Fibrinogen and fibrin

Advances in Protein Chemistry

Volumn 70, Issue , 2005, Pages 247-299

  Weisel, John W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8A; CARBOHYDRATE; FIBRIN; FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOPEPTIDE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FIBULIN; INTEGRIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; THROMBIN; THROMBOSPONDIN; VASCULOTROPIN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

ALPHA HELIX; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BLOOD CLOT; CALCIUM BINDING; CATALYSIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL INTERACTION; COVALENT BOND; CROSS LINKING; DISULFIDE BOND; DYSFIBRINOGENEMIA; EVOLUTION; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE MEMBRANE; WOUND HEALING; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

EID: 17444392120     PISSN: 00653233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3233(05)70008-5     Document Type: Article

References (250)

1. Amrani D.L., Plant P.W., Pindyck J., Mosesson M.W., Grieninger G. Structural analysis of fibrinogen synthesized by cultured chicken hepatocytes in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 743:1983;394-400
2. Angles-Cano E., Hervio L., Rouy D., Fournier C., Chapman J.M., Laplaud M., Koschinsky M.L. Effects of lipoprotein(a) on the binding of plasminogen to fibrin and its activation by fibrin-bound tissue-type plasminogen activator. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 67-68:1994;369-380
3. Aoki N., Harpel P.C. Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic enzyme system. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 10:1984;24-41
4. Ariëns R.A.S., Lai T.-S., Weisel J.W., Greenberg C.S., Grant P.J. Role of Factor XIII in fibrin clot formation and effects of genetic polymorphisms. Blood. 100:2002;743-754
5. Bacon-Baguley T., Ogilvie M.L., Gartner T.K., Walz D.A. Thrombospondin binding to specific sequences within the A alpha- and B beta-chains of fibrinogen. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;2317-2323
6. Bailey K., Astbury W.T., Rudall K.M. Fibrinogen and fibrin as members of the keratin-myosin group. Nature. 151:1943;716-717
7. Baker N.E., Mlodzik M., Rubin G.M. Spacing differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye: A fibrinogen-related lateral inhibitor encoded by scabrous. Science. 250:1990;1370-1377
8. Baradet T.C., Haselgrove J.C., Weisel J.W. Three-dimensional reconstruction of fibrin clot networks from stereoscopic intermediate voltage electron microscope images and analysis of branching. Biophys. J. 68:1995;1551-1560
9. Baumann R.E., Henschen A.H. Human fibrinogen polymorphic site analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification: Identification of polymorphisms at positions A alpha 312 and B beta 448. Blood. 82:1993;2117-2124
10. Baumhueter S., Courtois G., Morgan J.G., Crabtree G.R. The role of HNF-1 in liver-specific gene expression. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 557:1989;272-279
11. Beguin S., Kumar R. Thrombin, fibrin and platelets: A resonance loop in which von Willebrand factor is a necessary link. Thromb. Haemost. 78:1997;590-594
12. Bennett J.S. Platelet-fibrinogen interactions. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;340-354
13. Bernocco S., Ferri F., Profumo A., Cuniberti C., Rocco M. Polymerization of rod-like macromolecular monomers studied by stopped-flow, multiangle light scattering: Set-up, data processing, and application to fibrin formation. Biophys. J. 79:2000;561-583
14. Blombäck B. Fibrinogen and Fibrin Formation and Its Role in Fibrinolysis. Goldstein J. "Biotechnology of Blood" 1991;225-279 Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston
15. Blombäck B. Fibrinogen: Evolution of the structure-function concept. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;1-11
16. Blombäck B., Blombäck M. Purification of human and bovine fibrinogen. Arkiv. Kemi. 10:1956;415-443
17. Blombäck B., Hessel B., Hogg D., Therkildsen L. A two-step fibrinogen-fibrin transition in blood coagulation. Nature. 275:1978;501-505
18. Blombäck B., Carlsson K., Fatah K., Hessel B., Procyk R. Fibrin in human plasma: Gel architectures governed by rate and nature of fibrinogen activation. Thromb. Res. 75:1994;521-538
19. Bode W., Stubbs M.T. Spatial structure of thrombin as a guide to its multiple sites of interaction. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 19:1993;321-333
20. Brennan S.O., Fellowes A.P., George P.M. Molecular mechanisms of hypo- and afibrinogenemia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;91-100
21. Brown J.H., Volkmann N., Jun G., Henschen A.H., Cohen C. The crystal structure of modified bovine fibrinogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;85-90
22. Budzynski A.Z. Fibrinogen and fibrin: Biochemistry and pathophysiology. Crit. Rev. Oncol.-Hematol. 6:1986;97-146
23. Bugge T.H., Flick M.J., Daugherty C.C., Degen J.L. Plasminogen deficiency causes severe thrombosis but is compatible with development and reproduction. Genes Develop. 9:1995;794-807
24. Bugge T.H., Kombrinck K.W., Flick M.J., Daugherty C.C., Danton M.J., Degen J.L. Loss of fibrinogen rescues mice from the pleiotropic effects of plasminogen deficiency. Cell. 87:1996;709-719
25. Carr M.E. Fibrin formed in plasma is composed of fibers more massive than those formed from purified fibrinogen. Thromb. Haemost. 59:1988;535-539
26. Carr M.E., Hardin C.L. Fibrin has larger pores when formed in the presence of erythrocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 253:1987;H1069-H1073
27. Carr M.E., Gabriel D.A., McDonagh J. Influence of Ca2+ on the structure of reptilase-derived and thrombin-derived fibrin gels. Biochem. J. 239:1986;513-516
28. Carr M.E., Kaminski M., McDonagh J., Gabriel D.A. Influence of ionic strength, peptide release, and calcium ion on the structure of reptilase and thrombin-derived gels. Thromb. Haemost. 54:1985;159-165
29. Cheresh D.A., Berliner S.A., Vicente V., Ruggeri Z.M. Recognition of distinct adhesive sites on fibrinogen by related integrins on platelets and endothelial cells. Cell. 58:1989;945-953
