Effects of Group Goals and Time Pressure on Group Efficacy, Information-Seeking Strategy, and Performance

Human Performance

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 115-138

  Durham, Cathy C ^a   Locke, Edwin A ^b   Poon, June M L ^c   McLeod, Poppy L ^d  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034413007     PISSN: 08959285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327043hup1302_1     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Ashford, S. J., & Cummings, L. L. (1983). Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies of creating information. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 370-398.
2. Audia, G., Kristof-Brown, A., Brown, K. G., & Locke, E. A. (1996). Relationship of goals and microlevel work processes to performance on a multipath manual task. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 483-497.
3. Bales, R. F., & Cohen, S. P. (1979). SYMLOG: A system for the multiple level observation of groups. New York: Free Press.
4. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 1173-1182.
7. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effect of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715-722.
8. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
9. Ben Zur, H., & Breznitz, S. J. (1981). The effect of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica, 47, 89-104.
10. Bottger, P. C. (1984). Expertise and air time as bases of actual and perceived influence in problem-solving groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 214-221.
11. Bottger, P. C., & Yetton, P. W. (1988). An integration of process and decision scheme explanations of group problem solving performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 42, 234-249.
12. Bryan, J. F., & Locke, E. A. (1967). Parkinson's law as a goal-setting phenomenon. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2, 258-275.
13. Chesney, A. A., & Locke, E. A. (1991). Relationships among goal difficulty, business strategies, and performance on a complex management simulation task. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 400-424.
14. Christensen-Szalanski, J. J. (1980). A further examination of the selection of problem-solving strategies: The effects of deadlines and analytic aptitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 107-122.
15. Dansereau, F., Alutto, J. A., & Yammarino, F. J. (1984). Theory testing in organizational behavior: The variant approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
16. DeShon, R. P., & Alexander, R. A. (1996). Goal setting effects on implicit and explicit learning of complex tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 18-36.
17. Durham, C. C., Knight, D., & Locke, E. A. (1997). Effects of leader role, team-set goal difficulty, efficacy, and tactics on team effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 203-231.
18. Earley, P. C., Northcraft, G. B., Lee, C., & Lituchy, T. R. (1990). Impact of process and outcome feedback on the relation of goal setting to task performance. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 87-105.
19. Earley, P. C., & Perry, B. C. (1987). Work plan availability and performance: An assessment of task strategy priming on subsequent task completion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 279-302.
20. Gilliland, S. W., & Schmitt, N. (1993). Information redundancy and decision behavior: A process training investigation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 157-180.
21. Gruenfeld, D. H., Mannix, E. A., Williams, K. Y., & Neale, M. A. (1996). Group composition and decision making: How member familiarity and information distribution affect process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 1-15.
22. Herting, J. R., & Costner, H. L. (1985). Respecification in multiple indicator models. In H. M. Blalock, Jr. (Ed.), Causal models in the social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 321-393). Chicago: Aldine.
23. Hirokawa, R. Y. (1985). Discussion procedures and decision-making performance: A test of a functional perspective. Human Communication Research, 12, 203-225.
24. Hirokawa, R. Y. (1988). Group communication and decision-making performance: A continued test of the functional perspective. Human Communication Research, 14, 487-515.
25. Hirokawa, R. Y., & Pace, R. (1983). A descriptive investigation of the possible communication-based reasons for effective and ineffective group decision-making. Communication Monographs, 50, 363-379.
26. Janis, I. L. (1983). Decision making under stress. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress (pp. 69-87). New York: Free Press.
27. Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press.
28. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. [Software manual]. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
29. Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters: Innovations for productivity in the American corporation. New York: Simon & Schuster.
30. Karau, S. J., & Kelly, J. R. (1992). The effect of time scarcity and time abundance on group performance quality and interaction process. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 542-571.
31. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 233-268). New York: McGraw-Hill.
32. Kirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1996). Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 36-51.
