Update in the diagnosis of keratinocytic neoplasia

Advances in Dermatology

Volumn 20, Issue , 2004, Pages 345-369

  Cather, Jennifer Clay ^a   Cather, J Christian ^a   Cockerell, Clay J ^b,c  

^a Texas Dermatology Associates PA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Cockerell and Associates Dermatopathology Laboratories ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTINIC KERATOSIS; APOPTOSIS; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; BAZEX DUPRE CHRISTOL SYNDROME; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERRUCIFORMIS; GENE MUTATION; GENODERMATOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; KERATOACANTHOMA; MUIR TORRE SYNDROME; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE MYC; ONCOGENE RAS; REVIEW; ROMBO SYNDROME; SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS; SKIN CANCER; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR VOLUME; VERRUCA VULGARIS; WART VIRUS; X CHROMOSOME LINKED DISORDER; HUMAN; KERATOSIS; PATHOLOGY; SKIN TUMOR;

CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; KERATOSIS; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 16544392337     PISSN: 08820880     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Bito T, Ueda M, Ito A, et al: Less expression of cyclin E in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas than in benign and premalignant keratinocytic lesions. J Cutan Pathol 24:305-308, 1997.
2. Bowen AR, Hanks AN, Allen SM, et al: Apoptosis regulators and responses in human melanocytic and keratinocytic cells. J Invest Dermatol 120:48-55, 2003.
3. Parkinson EK, Munro J, Steeghs K, et al: Replicative senescence as a barrier to human cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 28:226-233, 2000.
4. Boukamp P: Ageing mechanisms: The role of telomere loss. Clin Exp Dermatol 26:562-565, 2001.
5. Cerezo A, Stark HJ, Moshir S, et al: Constitutive overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase but not c-myc blocks terminal differentiation in human HaCaT skin keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 121:110-119, 2003.
6. Horikawa I, Barrett JC: Transcriptional regulation of the telomerase hTERT gene as a target for cellular and viral oncogenic mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 24:1167-1176, 2003.
7. Lu S, Tiekso J, Hietanen S, et al: Expression of cell-cycle proteins p53, p21 (WAF-1), PCNA and Ki-67 in benign, premalignant and malignant skin lesions with implicated HPV involvement. Acta Derm Venereol 79:268-273, 1999.
8. Lu S, Syrjanen K, Havu VK, et al: Expression of PCNA is associated with the presence of HPV DNA in skin warts. Arch Dermatol Res 289:35-39, 1996.
9. Hiraiwa A, Fujita M, Nagasaka T, et al: Immunolocalization of hCDC47 protein in normal and neoplastic human tissues and its relation to growth. Int J Cancer 74:180-184, 1997.
10. Ishida H, Kumakiri M, Ueda K, et al: Comparative histochemical study of Bowen's disease and actinic keratosis: Preserved normal basal cells in Bowen's disease. Eur J Histochem 45:177-190, 2001.
11. Duque MI, Jordan JR, Fleischer AB Jr, et al: Frequency of seborrheic keratosis biopsies in the United States: A benchmark of skin lesion care quality and cost effectiveness. Dermatol Surg 29:796-801, 2003.
12. Chu CY, Yang CH, Chiu HC: Inflammation of seborrheic keratoses due to docetaxel treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 81:316-317, 2001.
13. Ellis DL, Nanney LB, King LE Jr: Increased epidermal growth factor receptors in seborrheic keratoses and acrochordons of patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:1070-1077, 1990.
14. Stern RS, Boudreaux C, Arndt KA: Diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of care for seborrheic keratoses. A pilot study of an approach to quality assurance for cutaneous surgery. JAMA 265:74-77, 1991.
15. Rampen HJ, Schwengle LE: The sign of Leser-Trelat: Does it exist? J Am Acad Dermatol 21:50-55, 1989.
16. Grob JJ, Rava MC, Gouvernet J, et al: The relation between seborrheic keratoses and malignant solid tumours. A case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol 71:166-169, 1991.