30. Chung D.W., Davie E.W. Gamma and gamma′ chains of human fibrinogen are produced by alternative RNA splicing. Biochem. 23:1984;4232-4236
31. Chung D.W., Harris J.E., Davie E.W. Nucleotide sequences of the three genes coding for human fibrinogen. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 281:1990;39-48
32. Chung D.W., Rixon M.W., Que B.G., Davie E.W. Cloning of fibrinogen genes and their cDNA. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;449-456
33. Cohen C., Revel J.-P., Kucera J. Paracrystalline forms of fibrinogen. Science. 141:1963;436-438
34. Cohen C., Weisel J.W., Phillips G.N., Stauffacher C.V., Fillers J.P., Daub E. The structure of fibrinogen and fibrin: I. Electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography of fibrinogen. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;194-213
35. Cohn E.J., Strong L.E., Hughes W.L., Mulford D.J., Ashworth J.N., Melin M., Taylor H.L. Preparation and properties of serum and plasma proteins. IV. A system for the separation into fractions of the protein and lipoprotein components of biological tissues and fluids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68:1946;459-475
36. Collet J.-P., Montalescot G., Lesty C., Weisel J.W. A structural and dynamic investigation of the facilitating effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in dissolving platelet-rich clots. Circ. Res. 90:2002;428-434
37. Collet J.-P., Woodhead J.L., Soria J., Soria C., Mirshahi M.C., Caen J.P., Weisel J.W. Fibrinogen Dusart: Electron microscopy of molecules, fibers, and clots and viscoelastic measurements. Biophys. J. 70:1996;500-510
38. Collet J.-P., Park D., Lesty C., Soria J., Soria C., Montalescot G., Weisel J.W. Influence of fibrin network conformation and fibrin fiber diameter on fibrinolysis speed: Dynamic and structural approaches by confocal microscopy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20:2000;1354-1361
39. Collet J.P., Soria J., Mirshahi M., Hirsch M., Dagonnet F.B., Caen J., Soria C. Dusart syndrome: A new concept of the relationship between fibrin clot architecture and fibrin clot degradability: Hypofibrinolysis related to an abnormal clot structure. Blood. 82:1993;2462-2469
40. Cote H.C., Lord S.T., Pratt K.P. Gamma-chain dysfibrinogenemias: Molecular structure-function relationships of naturally occurring mutations in the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. Blood. 92:1998;2195-2212
41. Crabtree G.R. The molecular biology of fibrinogen. Stamatoyannopoulos G., Nienhuis A.W., Leder P., Majerus P.W. "The Molecular Basis of Blood Diseases" 1987;631 W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia
42. Dang C.V., Shin C.K., Bell W.R., Nagaswami C., Weisel J.W. Fibrinogen sialic acid residues are low affinity calcium-binding sites that influence fibrin assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;15104-15108
43. De Cristofaro R., Di Cera E. Modulation of thrombin-fibrinogen interaction by specific ion effects. Biochem. 31:1992;257-265
44. Dejana E., Languino L.R., Colella S., Corbascio G.C., Plow E.F., Ginsberg M.H., Marchisio P.C. The localization of a platelet GpIIb-IIIa-related protein in endothelial cell adhesion structures. Blood. 71:1988;566-572
45. Di Stasio E., Nagaswami C., Weisel J.W., Di Cera E. Cl-regulates the structure of the fibrin clot. Biophys. J. 75:1998;1973-1979
46. Dixit V.M., Grant G.A., Frazier W.A., Santoro S.A. Isolation of the fibrinogen-binding region of platelet thrombospondin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 119:1984;1075-1081
47. Donovan J.W., Mihalyi E. Clotting of fibrinogen. 1. Scanning calorimetric study of the effect of calcium. Biochem. 24:1985;3434-3443
48. Doolittle R.F. Structural aspects of the fibrinogen to fibrin conversion. Adv. Protein Chem. 27:1973;1-109
49. Doolittle R.F. Fibrinogen and fibrin. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:1984;195-229
50. Doolittle R.F., Goldbaum D.M., Doolittle L.R. Designation of sequences involved in the "coiled-coil" interdomainal connections in fibrinogen: Constructions of an atomic scale model. J. Mol. Biol. 120:1978;311-325
51. Doolittle R.F., Spraggon G., Everse S.J. Evolution of vertebrate fibrin formation and the process of its dissolution. Ciba. Found. Symp. 212:1997;4-23
52. Drew A.F., Liu H., Davidson J.M., Daugherty C.C., Degen J.L. Wound-healing defects in mice lacking fibrinogen. Blood. 97:2001;3691-3698
53. Dyr J.E., Blombäck B., Hessel B., Kornalik F. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin induced by preferential release of fibrinopeptide B. Biochim Biophys. Acta. 990:1989;18-24
54. Edelberg J.M., Gonzalez-Gronow M., Pizzo S.V. Lipoprotein(a) inhibition of plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb. Res. 57:1990;155-162
55. Erickson H.P. Evolution of the tenascin family-Implications for function of the C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain. Perspectives Develop. Neurobiol. 2:1994;9-19
56. Erickson H.P., Fowler W.E. Electron microscopy of fibrinogen, its plasmic fragments and small polymers. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;146-163
57. Everse S.J., Spraggon G., Veerapandian L., Doolittle R.F. Conformational changes in fragments D and double-D from human fibrin(ogen) upon binding the peptide ligand Gly-His-Arg-Pro-amide. Biochem. 38:1999;2941-2946
58. Everse S.J., Spraggon G., Veerapandian L., Riley M., Doolittle R.F. Crystal structure of fragment double-D from human fibrin with two different bound ligands. Biochem. 37:1998;8637-8642
59. Farrell D.H., Thiagarajan P., Chung D.W., Davie E.W. Role of fibrinogen alpha and gamma chain sites in platelet aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;10729-10732
60. Fatah K., Silveira A., Tornvall P., Karpe F., Blombäck M., Hamsten A. Proneness to formation of tight and rigid fibrin gel structures in men with myocardial infarction at a young age. Thromb. Haemost. 76:1996;535-540