33. Laughlin, P. R., & Shupe, E. I. (1996). Intergroup collective induction. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 44-57.
34. Lee, T. W., Locke, E. A., & Phan, S. H. (1997). Explaining the assigned goal-incentive interaction: The role of self-efficacy and personal goals. Journal of Management, 23, 541-559.
35. Littlepage, G., Whisler, E., Schmidt, G., & Frost, A. (1992, March). Member characteristics and group processes related to influence and performance in problem solving groups. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Knoxville, TN.
36. Locke, E. A. (in press). Self-set goals and self-efficacy as mediators and causal links. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a global economy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
37. Locke, E. A., Alavi, M., & Wagner, J. (1997). Participation in decision making: An information exchange perspective. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 293-331.
38. Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., Poon, J. M. L., & Weldon, E. (1997). Goal setting, planning, and performance on work tasks for individuals and groups. In S. L. Friedman & E. K. Scholnick (Eds.), The developmental psychology of planning. Why, how, and when do we plan? (pp. 239-262). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
39. Locke, E. A., & Jain, V. K. (1995). Organizational learning and continuous improvement. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3, 45-68.
40. Locke, E. A., & Kristof, A. L. (1996). Volitional choices in the goal achievement process. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 365-384). New York: Guilford.
41. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
42. Locke, E. A., McClear, K., & Knight, D. (1996). Self-esteem and work. In C. Cooper & I. Robertson (Eds.), Review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 1-32). Chichester, England: Wiley.
43. McLeod, P. L., & Liker, J. K. (1992). Electronic meeting systems: Evidence from a low structure environment. Information Systems Research, 3, 195-223.
44. McLeod, P. L., Liker, J. K., & Lobel, S. A. (1992). Process feedback in task groups: An application of goal setting. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 28, 15-41.
45. O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Martocchio, J. J., & Frink, D. D. (1994). A review of the influence of group goals on group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 1285-1301.
46. Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Johnson, E. J. (1988). Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 534-552.
47. Schwenk, C. R. (1990). Effects of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry on decision making: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47, 161-176.
48. Scully, J. A., Kirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1995). Locus of knowledge as a determinant of the effects of participation on performance, affect and perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61, 276-288.
49. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420-428.
50. Smith, J. F., Mitchell, T. R., & Beach, L. R. (1982). A cost-benefit mechanism for selecting problem-solving strategies: Some extensions and empirical tests. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29, 370-396.
51. Smith, K. G., Locke, E. A., & Barry, D. (1990). Goal setting, planning, and organizational performance: An experimental simulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 118-134.
52. Svenson, O., Edland, A., & Slovic, P. (1990). Choices and judgments of incompletely described decision alternatives under time pressure. Acta Psychologica, 75, 153-169.
53. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
54. Tjosvold, D., Wedley, W. C., & Field, R. H. G. (1986). Constructive controversy, the Vroom-Yetton model, and managerial decision-making. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 7, 125-138.
55. Weiss, H. M., & Knight, P. A. (1980). The utility of humility: Self-esteem, information search, and problem solving efficiency. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 216-223.
56. Wheaton, B. (1988). Assessment of fit in overidentified models with latent variables. In J. S. Long (Ed.), Common problems/proper solutions: Avoiding error in quantitative research (pp. 193-225). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
57. Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social-cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14, 361-384.
58. Wood, R. E., George-Falvy, J., & Debowski, S. (in press). Motivation and information search on complex tasks. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a global economy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
59. Wood, R. E., Mento, A. J., & Locke, E. A. (1987). Task complexity as a moderator of goal effects: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 416-425.
60. Wright, P. (1974). The harassed decision maker: Time pressure, distraction, and the use of evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 555-561.
61. Yetton, P. W., & Bottger, P. C. (1982). Individual versus group problem solving: An empirical test of a best-member strategy. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29, 307-321.
62. Zakay, D. (1985). Post-decisional confidence and conflict experienced in a choice process. Acta Psychologica, 58, 75-80.