17. Flugman SL, McClain SA, Clark RA: Transient eruptive seborrheic keratoses associated with erythrodermic psoriasis and erythrodermic drug eruption: Report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 45:S212-S214, 2001.
18. Inamadar AC, Palit A: Eruptive seborrhoeic keratosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: A coincidence or 'the sign of Leser-Trelat'? Br J Dermatol 149:435-436, 2003.
19. Halevy S, Feuerman EJ: The sign of Leser-Trelat. A cutaneous marker for internal malignancy. Int J Dermatol 24:359-361, 1985.
20. Lynch HT, Fusaro RM, Pester JA, et al: Leser-Trelat sign in mother and daughter with breast cancer. J Med Genet 19:218-221, 1982.
21. Horiuchi Y, Katsuoka K, Yoshimura H, et al: Acanthosis nigricans and Leser-Trelat sign associated with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Int J Dermatol 25:459-460, 1986.
22. Vielhauer V, Herzinger T, Korting HC: The sign of Leser-Trelat: A paraneoplastic cutaneous syndrome that facilitates early diagnosis of occult cancer. Eur J Med Res 5:512-516, 2000.
23. Gushi A, Kanekura T, Kanzaki T, et al: Detection and sequences of human papillomavirus DNA in nongenital seborrhoeic keratosis of immunopotent individuals. J Dermatol Sci 31:143-149, 2003.
24. Lee ES, Whang MR, Kang WH: Absence of human papillomavirus DNA in nongenital seborrheic keratosis. J Korean Med Sci 16:619-622, 2001.
25. Kwon OS, Hwang EJ, Bae JH, et al: Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: Causative role of sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 19:73-80, 2003.
26. Kennedy C, Bajdik CD, Willemze R, et al: The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi, and skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 120:1087-1093, 2003.
27. Nakamura S, Nishioka K: Enhanced expression of p16 in seborrhoeic keratosis: A lesion of accumulated senescent epidermal cells in G1 arrest. Br J Dermatol 149:560-565, 2003.
28. Nakamura H, Hirota S, Adachi S, et al: Clonal nature of seborrheic keratosis demonstrated by using the polymorphism of the human androgen receptor locus as a marker. J Invest Dermatol 116:506-510, 2001.
29. Manaka L, Kadono S, Kawashima M, et al: The mechanism of hyperpigmentation in seborrhoeic keratosis involves the high expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1alpha and TNF-alpha, which stimulate secretion of endothelin 1. Br J Dermatol 145:895-903, 2001.
30. Braun RP, Rabinovitz HS, Krischer J, et al: Dermoscopy of pigmented seborrheic keratosis: A morphological study. Arch Dermatol 138:1556-1560, 2002.
31. Argenziano G, Rossiello L, Scalvenzi M, et al: Melanoma simulating seborrheic keratosis: A major dermoscopy pitfall. Arch Dermatol 139:389-391, 2003.
32. Izikson L, Sober AJ, Mihm MC Jr, et al: Prevalence of melanoma clinically resembling seborrheic keratosis: Analysis of 9204 cases. Arch Dermatol 138:1562-1566, 2002.
33. Sloan JB, Jaworsky C: Clinical misdiagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in situ as seborrheic keratosis. A prospective study. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 19:413-416, 1993.
34. Yap WM, Tan PH, Ong BH: Malignancy arising in seborrheic keratosis: A report of two cases. Ann Acad Med Singapore 26:235-237, 1997.
35. Bazza MA, Ryatt KS, Dharmagunawardena PV: Mycosis fungoides masquerading as seborrhoeic keratosis. Br J Dermatol 147:1264-1265, 2002.
36. Googe PB, King R: Herpesvirus infection of seborrheic keratoses. Am J Dermatopathol 23:146-148, 2001.
37. Boyd AS, Rapini RP: Cutaneous collision tumors. An analysis of 69 cases and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 16:253-257, 1994.
38. Rigopoulos D, Rallis E, Toumbis-Ioannou E, et al: Seborrhoeic keratosis or occult malignant neoplasm of the skin? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16:168-170, 2002.
