The impact of anxiety on performance IQ

Anxiety, Stress and Coping

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 17-35

  Hopko, Derek R ^a,b   Crittendon, Julie A ^a   Grant, Erick ^a   Wilson, Sarah A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 16644392812     PISSN: 10615806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10615800412336436     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Alden, L. E., & Wallace, S. T. (1995). Social phobia and social appraisal in successful and unsuccessful social interactions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 497-505.
2. Antony, M. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2001). Practitioner's guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. New York: Kluwer Publishing.
3. Ashcraft, M. H., & Faust, M. W. (1994). Mathematics anxiety and mental arithmetic performance: An exploratory investigation. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 97-125.
4. Ashcraft, M. H., & Kirk, E. P. (2001). The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 224-237.
5. Avila, C. (1995). Facilitation and inhibition of visual orienting as a function of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 503-509.
6. Bare, R. L., Hopko, D. R., & Armento, M. E. A. (2004). The relation of psychopathic characteristics and anxiety among non-criminals: Physiological and cognitive responses to guided imagery. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 226, 225-232.
7. Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, 2nd edition. New York: Guilford.
8. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck Anxiety Inventory: Manual, 2nd edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychiatric Corporation.
9. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
10. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. A. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77-100.
11. Bieling, P. J., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Structure and content re-examined. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 777-788.
12. Boor, M., & Schill, T. (1968). Sub-test performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale as a function of anxiety and defensiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 27, 33-34.
13. Browndyke, J. N., Albert, A. L., Malone, W., Schatz, P., Paul, R. H., Cohen, R. A., Ticker, K. A., & Gouvier, W. D. (2002). Computer-related anxiety: Examining the impact of technology-Specific affect on the performance of a computerized neuropsychological assessment measure. Applied Neuropsychology, 9, 210-218.
14. Buckelew, S. P., & Hannay, H. J. (1986). Relationships among anxiety, defensiveness, sex, task difficulty, and performance on various neuropsychological tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 711-718.
15. Callens, C. J., & Meltzer, M. L. (1969). Effect of intelligence, anxiety, and diagnosis on arithmetic and digit span performance on the WAIS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 630.
16. Casey, M. B., Nuttall, R. L., & Pezaris, E. (1997). Mediators of gender differences in mathematics college entrance test scores: A comparison of spatial skills with internalized beliefs and anxieties. Developmental Psychology, 33, 669-680.
17. Cassaday, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27, 270-295.
18. Chastain, R. L., & Reynolds, C. R. (1984). An analysis of WAIS-R performance by sample stratification variables used during standardization. Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada, August.
19. Cohen, H., Zohar, J., & Matar, M. (2003). The relevance of differential response to trauma in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 463-473.
20. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
21. Creamer, M., Foran, J., & Bell, R. (1995). The Beck Anxiety Inventory in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 477-485.
22. Culler, R. E., & Holahan, C. J. (1980). Test anxiety and academic performance: The effects of study-related behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 16-20.
23. de Beurs, E., Wilson, K. A., Chambless, D. L., Goldstein, A. J., & Feske, U. (1997). Convergent and divergent validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory for patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Depression and Anxiety, 6, 140-146.
24. Denny, P. J. (1966). Effects of anxiety and intelligence on concept formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 596-602.
25. Durham, C. C., Locke, E. A., Poon, J. M. L., McLeod, P. L. (2000). Effects of groups goals and time pressure on group-efficacy, information-seeking strategy, and performance. Human Performance, 13, 115-138.
26. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
27. Everson, H. T., Smodlaka, I., & Tobias, S. (1994). Exploring the relationship of test anxiety and metacognition on reading test performance: A cognitive analysis. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 7, 85-96.
28. Eysenck, M. W. (1982). Attention and arousal: Cognition and performance. Germany: Springer-Verlag.
29. Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Anxiety and cognitive-task performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 579-586.
30. Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
31. Eysenck, M. W. (1997). Anxiety and cognition: A unified theory. Hove: Psychology Press.
32. Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434.
33. Firetto, A. C., Walker, R. E., & Davey, H. (1972). Digit symbol performance and self-report of anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 35, 382.
34. Fischer, D. G., & Awrey, A. (1973). Manifest anxiety, test anxiety, and intelligence in concept formation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 89, 153-154.
35. Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
36. Flynn, J. R. (2000). The hidden history of IQ and special education: Can the problems be solved? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 191-198.
37. Fowles, D. C. (1986). The psychophysiology of anxiety and hedonic effect: Motivational specificity. In B. F. Shaw, Z. V. Segal, T. M. Valis, & F. E. Cashman (Eds.), Anxiety Disorders: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 51-66). New York: Plenum Press.