61. Ferri F., Greco M., Arcovito G., De Spirito M., Rocco M. Structure of fibrin gels studied by elastic light scattering techniques: Dependence of fractal dimension, gel crossover length, fiber diameter, and fiber density on monomer concentration. Phys. Rev. E. 66:(1 Pt 1):2002;011913
62. Ferri F., Greco M., Arcovito G., Bassi F.A., De Spirito M., Paganini E., Rocco M. Growth kinetics and structure of fibrin gels. Phys. Rev. E. 63:(3 Pt 1):2001;031401
63. Ferry J.D. Structure and rheology of fibrin networks. Kramer O. "Biological and Synthetic Polymer Networks" 1988;41-55 Elsevier, Amsterdam
64. Flick M.J., Du X., Witte D.P., Jirouskova M., Soloviev D.A., Busuttil S.J., Plow E.F., Degen J.L. Leukocyte engagement of fibrin(ogen) via the integrin receptor alphaMbeta2/Mac-1 is critical for host inflammatory response in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 113:2004;1596-1606
65. Fowler W.E., Hantgan R.R., Hermans J., Erickson H.P. Structure of the fibrin protofibril. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:1981;4872-4876
66. Francis C.W., Bunce L.A., Sporn L.A. Endothelial cell responses to fibrin mediated by FPB cleavage and the amino terminus of the beta chain. Blood Cells. 19:1993;306-307
67. Freyssinet J.M., Torbet J., Hudry-Clergeon G., Maret G. Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and fibrin formation measured by using magnetic orientation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 80:1983;1616-1620
68. Fu Y., Grieninger G. Fib420: A normal human variant of fibrinogen with two extended alpha chains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;2625-2628
69. Galanakis D.K. Fibrinogen anomalies and disease: A clincal update. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 6:1992;1171-1187
70. Galanakis D.K. Inherited dysfibrinogenemia: Emerging abnormal structure associations with pathologic and nonpathologic dysfunctions. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 19:1993;386-395
71. Galanakis D.K., Lane B.P., Simon S.R. Albumin modulates lateral assembly of fibrin polymers: Evidence of enhanced fine fibril formation and of unique synergism with fibrinogen. Biochem. 26:1987;2389-2400
72. Galanakis D.K., Nuovo G., Spitzer S., Kaplan C., Scharrer I. Fibrinogen mRNA and antigen co-present in human trophoblasts in situ: Possible implications. Thromb. Res. 81:1996;263-269
73. Godyna S., Diaz-Ricart M., Argraves W.S. Fibulin-1 mediates platelet adhesion via a bridge of fibrinogen. Blood. 88:1996;2569-2577
74. Gorkun O.V., Veklich Y.I., Medved' L.V., Henschen A.H., Weisel J.W. Role of the αC domains in fibrin formation. Biochemistry. 33:1994;6986-6997
75. Greenberg C.S., Miraglia C.C., Rickles F.R., Shuman M.A. Cleavage of blood coagulation factor XIII and fibrinogen by thrombin during in vitro clotting. J. Clin. Invest. 75:1985;1463-1470
76. Greenberg C.S., Lai T.-S., Ariens R.A.S., Weisel J.W., Grant P.J. Biology and Disorders of Fibrinogen and Factor XIII. Handin R.I., Lux S.E., Stossel T.P. "Blood. Principles and Practice of Hematology" 2003;1225-1248 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
77. Guinto E.R., Vindigni A., Ayala Y.M., Dang Q.D., Di Cera E. Identification of residues linked to the slow->fast transition of thrombin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;11185-11189
78. Hada M., Kaminski M., Bockenstedt P., McDonagh J. Covalent crosslinking of von Willebrand factor to fibrin. Blood. 68:1986;95-101
79. Haidaris P.J. Induction of fibrinogen biosynthesis and secretion from cultured pulmonary epithelial cells. Blood. 89:1997;873-882
80. Haidaris P.J., Courtney M.A. Tissue-specific and ubiquitous expression of fibrinogen gamma-chain mRNA. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 1:1990;433-437
81. Haidaris P.J., Francis C.W., Sporn L.A., Arvan D.S., Collichio F.A., Marder V.J. Megakaryocyte and hepatocyte origins of human fibrinogen biosynthesis exhibit hepatocyte-specific expression of gamma chain-variant polypeptides. Blood. 74:1989;743-750
82. Hall C.E., Slayter H.S. The fibrinogen molecule: Its size, shape, and mode of polymerization. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5:1959;11-16
83. Hanna L.S., Scheraga H.A., Francis C.W., Marder V.J. Comparison of structures of various human fibrinogens and a derivative thereof by a study of the kinetics of release of fibrinopeptides. Biochem. 23:1984;4681-4687
84. Hantgan R.R., Hermans J. Assembly of fibrin. A light scattering study. J. Biol. Chem. 254:1979;11272-11281
85. Hantgan R.R., Fowler W.E., Erickson H.P., Hermans J. Fibrin assembly: A comparison of electron microscopic and light scattering results. Thromb. Haemost. 44:1980;119-124
86. Hantgan R.R., Simpson-Haidaris P.J., Francis C.W., Marder V.J. Fibrinogen structure and physiology. Colman R.W., Hirsh J., Marder V.J., Clowes A.W., George J.N. "Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice" 2000;203-232 Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
87. Hanumanthaiah R., Day K., Jagadeeswaran P. Comprehensive analysis of blood coagulation pathways in teleostei: Evolution of coagulation factor genes and identification of zebrafish factor VIIi. Blood Cells. 29:2002;57-68
88. Harpel P.C., Gordon B.R., Parker T.S. Plasmin catalyzes binding of lipoprotein(a) to immobilized fibrinogen and fibrin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;3847-3851
89. Harrison P., Wilbourn B., Debili N., Vainchenker W., Breton-Gorius J., Lawrie A.S., Masse J.M., Savidge G.F., Cramer E.M. Uptake of plasma fibrinogen into the alpha granules of human megakaryocytes and platelets. J. Clin. Invest. 73:1989;1123-1129
90. Henschen A., McDonagh J. Fibrinogen, fibrin and factor XIII. Zwaal R.F.A., Hemker H.C. "Blood Coagulation" 1986;171-234 Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
91. Henschen A.H., Lottspeich F., Kehl M., Southan C., Lucas J. Structure-function-evolution relationship in fibrinogen. Henschen A.H., Graeff H., Lottspeich F. "Fibrinogen. Recent Biochemical and Medical Aspects" 1982;67-82 Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
92. Henschen-Edman A.H. Fibrinogen non-inherited heterogeneity and its relationship to function in health and disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;580-593