39. Anderson PJ, Zuk JA, Rao GS, et al: Squamous cell carcinoma arising within seborrheic keratosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:453-458, 1998.
40. Bouraoui S, Haouet S, Bellil K, et al: [Basal cell carcinoma arising in a seborrheic keratosis: A case report]. Tunis Med 79:703-705, 2001.
41. Misago N, Satoh T, Narisawa Y: Basal cell carcinoma with tricholemmal (at the lower portion) differentiation within seborrheic keratosis. J Cutan Pathol 30:196-201, 2003.
42. Mikhail GR, Mehregan AH: Basal cell carcinoma in seborrheic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 6:500-506, 1982.
43. Betti R, Inselvini E, Vergani R, et al: Sebaceoma arising in association with seborrheic keratosis. Am J Dermatopathol 23:58-61, 2001.
44. Betti R, Menni S, Cerri A, et al: Seborrheic keratosis with compound nevus, junctional nevus and basal cell carcinoma in the same lesion. Dermatology 203:265-267, 2001.
45. Tyring SK: Human papillomavirus infections: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and host immune response. J Am Acad Dermatol 43:S18-S26, 2000.
46. Bolton RA: Nongenital warts: Classification and treatment options. Am Fam Physician 43:2049-2056, 1991.
47. Sedlacek TV: Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of human papillomavirus infections. Clin Obstet Gynecol 42:206-220, 1999.
48. McMurray HR, Nguyen D, Westbrook TF, et al: Biology of human papillomaviruses. Int J Exp Pathol 82:15-33, 2001.
49. Noel JC, Detremmerie O, Peny MO, et al: Transformation of common warts into squamous cell carcinoma on sun-exposed areas in an immunosuppressed patient. Dermatology 189:308-311, 1994.
50. Carrasco DA, Trizna Z, Colome-Grimmer M, et al: Verrucous herpes of the scrotum in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive man: Case report and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16:511-515, 2002.
51. Wardhaugh AD, Norris JF: A case of imported tungiasis in Scotland initially mimicking verrucae vulgaris. Scott Med J 39:146-147, 1994.
52. Bandyopadhyay D, Sen S: Perianal verrucous epidermal naevus mimicking perianal warts. Sex Transm Infect 79:424, 2003.
53. Bezanis G, Wang TS, Johnson TM, et al: Verrucous plaques on the leg. Arch Dermatol 139:933-938, 2003.
54. Chave TA, Graham-Brown RA: Keratoacanthoma developing in hypertrophic lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 148:592, 2003.
55. Guitart J, Gordon K: Keratoacanthomas and lymphomatoid papulosis. Am J Dermatol 20:430-433, 1998.
56. Sohn D, Chin TC, Fellner MJ: Multiple keratoacanthomas associated with steatocystoma multiplex and rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Dermatol 116:913-915, 1980.
57. Fenske NA, Groover CE, Lober CW, et al: Dowling-Degos disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, and multiple keratoacanthomas. A disorder that may be caused by a single underlying defect in pilosebaceous epithelial proliferation. J Am Acad Dermatol 24:888-892, 1991.
58. Hsu S, Hill AN, Conrad N, et al: Reactive multiple keratoacanthoma in a patient with chronic renal insufficiency. Br J Dermatol 148:1270-1271, 2003.
59. Bale SJ: The "sins" of the fathers: Self-healing squamous epithelioma in Scotland. J Cutan Med Surg 3:207-210, 1999.
60. Schwartz RA, Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S: Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma of Grzybowski: Follow-up of the original description and 50-year retrospect. Dermatology 205:348-352, 2002.
61. Hodak E, Jones RE, Ackerman AB: Solitary keratoacanthoma is a squamous-cell carcinoma: Three examples with metastases. Am J Dermatopathol 15:332-352, 1993.
62. Ackerman AB: Squamous-cell carcinoma vs. keratoacanthoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 8:418, 1982.
63. Pattee SF, Silvis NG: Keratoacanthoma developing in sites of previous trauma: A report of two cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 48:S35-S38, 2003.