38. Fowles, D. C. (2000). Electrodermal hyporeactivity and antisocial behavior: does anxiety mediate the relationship? Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 177-189.
39. Fox, E. (1994). Attentional bias in anxiety: A defective inhibition hypothesis. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 165-195.
40. Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, B., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 681-700.
41. Glorfeld, L. W., (1995). An improvement on Horn's parallel analysis model for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 377-393.
42. Greeno, J. G. (1991). Number sense as situated knowing in a conceptual domain. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 22, 170-218.
43. Grice, G. R. (1955). Discrimination reaction time as a function of anxiety and intelligence. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 50, 71-74.
44. Groth-Marnat, G. (1997). Handbook of psychological Assessment, 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley.
45. Hair, J. F., Andersen, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis, 4th edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
46. Harris, L. M., & Cumming, S. R. (2003). An examination of the relationship between anxiety and performance on prospective and retrospective memory tasks. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55, 51-55.
47. Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Publishing Institute.
48. Heimberg, R. G., & Juster, H. R. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral treatments: Literature review. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 261-309). New York: Guilford.
49. Hofmann, S. G., Gerlach, A. L., Wender, A., & Roth, W. T. (1997). Speech disturbances and gaze behavior during public speaking in subtypes of social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 573-585.
50. Hopko, D. R. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Math Anxiety Rating Scale - Revised. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 336-351.
51. Hopko, D. R., Ashcraft, M. H., Gute, J., Ruggiero, K. J., & Lewis, C. (1998). Mathematics anxiety and working memory: Support for the existence of a deficient inhibition mechanism. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 343-355.
52. Hopko, D. R., Hunt, M. K., & Armento, M. E. A. (in press). Attentional task aptitude and performance anxiety. International Journal of Stress Management.
53. Hopko, D. R., McNeil, D. W., Lejuez, C. W., Ashcraft, M. H., Eifert, G. H., & Riel, J. (2003). The effects of anxious responding on arithmetic and lexical decision task performance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 647-665.
54. Hopko, D. R., McNeil, D. W., Zvolensky, M. J., & Eifert, G. H. (2001). The relation between anxiety and skill in performance-based anxiety disorders: A behavioral formulation of social phobia. Behavior Therapy, 32, 185-207.
55. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
56. Hugdahl, K. (1981). The three-systems-model of fear and emotion: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 75-85.
57. Kanaya, T., Scullin, M. H., & Ceci, S. J. (2003). The Flynn effect and U.S. policies: The impact of rising IQ scores on American society via mental retardation diagnoses. American Psychologist, 58, 778-790.
58. Kanekar, S. (1977). Academic performance in relation to anxiety and intelligence. The Journal of Social Psychology, 101, 153-154.
59. Kellogg, J. S., Hopko, D. R., & Ashcraft, M. H. (1999). The effects of time pressure on arithmetic performance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 591-600.
60. Ladwig, K. H., Marten, M. B., Deisenhofer, I., Hofmann, B., Schapperer, J., Weyerbrock, S., & Schmitt, C. (2003). Exaggerated electrodermal startle after intracardiac shock discharges in patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 222-228.
61. Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J. M. Schlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy, Volume III. Washington, DC: APA.
62. Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
63. rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. Liebert, R. M., & Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975-978.
65. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
66. Maxfield, L. & Melnyk, W. T. (2000). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7, 87-101.
67. McCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analysis: The role of model error. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 611-637.
68. McCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
69. McClendon, M. J. (1994). Multiple regression and causal analysis. Itaska, IL: Peacock Publishers.
70. Mcllroy, D., Bunting, B., & Adamson, G. (2000). An evaluation of the factor structure and predictive utility of a test anxiety scale with reference to student's past performance and personality indices. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 17-32.
71. Meijer, A. M., & van den Wittenboer, G. L. H. (2004). The joint contribution of sleep, intelligence, and motivation to school performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 95-106.
72. Metzger, L. J., Orr, S. P., Berry, N. J., Ahern, C. E., Lasko, N. B., & Pitman, R. K. (1999). Physiologic reactivity to startling tones in women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 347-352.
73. Mishra, S. P. (1982). Intelligence test performance as affected by anxiety and test administration procedures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 825-829.
74. Mohammadreza, H., Gonnella, J. S., Erdmann, J. B., & Vogel, W. H. (2003). Medical students' cognitive appraisal of stressful life events as related to personality, physical well being, and academic performance: A longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 219-235.
75. Morin, C. M., Landreville, P., Colecchi, C., McDonald, K., Stone, J., & Ling, W. (1999). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties with older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 5, 19-29.