93. Hirose S., Oda K., Ikehara Y. Biosynthesis, assembly, and secretion of fibrinogen in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 251:1988;373-377
94. Hogan K.A., Bolliger B., Okumura N., Lord S.T. The formation of beta fibrin requires a functional a site. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;331-334
95. Hu C.H., Harris J.E., Davie E.W., Chung D.W. Characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the gene for the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;28342-28349
96. Jagadeeswaran P., Liu Y.C. Developmental expression of thrombin in zebrafish embryos: A novel model to study hemostasis. Blood Cells. 23:1997;147-156
97. Jandrot-Perrus M., Mosesson M.W., M.H. D., Menache D. Studies of platelet fibrinogen from a subject with a congenital plasma fibrinogen abnormality (fibrinogen Paris I). Blood. 54:1979;1109-1116
98. Janmey P.A., Amis E.J., Ferry J.D. Rheology of fibrin clots. VI. Stress relaxation, creep, and differential dynamic modulus of fine clots in large shearing deformations. J. Rheol. 27:1983;135-153
99. Jones F.S., Burgoon M.P., Hoffman S., Crossin K.L., Cunningham B.A., Edelman G.M. A cDNA clone for cytotactin contains sequences similar to epidermal growth factor-like repeats and segments of fibronectin and fibrinogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;2186-2190
100. Kant J.A., Fornace A.J., Saxe D., Simon M.I., McBride O.W., Crabtree G.R. Evolution and organization of the fibrinogen locus on chromosome 4: Gene duplication accompanied by transposition and inversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 185:1985;1-19
101. Keijer J., Linders M., van Zonneveld A.J., Ehrlich H.J., de Boer J.P., Pannekoek H. The interaction of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 with plasminogen activators (tissue-type and urokinase-type) and fibrin: Localization of interaction sites and physiologic relevance. Blood. 78:1991;401-409
102. Koopman J., Haverkate F., Lord S.T., Grimbergen J., Mannucci P.M. Molecular basis of fibrinogen Naples associated with defective thrombin binding and thrombophilia. Homozygous substitution of B beta 68 Ala - > Thr. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1992;238-244
103. Kostelansky M.S., Betts L., Gorkun O.V., Lord S.T. 2.8 A crystal structures of recombinant fibrinogen fragment D with and without two peptide ligands: GHRP binding to the "b" site disrupts its nearby calcium-binding site. Biochem. 41:2002;12124-12132
104. Kostelansky M.S., Bolliger-Stucki B., Betts L., Gorkun O.V., Lord S.T. B beta Glu397 and B beta Asp398 but not B beta Asp432 are required for "B:b" interactions. Biochem. 43:2004a;2465-2474
105. Kostelansky M.S., Lounes K.C., Ping L.F., Dickerson S.K., Gorkun O.V., Lord S.T. Calcium-binding site beta 2, adjacent to the "b" polymerization site, modulates lateral aggregation of protofibrils during fibrin polymerization. Biochem. 43:2004b;2475-2483
106. Koyama T., Hall L.R., Haser W.G., Tonegawa S., Saito H. Structure of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-specific gene shows a strong homology to fibrinogen beta and gamma chains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;1609-1613
107. Laki K. The polymerization of proteins: The action of thrombin on fibrinogen. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 32:1951;317-324
108. Langer B.G., Weisel J.W., Dinauer P.A., Nagaswami C., Bell W.R. Deglycosylation of fibrinogen accelerates polymerization and increases lateral aggregation of fibrin fibers. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1988;15056-15063
109. Lee E.C., Yu S.Y., Hu X., Mlodzik M., Baker N.E. Functional analysis of the fibrinogen-related scabrous gene from Drosophila melanogaster identifies potential effector and stimulatory protein domains. Genetics. 150:1998;663-673
110. Leung L.L. Role of thrombospondin in platelet aggregation. J. Clin. Invest. 74:1984;1764-1772
111. Lewis S.D., Shields P.P., Shafer J.A. Characterization of the kinetic pathway for liberation of fibrinopeptides during assembly of fibrin. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1985;10192-10199
112. Lishko V.K., Podolnikova N.P., Yakubenko V.P., Yakovlev S., Medved L., Yadav S.P., Ugarova T.P. Multiple binding sites in fibrinogen for integrin alphaM beta2 (Mac-1). J. Biol. Chem. 279:2004;44897-44966
113. Liu C.Y., Koehn J.A., Morgan F.J. Characterization of fibrinogen New York 1. A dysfunctional fibrinogen with a deletion of B beta(9-72) corresponding exactly to exon 2 of the gene. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1985;4390-4396
114. Liu J.N., Harpel P.C., Gurewich V. Fibrin-bound lipoprotein(a) promotes plasminogen binding but inhibits fibrin degradation by plasmin. Biochem. 33:1994;2554-2560
115. Loewy A.G., McDonagh J., Mikkola H., Teller D.C., Yee V.C. Structure and function of Factor XIII. Colman R.W., Hirsh J., Marder V.J., Clowes A.W., George J.N. "Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice" 2000;233-247 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
116. Lorand L. Factor XIII: Structure, activation, and interactions with fibrinogen and fibrin. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;291-311
117. Lorand L., Parameswaran K.N., Murthy S.N.P. A double-headed Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro ligand mimics the functions of the E domain of fibrin for promoting the end-to-end crosslinking of gamma chains by factor XIIIa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;1438-1442
118. Loscalzo J., Weinfield M., Fless G., Scanu A.M. Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. Atheroscler. 10:1990;240-245
119. Louache F., Debili N., Cramer E.M., Breton-Gorius J., Vainchenker W. Fibrinogen is not synthesized by human megakaryocytes. Blood. 77:1991;311-316
120. Lovely R.S., Moaddel M., Farrell D.H. Fibrinogen gamma′ chain binds thrombin exosite II. J. Thromb. Haemost. 1:2003;124-131
121. Ly B., Godal H.C. Denaturation of fibrinogen: The protective effect of calcium. Haemost. 1:1973;204-209