64. Forslund O, DeAngelis PM, Beigi M, et al: Identification of human papillomavirus in keratoacanthomas. J Cutan Pathol 30:423-429, 2003.
65. Baran R, Tosti A, De Berker D: Periungual keratoacanthoma preceded by a wart and followed by a verrucous carcinoma at the same site. Acta Derm Venereol 83:232-233, 2003.
66. Billings SD, Southall MD, Li T, et al: Amphiregulin overexpression results in rapidly growing keratinocytic tumors: An in vivo xenograft model of keratoacanthoma. Am J Pathol 163:2451-2458, 2003.
67. Kim DK, Kim JY, Kim HT, et al: A specific chromosome aberration in a keratoacanthoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 142:70-72, 2003.
68. Beham A, Regauer S, Soyer HP, et al: Keratoacanthoma: A clinically distinct variant of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Adv Anat Pathol 5:269-280, 1998.
69. Biesterfeld S, Josef J: Differential diagnosis of keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the epidermis by MIB-1 immunohistometry. Anticancer Res 22:3019-3023, 2002.
70. Melendez ND, Smoller BR, Morgan M: VCAM (CD-106) and ICAM (CD-54) adhesion molecules distinguish keratoacanthomas from cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol 16:8-13, 2003.
71. Strieth S, Hartschuh W, Pilz L, et al: Carcinoma-like vascular density in atypic keratoacanthoma suggests malignant progression. Br J Cancer 87:1301-1307, 2002.
72. Tsuji T: Keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma: Study of PCNA and Le(Y) expression. J Cutan Pathol 24:409-415, 1997.
73. Cabrera HN, Gomez ML: Skin cancer induced by arsenic in the water. J Cutan Med Surg 7:106-111, 2003.
74. Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F: The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of suspected premalignant and malignant skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:436-438, 2002.
75. Salasche SJ: Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:4-7, 2000.
76. Chuang TY, Brashear R: Risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancer in United States veterans patients: A pilot study and review of literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 12:126-132, 1999.
77. Sober AJ, Burstein JM: Precursors to skin cancer. Cancer 75:645S-650S, 1995.
78. Johnson TM, Rapini RP, Duvic M: Inflammation of actinic keratoses from systemic chemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 17:192-197, 1987.
79. Salasche SJ, Levine N, Morrison L: Cycle therapy of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp with 5% topical imiquimod cream: An open-label trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:571-577, 2002.
80. Barnaby JW, Styles AR, Cockerell CJ: Actinic keratoses. Differential diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging 11:186-205, 1997.
81. Blokx WA, de Jong EM, de Wilde PC, et al: P16 and p53 expression in (pre)malignant epidermal tumors of renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent individuals. Mod Pathol 16:869-878, 2003.
82. Babilas P, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM: [Actinic keratoses]. Hautarzt 54:551-560, 2003.
83. Einspahr J, Alberts DS, Aickin M, et al: Expression of p53 protein in actinic keratosis, adjacent, normal-appearing, and non-sun-exposed human skin. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:583-587, 1997.
84. Ling G, Persson A, Berne B, et al: Persistent p53 mutations in single cells from normal human skin. Am J Pathol 159:1247-1253, 2001.
85. Jonason AS, Kunala S, Price GJ, et al: Frequent clones of p53-mutated keratinocytes in normal human skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:14025-14029, 1996.
86. Cockerell CJ: Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma ("actinic keratosis"). J Am Acad Dermatol 42:11-17, 2000.
87. Evans C, Cockerell CJ: Actinic keratosis: Time to call a spade a spade. South Med J 93:734-736, 2000.
88. Glogau RG: The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:23-24, 2000.
89. Lebwohl M: Actinic keratosis: Epidemiology and progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 149:31S-33S, 2003.
90. Ramsay HM, Fryer A, Reece S, et al: Clinical risk factors associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 36:167-176, 2000.
91. Carag HR, Prieto VG, Yballe LS, et al: Utility of step sections: Demonstration of additional pathological findings in biopsy samples initially diagnosed as actinic keratosis. Arch Dermatol 136:471-475, 2000.