76. Morris, L. W., & Liebert, R. M. (1969). Effects of anxiety on timed and untimed intelligence tests: Another look. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 240-244.
77. Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a Revised Worry-Emotionality Scale. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541-555.
78. Murray, N. P., & Janelle, C. M. (2003). Anxiety and performance: A visual search examination of the processing efficiency theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 171-187.
79. Naglieri, J. A., Goldstein, S., Iseman, J. S., & Schwebach, A. (2003). Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety/depression on the WISC-III and Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 21, 32-42.
80. Norton, P. J., & Hope, D. A. (2001). Kernels of truth or distorted perceptions: Self and observer ratings of social anxiety and performance. Behavior Therapy, 32, 765-786.
81. Oostdam, R., & Meijer, J. (2003). Influence of test anxiety on measurement of intelligence. Psychological Reports, 92, 3-20.
82. Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., & Wade, T. (1997). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Reexamination of factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 7-14.
83. Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R. D., Holsheimer, F., & Bakker, F. C. (2003). Anxiety-performance relationships in climbing: A process-oriented approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 283-304.
84. Plake, B. S., & Parker, C. S. (1982). The development and validation of a revised version of the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 551-557.
85. Purcell, R., Maruff, P., Kyrios, M., & Pantelis, C. (1998). Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 415-423.
86. Rapee, R. M., & Lim, L. (1992). Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 728-731.
87. Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8.
88. Sarason, I. G. (1978). The Test Anxiety Scale: Concept and research. In C. D. Spielberger, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety, Volume 5 (pp. 193-218). Oxford: Hemisphere.
89. Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929-938.
90. Sattler, J. M. (1992). Assessment of children, 3rd edition. San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc.
91. Schultz, N. R., Hoyer, W. J., & Kaye, D. B. (1980). Trait anxiety, spontaneous flexibility, and intelligence in young and elderly adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 289-291.
92. Schulz, R. E., & Calvin, A. D. (1955). A failure to replicate the findings of a negative correlation between manifest anxiety and ACE scores. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 223-224.
93. Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis of findings. Anxiety Research, 4, 27-41.
94. Smith, L. F., & Smith, J. K. (2002). Relation of test-specific motivation and anxiety to test performance. Psychological Reports, 91, 1011-1021.
95. Spielberger, C. D. (1958). On the relationship between manifest anxiety and intelligence. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 220-224.
96. Spielberger, C. D. (1977). Test Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
97. Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez, H. P., Taylor, C. J., Algaze, B., & Anton, W. D. (1978). Examination stress and test anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Stress and anxiety. Oxford: Hemisphere.
98. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
99. Spurr, J. M., & Stopa, L. (2002). The observer perspective: Effects on social anxiety and performance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1009-1028.
100. Steer, R. A., Willman, M., Kay, P. A., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Differentiating elderly medical and psychiatric outpatients with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Assessment, 1, 345-351.
101. Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (1997). Intelligence, heredity, and the environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
102. Steyaert, J. P., & Snyder, J. F. (1985). Seating arrangement and state anxiety as related to performance on digit span and digit symbol of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Psychological Reports, 57, 807-812.
103. Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 255-267.
104. Strahan, E., & Conger, A. J. (1998). Social anxiety and its effects on performance and perception. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 293-305.
105. Taylor, J. A. (1953). A personality scale of manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 48, 285-290.
106. Tobias, S. (1985). Test Anxiety: Interference, defective skills, and cognitive capacity. Educational Psychologist, 20, 135-142.
107. Verma, P., & Nijhawan, H. K. (1976). The effect of anxiety, reinforcement, and intelligence on the learning of a difficult task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 22, 302-308.
108. Walker, R. E., Neilsen, M. K., & Nicolay, R. C. (1965). The effects of failure and anxiety on intelligence test performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 400-402.
109. Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997). Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 416-424.
110. Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
111. Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third Edition (WAIS-III). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
112. Weinberg, R. S. (1990). Anxiety and motor performance. Anxiety Research, 2, 227-242.
113. Wesner, R. B., Noyes, R., & Davis, T. L. (1990). The occurrence of performance anxiety among musicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 177-185.
114. Wetherell, J. L., & Areán, P. A. (1997). Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients. Psychological Assessment, 9, 136-144.
115. Wetherell, J. L., Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2002). Anxiety, cognitive performance, and cognitive decline in normal aging. Journals of Gerontology, 57, 246-255.
116. Wine, J. D. (1971). Test anxiety and direction of attention. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 92-104.
117. Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.
118. Zeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York: Plenum Press.
119. Zweibelson, I. (1956). Test anxiety and intelligence test performance. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 479-481.