and diversification of the New Zealand hebes (Scrophulariaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89, 38-63.
121. Wallace, A.R., 1876. The Geographical Distribution of Animals. Macmillan, London.
122. Wallace, A.R., 1998 [1881]. Island Life. Prometheus, New York.
123. Wallis, G.P., Trewick, S.A., 2001. Finding fault with vicariance: a critique of Heads (1998). Syst. Biol. 50, 602-609.
124. Waters, J.M., Roy, M.S., 2003. Global phylogeography of the fissiparous sea-star genus Coscinasterias. Mar. Biol. 142, 185-191.
125. Waters, J.M., Roy, M.S., 2004. Out of Africa: the slow train to Australasia. Syst. Biol. 53, 18-24.
126. de Weerdt, W.H., 1990. Discontinuous distribution of the tropical West Atlantic hydrocoral Millepora squarrosa. Beaufortia, 41, 195-203.
127. Wegener, A., 1924. The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Methuen, London.
128. White, B.N., 1986. The isthmian link, antitropicality and American biogeography: distributional history of the Atherinopsinae (Pisces: Atherinidae). Syst. Zool. 35, 176-194.
129. Wikström, N., Savolainen, V., Chase, M.W., 2001. Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 268, 2211-2220.
130. Williams, D.M., Ebach, M.C., 2004. The reform of palaeontology and the rise of biogeography - 25 years after 'ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology and the biogenetic law' (Nelson, 1978). J. Biogeog. 31, 685-712.
131. Winkworth, R.C., Grau, J., Robertson, A.W., Lockhart, P.J., 2002. The origins and evolution of the genus Myosotis L. (Boraginaceae). Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 24, 180-193.