92. Chun YS, Chang SN, Oh D, et al: A case of cutaneous reaction to chemotherapeutic agents showing epidermal dysmaturation. J Am Acad Dermatol 43:358-360, 2000.
93. Col M, Col C, Soran A, et al: Arsenic-related Bowen's disease, palmar keratosis, and skin cancer. Environ Health Perspect 107:687-689, 1999.
94. Lefebvre P, Rouge D, Chavoin JP, et al: [Degeneration of scars. Apropos of 14 cases]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 36:330-335, 1991.
95. Terada T, Yamagami J, Fugimoto A, et al: Pigmented squamous cell carcinoma of the cheek skin probably arising from solar keratosis. Pathol Int 53:468-472, 2003.
96. Halpern AC, Altman JF: Genetic predisposition to skin cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 11:132-138, 1999.
97. Schwartz RA: Verrucous carcinoma of the skin and mucosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:1-21, 1995.
98. Gross G, Pfister H: Role of human papillomavirus in penile cancer, penile intraepithelial squamous cell neoplasias and in genital warts. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 193:35-44, 2004.
99. Kopelson PL, Nguyen QH, Moy RL: Verruca vulgaris and radiation exposure are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the finger. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20:38-41, 1994.
100. Gross G, Hagedorn M, Ikenberg H, et al: Bowenoid papulosis. Presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) structural antigens and of HPV 16-related DNA sequences. Arch Dermatol 121:858-863, 1985.
101. Hurwitz RM, Egan WT, Murphy SH, et al: Bowenoid papulosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the genitalia: Suspected sexual transmission. Cutis 39:193-196, 1987.
102. Schellhammer PF, Jordan GH, Robey EL, et al: Premalignant lesions and nonsquamous malignancy of the penis and carcinoma of the scrotum. Urol Clin North Am 19:131-142, 1992.
103. Jablonska S, Majewski S: Bowenoid papulosis transforming into squamous cell carcinoma of the genitalia. Br J Dermatol 141:576-577, 1999.
104. Saunders NA, Frazer IH: Simplifying the molecular mechanisms of human papillomavirus. Dermatol Clin 16:823-827, 1998.
105. Duthie MS, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, et al: Differential effects of UVA1 and UVB radiation on Langerhans cell migration in mice. J Photochem Photobiol B 57:123-131, 2000.
106. Dandie GW, Clydesdale GJ, Jacobs I, et al: Effects of UV on the migration and function of epidermal antigen presenting cells. Mutat Res 422:147-154, 1998.
107. Ren ZP, Ponten F, Nister M, et al: Two distinct p53 immunohistochemical patterns in human squamous-cell skin cancer, precursors and normal epidermis. Int J Cancer 69:174-179, 1996.
108. Mittelbronn MA, Mullins DL, Ramos-Caro FA, et al: Frequency of preexisting actinic keratosis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Dermatol 37:677-681, 1998.
109. Hurwitz RM, Monger LE: Solar keratosis: An evolving squamous cell carcinoma. Benign or malignant? Dermatol Surg 21:184, 1995.
110. Kohler S, Rouse RV, Smoller BR: The differential diagnosis of pagetoid cells in the epidermis. Mod Pathol 11:79-92, 1998.
111. Rosen L, Amazon K, Frank B: Bowen's disease, Paget's disease, and malignant melanoma in situ. South Med J 79:410-413, 1986.
112. Scotto J, Kopf AW, Urbach F: Non-melanoma skin cancer among Caucasians in four areas of the United States. Cancer 34:1333-1338, 1974.
113. Marks R, Jolley D, Dorevitch AP, et al: The incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancers in an Australian population: Results of a five-year prospective study. Med J Aust 150:475-478, 1989.
114. Yiannias JA, Goldberg LH, Carter-Campbell S, et al: The ratio of basal cell carcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma in Houston, Texas. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 14:886-889, 1988.
115. Ramsay HM, Fryer AA, Hawley CM, et al: Non-melanoma skin cancer risk in the Queensland renal transplant population. Br J Dermatol 147:950-956, 2002.