122. Madrazo J., Brown J.H., Litvinovich S., Dominguez R., Yakovlev S., Medved L., Cohen C. Crystal structure of the central region of bovine fibrinogen (E5 fragment) at 1.4-A resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;11967-11972
123. Makogonenko E., Tsurupa G., Ingham K., Medved L. Interaction of fibrin(ogen) with fibronectin: Further characterization and localization of the fibronectin-binding site. Biochem. 41:2002;7907-7913
124. Marder V.J., Shulman N.R., Carroll W.R. High molecular weight derivatives of human fibrinogen produced by plasmin. J. Biol. Chem. 244:1969;2111-2119
125. Martinelli R.A., Scheraga H.A. Steady-state kinetic study of the bovine thrombin-fibrinogen interaction. Biochem. 19:1980;2343-2350
126. Martinez J., Keane P.M., Gilman P.B., Palascak J.E. The abnormal carbohydrate composition of the dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;388-396
127. Martinez J., Ferber A., Bach T.L., Yaen C.H. Interaction of fibrin with VE-cadherin. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;386-405
128. Matsuda M., Sugo T. Hereditary disorders of fibrinogen. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;65-68
129. Matsuka Y.V., Medved L.V., Migliorini M.M., Ingham K.C. Factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking of recombinant alpha C fragments of human fibrinogen. Biochem. 35:1996;5810-5816
130. McDonagh J. Dysfibrinogenemia and other disorders of fibrinogen structure or function. Colman R.W., Hirsh J., Marder V.J., Clowes A.W., George J.N. "Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice" 2000;855-892 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
131. Medved L., Nieuwenhuizen W. Molecular mechanisms of initiation of fibrinolysis by fibrin. Thromb. Haemost. 89:2003;409-419
132. Medved L., Ugarova T.P., Veklich Y., Lukinova N., Weisel J.W. Electron microscope investigation of the early stages of fibrin assembly. Twisted protofibrils and fibers. J. Mol. Biol. 216:1990;503-509
133. Medved L., Litvinovich S., Ugarova T.P., Matsuka Y.V., Ingham K. Domain structure and functional activity of the recombinant human fibrinogen gamma-module (gamma148-411). Biochem. 36:1997;4685-4693
134. Medved L.V. Relationship between exons and domains in the fibrinogen molecule. Blood Coag. Fibrinolysis. 1:1990;439-442
135. Medved L.V., Litvinovich S.V., Privalov P.L. Domain organization of the terminal parts in the fibrinogen molecule. FEBS Lett. 202:1986;298-302
136. Medved L.V., Litvinovich S.V., Ugarova T.P., Lukinova N.I., Kalikhevich V.N., Ardemasova Z.A. Localization of a fibrin polymerization site complementary to Gly-His-Arg sequence. FEBS Lett. 320:1993;239-242
137. Meh D.A., Siebenlist K.R., Brennan S.O., Holyst T., Mosesson M.W. The amino acid sequence in fibrin responsible for high affinity thrombin binding. Thromb. Haemost. 85:2001;470-474
138. Mihalyi E. Clotting of bovine fibrinogen. Calcium binding to fibrin during clotting and its dependence on release of fibrinopeptide B. Biochem. 27:1988a;967-976
139. Mihalyi E. Clotting of bovine fibrinogen. Kinetic analysis of the release of fibrinopeptides by thrombin and of the calcium uptake upon clotting at high fibrinogen concentrations. Biochem. 27:1988b;976-982
140. Moaddel M., Falls L.A., Farrell D.H. The role of gamma A/gamma′ fibrinogen in plasma factor XIII activation. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000a;32135- 32140
141. Moaddel M., Farrell D.H., Daugherty M.A., Fried M.G. Interactions of human fibrinogens with factor XIII: Roles of calcium and the gamma′ peptide. Biochem. 39:2000b;6698-6705
142. Moen J.L., Gorkun O.V., Weisel J.W., Lord S.T. Recombinant BbetaArg14His fibrinogen implies participation of N-terminus of Bbeta chain in desA fibrin polymerization. Blood. 102:2003;2466-2471
143. Mosesson M.W. Antithrombin I. Inhibition of thrombin generation in plasma by fibrin formation. Thromb. Haemost. 89:2003;9-12
144. Mosesson M.W. Cross-linked gamma chains in a fibrin fibril are situated transversely between its strands: Yes. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2:2004a;388-393
145. Mosesson M.W. Cross-linked gamma-chains in a fibrin fibril are situated transversely between its strands. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2:2004b;1467-1469
146. Mosesson M.W., Siebenlist K.R., Meh D.A. The structure and biological features of fibrinogen and fibrin. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;11-30
147. Mosesson M.W., Hainfeld J., Wall J., Haschemeyer R.H. Identification and mass analysis of human fibrinogen molecules and their domains by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J. Mol. Biol. 153:1981;695-718
148. Mosesson M.W., DiOrio J.P., Siebenlist K.R., Wall J.S., Hainfeld J.F. Evidence for a second type of fibril branch point in fibrin polymer networks, the trimolecular junction. Blood. 82:1993;1517-1521
149. Mosesson M.W., DiOrio J.P., Müller M.F., Shainoff J.R., Siebenlist K.R., Amrani D.L., Homandberg G.A., Soria J., Soria C., Samama M. Studies on the ultrastructure of fibrin lacking fibrinopeptide B (beta-fibrin). Blood. 69:1987;1073-1081
150. Mullin J.L., Gorkun O.V., Binnie C.G., Lord S.T. Recombinant fibrinogen studies reveal that thrombin specificity dictates order of fibrinopeptide release. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;25239-25246
151. Neerman-Arbez M. Fibrinogen gene mutations accounting for congenital afibrinogenemia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;496-508
152. Nham S.U., Fuller G.M. Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on production of hepatocyte stimulating factor by a macrophage cell line (P388D1). Thromb. Res. 44:1986;467-475
153. Nieuwenhuizen W. Fibrin-mediated plasminogen activation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;237-246
154. Nossel H. Radioimmunoassay of fibrinopeptides in relation to intravascular coagulation and thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 295:1976;428-432