116. Benedetto AV, Benedetto EA, Griffin TD: Basal cell carcinoma presenting as a large pore. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:727-732, 2002.
117. Saldanha G, Fletcher A, Slater DN: Basal cell carcinoma: A dermatopathological and molecular biological update. Br J Dermatol 148:195-202, 2003.
118. Lacour JP: Carcinogenesis of basal cell carcinomas: Genetics and molecular mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 146:17-19, 2002.
119. Dicker T, Siller G, Saunders N: Molecular and cellular biology of basal cell carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol 43:241-246, 2002.
120. Kim MY, Park HJ, Baek SC, et al: Mutations of the p53 and PTCH gene in basal cell carcinomas: UV mutation signature and strand bias. J Dermatol Sci 29:1-9, 2002.
121. Hauck RM, Manders EK: Familial syndromes with skin tumor markers. Ann Plast Surg 33:102-111, 1994.
122. Tsao H: Genetics of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Arch Dermatol 137:1486-1492, 2001.
123. Arnaudeau-Begard C, Brellier F, Chevallier-Lagente O, et al: Genetic correction of DNA repair-deficient/cancer-prone xeroderma pigmentosum group C keratinocytes. Hum Gene Ther 14:983-996, 2003.
124. Giglia-Mari G, Sarasin A: TP53 mutations in human skin cancers. Hum Mutat 21:217-228, 2003.
125. Soufir N, Ribojad M, Magnaldo T, et al: Germline and somatic mutations of the INK4a-ARF gene in a xeroderma pigmentosum group C patient. J Invest Dermatol 119:1355-1360, 2002.
126. Daya-Grosjean L, Robert C, Drougard C, et al: High mutation frequency in ras genes of skin tumors isolated from DNA repair deficient xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Cancer Res 53:1625-1629, 1993.
127. Majewski S, Jablonska S, Orth G: Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Immunological and nonimmunological surveillance mechanisms: Role in tumor progression. Clin Dermatol 15:321-334, 1997.
128. Padlewska K, Ramoz N, Cassonnet P, et al: Mutation and abnormal expression of the p53 gene in the viral skin carcinogenesis of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 117:935-942, 2001.
129. Quinn AG, Epstein E Jr: Patched, hedgehog, and skin cancer. Methods Mol Biol 222:85-95, 2003.
130. Barbagallo JS, Kolodzieh MS, Silverberg NB, et al: Neurocutaneous disorders. Dermatol Clin 20:547-560, 2002.
131. Vabres P, Lacombe D, Rabinowitz LG, et al: The gene for Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome maps to chromosome Xq. J Invest Dermatol 105:87-91, 1995.
132. Andreani V, Richard M, Folchetti G, et al: [Congenital hypotrichosis and milia with spontaneous regression during adolescence or Oley syndrome: A variant of Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 127:285-288, 2000.
133. Ashinoff R, Jacobson M, Belsito DV: Rombo syndrome: A second case report and review. J Am Acad Dermatol 28:1011-1014, 1993.
134. Michaelsson G, Olsson E, Westermark P: The Rombo syndrome: A familial disorder with vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, basal cell carcinomas and peripheral vasodilation with cyanosis. Acta Derm Venereol 61:497-503, 1981.
135. Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K: Time trends and familial risks in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol 139:885-889, 2003.
136. Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K: Familial invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Cancer 88:1375-1380, 2003.
137. Cohen PR: Diagnosing the Muir-Torre syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:660, 1992.
138. Liang SB, Furihata M, Takeuchi T, et al: Reduced human mismatch repair protein expression in the development of precancerous skin lesions to squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 439:622-627, 2001.
139. Mallipeddi R: Epidermolysis bullosa and cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:616-623, 2002.
140. Lin L, Skacel M, Sigel JE, et al: Epithelioid sarcoma: An immunohistochemical analysis evaluating the utility of cytokeratin 5/6 in distinguishing superficial epithelioid sarcoma from spindled squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 30:114-117, 2003.