155. Odrljin T.M., Rybarczyk B.J., Francis C.W., Lawrence S.O., Hamaguchi M., Simpson-Haidaris P.J. Calcium modulates plasmin cleavage of the fibrinogen D fragment gamma chain N-terminus: Mapping of monoclonal antibody J88B to a plasmin sensitive domain of the gamma chain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1298:1996;69-77
156. Palumbo J.S., Potter J.M., Kaplan L.S., Talmage K., Jackson D.G., Degen J.L. Spontaneous hematogenous and lymphatic metastasis, but not primary tumor growth or angiogenesis, is diminished in fibrinogen-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 62:2002;6966-6972
157. Pandya B.V., Cierniewski C.S., Budzynski A.Z. Conservation of human fibrinogen conformation after cleavage of the B beta chain NH2 terminus. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1985;2994-3000
158. Parrott J.A., Whaley P.D., Skinner M.K. Extrahepatic expression of fibrinogen by granulosa cells: Potential role in ovulation. Endocrinology. 133:1993;1645-1649
159. Parry D.A.D. Fibrinogen: A preliminary analysis of the amino acid sequences of the portions of the alpha, beta and gamma-chains postulated to form the interdomainal link between globular regions of the molecule. J. Mol. Biol. 120:1978;545-551
160. Pechik I., Madrazo J., Mosesson M.W., Hernandez I., Gilliland G.L., Medved L. Crystal structure of the complex between thrombin and the central "E" region of fibrin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101:2004;2718-2723
161. Plant P.W., Grieninger G. Noncoordinate synthesis of the fibrinogen subunits in hepatocytes cultured under hormone-deficient conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;2331-2336
162. Price T.M., Strong D.D., Rudee M.L., Doolittle R.F. Shadow-cast electron microscopy of fibrinogen with antibody fragments bound to specific regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78:1981;200-204
163. Privalov P.L., Medved L.V. Domains in the fibrinogen molecule. J. Mol. Biol. 159:1982;665-683
164. Profumo A., Turci M., Damonte G., Ferri F., Magatti D., Cardinali B., Cuniberti C., Rocco M. Kinetics of fibrinopeptide release by thrombin as a function of CaCl2 concentration: Different susceptibility of FPA and FPB and evidence for a fibrinogen isoform-specific effect at physiological Ca2+ concentration. Biochem. 42:2003;12335-12348
165. Rand M.D., Lock J.B., van't Veer C., Gaffney D.P., Mann K.G. Blood clotting in minimally altered whole blood. Blood. 88:1996;3432-3445
166. Rao S., Poojary M., Elliott B., Melanson L., Oriel B., Cohen C. Fibrinogen structure in projection at 18 A resolution. Electron density by co-ordinated cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. J. Mol. Biol. 222:1991;89-98
167. Remijn J.A., Lounes K.C., Hogan K.A., Lord S.T., Galanakis D.K., Sixma J.J., De Groot P.G. Reduced platelet adhesion in flowing blood to fibrinogen by alterations in segment gamma 316-322, part of the fibrin-specific region. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;650-657
168. Roberts H.R., Stinchcombe T.E., Gabriel D.A. The dysfibringenemias. British J. Haematol. 114:2001;249-257
169. Romer J., Bugge T.H., Pyke C., Lund L.R., Flick M.J., Degen J.L., Dano K. Impaired wound healing in mice with a disrupted plasminogen gene. Nat. Med. 2:1996;287-292
170. Rooney M.M., Parise L.V., Lord S.T. Dissecting clot retraction and platelet aggregation. Clot retraction does not require an intact fibrinogen gamma chain C terminus. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;8553-8555
171. Rooney M.M., Farrell D.H., van Hemel B.M., de Groot P.G., Lord S.T. The contribution of the three hypothesized integrin-binding sites in fibrinogen to platelet-mediated clot retraction. Blood. 92:1998;2374-2381
172. Ruoslahti E. Fibronectin and its receptors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:1988;375-413
173. Ryan E.A., Mockros L.F., Weisel J.W., Lorand L. Structural origins of fibrin clot rheology. Biophys. J. 77:1999;2813-2826
174. Sahni A., Francis C.W. Vascular endothelial growth factor binds to
175. Sahni A., Odrljin T.M., Francis C.W. Binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to fibrinogen and fibrin. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;7554-7559
176. Sahni A., Sporn L.A., Francis C.W. Potentiation of endothelial cell proliferation by fibrin(ogen)-bound fibroblast growth factor-2. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;14936-14941
177. Sahni A., Guo M., Sahni S.K., Francis C.W. Interleukin-1beta but not IL-1alpha binds to fibrinogen and fibrin and has enhanced activity in the bound form. Blood. 104:2004;409-414
178. Sakata Y., Aoki N. Cross-linking of α2-plasmin inhibitor to fibrin by fibrin-stabilizing factor. J. Clin. Invest. 65:1980;290-297
179. Sakharov D.V., Rijken D.C. Superficial accumulation of plasminogen during plasma clot lysis. Circulation. 92:1995;1883-1890
180. Sakharov D.V., Nagelkerke J.F., Rijken D.C. Rearrangements of the fibrin network and spatial distribution of fibrinolytic components during plasma clot lysis. Study with confocal microscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;2133-2138
181. Sakharov D.V., Plow E.F., Rijken D.C. On the mechanism of the antifibrinolytic activity of plasma carboxypeptidase B. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;14477-14482
182. Sasaki T., Page I.H., Shainoff J.R. Stable complex of fibrinogen and fibrin. Science. 152:1966;1069-1071
183. Scrutton M.C., Ross-Murphy S.B., Bennett G.M., Stirling Y., Meade T.W. Changes in clot deformability - a possible explanation for the epidemiological association between plasma fibrinogen concentration and myocardial infarction. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 5:1994;719-723
184. Shafer J.A., Higgins D.L. Human fibrinogen. CRC Critical Rev. in Clin. Lab. Sci. 26:1988;1-41
185. Shah G.A., Nair C.H., Dhall D.P. Comparison of fibrin networks in plasma and fibrinogen solution. Thromb. Res. 45:1987;257-264
186. Shainoff J.R., Dardik B.N. Fibrinopeptide B and aggregation of fibrinogen. Science. 204:1979;200-202
187. Shainoff J.R., Dardik B.N. Fibrinopeptide B in fibrin assembly and metabolism: Physiologic significance in delayed release of the peptide. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;254-268
188. Shainoff J.R., Smejkal G.B., Dibello P.M., Chase B., Mitkevich O.V., Lill H. The fibrin intermediate, its place in the fibrinogen-fibrin transformation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;147-166
189. Siebenlist K.R., Meh D.A., Mosesson M.W. Plasma factor XIII binds specifically to fibrinogen molecules containing gamma chains. Biochem. 35:1996;10448-10453
190. Siebenlist K.R., DiOrio J.P., Budzynski A.Z., Mosesson M.W. The polymerization and thrombin-binding properties of des-(B beta 1-42)-fibrin. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;18650-18655
191. Spraggon G., Everse S.J., Doolittle R.F. Crystal structures of fragment D from human fibrinogen and its crosslinked counterpart from fibrin. Nature. 389:1997;455-462
192. Standeven K.F., Grant P.J., Carter A.M., Scheiner T., Weisel J.W., Ariëns R.A.S. Functional analysis of the fibrinogen AaThr312Ala polymorphism: Effects on fibrin structure and function. Circulation. 107:2003;2326-2330
193. Stringer H.A., Pannekoek H. The significance of fibrin binding by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 for the mechanism of tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated fibrinolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;11205-11208
194. Strong D.D., Laudano A.P., Hawiger J., Doolittle R.F. Isolation, characterization, and synthesis of peptides from human fibrinogen that block the staphylococcal clumping reaction and construction of a synthetic clumping particle. Biochem. 21:1982;1414-1420
195. Stryer L., Cohen C., Langridge R. Axial period of fibrinogen and fibrin. Nature. 197:1963;793-794
196. Stubbs M.T., Bode W. A model for the specificity of fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 19:1993;344-351
197. Suehiro K., Gailit J., Plow E.F. Fibrinogen is a ligand for integrin alpha5beta1 on endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;5360-5366
198. Suenson E., Lützen O., Thorsen S. Initial plasmin-degradation of fibrin as the basis of a positive feedback mechanism in fibrinolysis. Eur. J. Biochem. 149:1984;193-200
199. Suh T.T., Holmback K., Jensen N.J., Daugherty C.C., Small K., Simon D.I., Potter S., Degen J.L. Resolution of spontaneous bleeding events but failure of pregnancy in fibrinogen-deficient mice. Genes Develop. 9:1995;2020-2033
200. Takeda Y. Studies of the metabolism and distribution of fibrinogen in healthy men with autologous 125-I-labeled fibrinogen. J. Clin. Invest. 45:1966;103-111
201. Thorsen S. The mechanism of plasminogen activation and the variability of the fibrin effector during tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated fibrinolysis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 667:1992;52-63
202. Tooney N.M., Cohen C. Microcrystals of a modified fibrinogen. Nature. 237:1972;23-25
203. Tooney N.M., Cohen C. Crystallisation of a modified fibrinogen. Nature. 251:1974;659-660
204. Tooney N.M., Weisel J.W. Fibrinogen: Structure and assembly. Parry D.A.D., Creamer L.K. "Fibrous Proteins: Scientific, Industrial and Medical Aspects" Vol. 1:1979;429-454 Academic Press, London
205. Torbet J. Fibrin assembly in human plasma and fibrinogen/albumin mixtures. Biochem. 25:1986;5309-5314
206. Torbet J. The thrombin activation pathway modulates the assembly, structure, and lysis of human plasma clots in vitro. Thromb. Haemost. 73:1995;785-792
207. Townsend R.R., Heller D.N., Fenselau C.C., Lee Y.C. Determination of the sialylation pattern of human fibrinogen glycopeptides with fast atom bombardment. Biochem. 23:1984;6389-6392
208. Townsend R.R., Hilliker E., Li Y.T., Laine R.A., Bell W.R., Lee Y.C. Carbohydrate structure of human fibrinogen. Use of 300-MHz 1H-NMR to characterize glycosidase-treated glycopeptides. J. Biol. Chem. 257:1982;9704-9710
209. Tran H., Tanaka A., Litvinovich S.V., Medved L.V., Haudenschild C.C., Argraves W.S. The interaction of fibulin-1 with fibrinogen. A potential role in hemostasis and thrombosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;19458-19464
210. Tsurupa G., Medved L. Fibrinogen alpha C domains contain cryptic plasminogen and tPA binding sites. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;328-330
211. Tsurupa G., Ho-Tin-Noe B., Angles-Cano E., Medved L. Identification and characterization of novel lysine-independent apolipoprotein(a)-binding sites in fibrin(ogen) alphaC-domains. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;37154-37159
212. Tuszynski G.P., Srivastava S., Switalska H.I., Holt J.C., Cierniewski C.S., Niewiarowski S. The interaction of human platelet thrombospondin with fibrinogen. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1985;12240-12245
213. Ugarova T.P., Solovjov D.A., Zhang L., Loukinov D.I., Yee V.C., Medved L.V., Plow E.F. Identification of a novel recognition sequence for integrin alphaM beta2 within the gamma-chain of fibrinogen. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;22519-22527
214. Ugarova T.P., Lishko V.K., Podolnikova N.P., Okumura N., Merkulov S.M., Yakubenko V.P., Yee V.C., Lord S.T., Haas T.A. Sequence gamma 377-395(P2), but not gamma 190-202(P1), is the binding site for the alpha MI-domain of integrin alpha M beta 2 in the gamma C-domain of fibrinogen. Biochem. 42:2003;9365-9373
215. van Zonneveld A.J., Veerman H., Pannekoek H. On the interaction of the finger and the kringle-2 domain of tissue-type plasminogen activator with fibrin. Inhibition of kringle-2 binding to fibrin by epsilon-amino caproic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;14214-14218
216. Veklich Y.I., Gorkun O.V., Medved L.V., Nieuwenhuizen W., Weisel J.W. Carboxyl terminal portions of the alpha chains of fibrinogen and fibrin: Localization by electron microscopy and the effects of isolated alphaC fragments on polymerization. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;13577-13585
217. Vindigni A., Di Cera E. Release of fibrinopeptides by the slow and fast forms of thrombin. Biochem. 35:1996;4417-4426
218. Wang W., Boffa M.B., Bajzar L., Walker J.B., Nesheim M.E. A study of the mechanism of inhibition of fibrinolysis by activated thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;27176-27181
219. Wangh L.J., Holland L.J., Spolski R.J., Aprison B.S., Weisel J.W. Xenopus fibrinogen. Characterization of subunits and hormonal regulation of biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 258:1983;4599-4605
220. Weisel J.W. The electron microscope band pattern of human fibrin: Various stains, lateral order, and carbohydrate localization. J. Ultrastruct. Mol. Struct. Res. 96:1986a;176-188
221. Weisel J.W. Fibrin assembly. Lateral aggregation and the role of the two pairs of fibrinopeptides. Biophys. J. 50:1986b;1079-1093
222. Weisel J.W. Cross-linked gamma chains in a fibrin fibril are situated transversely between its strands: No. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2:2004a;394-399
223. Weisel J.W. The mechanical properties of fibrin for basic scientists and clinicians. Biophys. Chem. 112:2004b;267-276
224. Weisel J.W. Cross-linked gamma-chains in a fibrin fibril are situated transversely between its strands. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2:2004c;1467-1469
225. Weisel J.W., Nagaswami C. Computer modeling of fibrin polymerization kinetics correlated with electron microscope and turbidity observations: Clot structure and assembly are kinetically controlled. Biophys. J. 63:1992;111-128
226. Weisel J.W., Cederholm-Williams S.A. Fibrinogen and fibrin: Characterization, processing and medical applications. Domb A.J., Kost J., Wiseman D.M. "Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers" 1997;347-365 Harwood, Amsterdam
227. Weisel J.W., Medved L. The structure and function of the αC domains of fibrinogen. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 936:2001;312-327
228. Weisel J.W., Warren S.G., Cohen C. Crystals of modified fibrinogen: Size, shape and packing of molecules. J. Mol. Biol. 126:1978;159-183
229. Weisel J.W., Phillips G.J., Cohen C. A model from electron microscopy for the molecular structure of fibrinogen and fibrin. Nature. 289:1981;263-267
230. Weisel J.W., Phillips G.J., Cohen C. The structure of fibrinogen and fibrin: II. Architecture of the fibrin clot. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;367-379
231. Weisel J.W., Nagaswami C., Makowski L. Twisting of fibrin fibers limits their radial growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;8991-8995
232. Weisel J.W., Stauffacher C.V., Bullitt E., Cohen C. A model for fibrinogen: Domains and sequence. Science. 230:1985;1388-1391
233. Weisel J.W., Nagaswami C., Vilaire G., Bennett J.S. Examination of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex and its interation with fibrinogen and other ligands by electron microscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;16637-16643
234. Weisel J.W., Nagaswami C., Korsholm B., Petersen L.C., Suenson E. Interactions of plasminogen and polymerizing fibrin and its derivatives monitored with a photoaffinity cross-linker and electron microscopy. J. Mol. Biol. 235:1994;1117-1135
235. Weisel J.W., Nagaswami C., Woodhead J.W., Higazi A. A.-R., Cain W.J., Marcovina S.M., Koschinsky M.L., Cines D.B., Bdeir K. The structure of lipoprotein(a) and ligand-induced conformational changes. Biochem. 40:2001;10424-10435
236. Williams R.C. Morphology of fibrinogen monomers and of fibrin protofibrils. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 408:1983;180-193
237. Wiman B., Collen D. Molecular mechanism of physiological fibrinolysis. Nature. 272:1978;549-550
238. Wolfenstein T.C., Mosesson M.W. Carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence of a human fibrinogen gamma-chain variant (gamma′). Biochem. 20:1981;6146-6149
239. Woodhead J.L., Nagaswami C., Matsuda M., Arocha-Piñango C.L., Weisel J.W. The ultrastructure of fibrinogen Caracas II molecules, fibers and clots. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;4946-4953
240. Xu W., Chung D.W., Davie E.W. The assembly of human fibrinogen. The role of the amino-terminal and coiled-coil regions of the three chains in the formation of the alphagamma and betagamma heterodimers and alphabetagamma half-molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;27948-27953
241. Xu X., Doolittle R.F. Presence of a vertebrate fibrinogen-like sequence in an echinoderm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990;2097-2101
242. Yakovlev S., Makogonenko E., Kurochkina N., Nieuwenhuizen W., Ingham K., Medved L. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin: Mechanism of exposure of tPA- and plasminogen-binding sites. Biochem. 39:2000;15730-15741
243. Yamazumi K., Doolittle R.F. The synthetic peptide Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-amide limits the plasmic digestion of fibrinogen in the same fashion as calcium ion. Prot. Sci. 1:1992;1719-1720
244. Yang Z., Pandi L., Doolittle R.F. The crystal structure of fragment double-D from cross-linked lamprey fibrin reveals isopeptide linkages across an unexpected D-D interface. Biochem. 41:2002;15610-15617
245. Yang Z., Kollman J.M., Pandi L., Doolittle R.F. Crystal structure of native chicken fibrinogen at 2.7 A resolution. Biochemistry. 40:2001;12515-12523
246. Yee V.C., Pedersen L.C., Le Trong I., Bishop P.D., Stenkamp R.E., Teller D.C. Three-dimensional structure of a transglutaminase: Human blood coagulation factor XIII. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;7296-7300
247. Yee V.C., Pratt K.P., Cote H.C., Trong I.L., Chung D.W., Davie E.W., Stenkamp R.E., Teller D.C. Crystal structure of a 30 kDa C-terminal fragment from the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. Structure. 5:1997;125-138
248. Yoshida N., Wada H., Morita K., Hirata H., Matsuda M., Yamazumi K., Asakura S., Shirakawa S. A new congenital abnormal fibrinogen Ise characterized by the replacement of B beta glycine-15 by cysteine. Blood. 77:1991;1858-1863
249. Yu S., Sher B., Kudryk B., Redman C.M. Fibrinogen precursors. Order of assembly of fibrinogen chains. J. Biol. Chem. 259:1984;10574-10581
250. Zhang J.Z., Redman C.M. Fibrinogen assembly and secretion. Role of intrachain disulfide loops. J. Biol. Chem. 95:1996;30083-30088