Targeting kinin receptors for the treatment of neurological diseases

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 11, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 1313-1326

  Rodi, D ^a   Couture, R ^b   Ongali, B ^b   Simonato, Michele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

B1 receptors; B2 receptors; Bradykinin; Brain; Diabetes; Epilepsy; Hypertension; Neurological diseases; Pain

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BETA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BRADYKININ; CP 0597; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; HISTAMINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; KALLIDIN; KININ; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; SEROTONIN; SUBSTANCE P; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTHRITIS; ASTHMA; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG TARGETING; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION; STROKE; T LYMPHOCYTE; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY;

ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; RECEPTORS, BRADYKININ;

EID: 16244385015     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612053507422     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Calixto JB, Cabrini DA, Ferreira J, Campos MM. Kinins in pain and inflammation. Pain 2000; 87: 1-5
2. Couture R, Harrisson M, Vianna RM, Cloutier F. Kinin receptors in pain and inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 429: 161-176
3. 1 receptors for kinins. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 357-386
4. Alric C, Pécher C, Cellier E, Schanstra JP, Poirier B, Chevalier J, et al. Inhibition of IGF-I-induced Erk 1 and 2 activation and mitogenesis in mesangial cells by bradykinin. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 412-421
5. Bascands JL, Schanstra JP, Couture R, Girolami JP. Bradykinin receptors: towards new pathophysiological roles. Med Sci 2003; 19: 1093-1100
6. Dixon BS, Dennis MJ. Regulation of mitogenesis by kinins in arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: C7-20
7. 2 receptor: an alternative and antiproliferative pathway. Nephrologie 2002; 23: 39-41
8. 2 receptors in the respective control of cell growth and phospholipid hydrolysis. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 334-40
9. Tsuchida S, Miyazaki Y, Matsusaka T, Hunley TE, Inagami T, Fogo A, et al. Potent antihypertrophic effect of the bradykinin B2 receptor system on the renal vasculature. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 509-516
10. 1 receptor stimulates type I collagen synthesis via stabilization of connective tissue growth factor mRNA. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 12475-12480
11. Gallagher AM, Yu H, Printz MP. Bradykinin-induced reductions in collagen gene expression involve prostacyclin. Hypertension 1998; 32: 84-88
12. 2 receptor activation reduces renal fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 371-379
13. Wollert KC, Studer R, Doerfer K, Schieffer E, Holubarsch C, Just H, Drexler H. Differential effects of kinins on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial collagen matrix in the surviving myocardium after myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation 1997; 95: 1910-1917
14. Emanueli S, Bonaria Salis M, Stacca T, Pintus G, Kirchmair R, Isner JM, et al. Targeting kinin B(1) receptor for therapeutic neovascularization. Circulation 2002; 105: 360-6
15. 2 receptor pathway. Circ Res 2001; 89: 678-83
16. Volpert OV, Ward WF, Lingen MW, Chesler L, Solt DB, Johnson MD, et al. Captopril inhibits angiogenesis and slows the growth of experimental tumors in rats. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 671-679
17. Bhoola KD, Ramsaroop R, Plendl J, Cassim B, Dlamini Z, Naicker S. Kallikrein and kinin receptor expression in inflammation and cancer. Biol Chem 2001; 382: 77-89
18. Couture R, Lindsey CJ. Brain kallikrein-kinin system: from receptors to neural pathways and physiological functions. In: Quirion R, Björklund A, Hökfelt Th (Eds), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Peptide Receptors, Part 1, vol. 16, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000; 241-300
19. Okamoto H, Greenbaum LM. Isolation and structure of T-kinin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 112: 701-708
20. Okamoto H, Greenbaum LM. Kininogen substrates for trypsin and cathepsin D in human, rabbit and rat plasma. Life Sci 1983; 32: 2007-2013
21. Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD, Worthy K. Bioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens and kininases. Pharmacol Rev 1992; 44: 1-80
22. Kitamura N, Takagaki Y, Furuto S, Tanaka T, Nawa H, Nakanishi S. A single gene for bovine high molecular weight and low molecular weight kininogens. Nature 1983; 305: 545-549
23. 9] BK: influence of enalaprilat. Am J Physiol (Heart Circ. Physiol.) 1996; 270: H1340-1347
24. Kariya K, Yamauchi A, Hattori S, Tsuda Y, Okada Y. The disappearence rate of intraventricular bradykinin in the brain of the conscious rat. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1982; 107: 1461-1466
25. Kozik A, Moore RB, Potempa J, Imamura T, Rapala-Kozik M, Travis J. A novel mechanism for bradykinin production at inflammatory sites. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 33224-33229
26. Kuoppala A, Lindstedt KA, Saarinen J, Kovanen PT, Kokkonen JO. Inactivation of bradykinin by angiotensin-converting enzyme and by carboxypeptidase N in human plasma. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278: H1069-1074
27. Duncan AM, Kladis A, Jennings GL, Dart AM, Esler M, Campbell DJ. Kinins in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278: R897-904
28. Regoli D, Barabé J. Pharmacology of bradykinin and related kinins. Pharmacol Rev 1980; 32: 1-46
29. Regoli D, Pheng LH, Nsa Allogho S, Nguyen-Le XK, Gobeil F. Receptors for kinins: from classical pharmacology to molecular biology. Immunopharmacol 1996; 33: 116-122
30. q family couple the bradykinin receptor to the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2168-2172
31. 1 receptor: an inducible G protein coupled receptor. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 75: 725-730
32. 1 bradykinin receptor. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 21583-21586
33. 1 receptor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 220: 219-225
34. Regoli D, Nsa Allogho S, Rizzi A, Gobeil F Jr. Bradykinin receptors and their antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 348: 1-10
35. Regoli D, Rizzi A, Perron SI, Gobeil F Jr. Classification of kinin receptors. Biol Chem 2001; 382: 31-35
36. Stewart JM, Gera L, York EJ, Chan DC, Whalley EJ, Bunn PA Jr, et al. Metabolism-resistant bradykinin antagonists: development and applications. Biol Chem 2001; 382: 37-41
37. 1 receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1264: 223-228
38. 1 receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1442: 177-185
39. Maas J, Rae GA, Huidobro-Toro JP, Calixto JB. Characterization of kinin receptors modulating neurogenic contractions of the mouse isolated vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 1471-1477
40. 2 receptors in the mouse. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 73: 1759-1764
41. 2 receptor mice. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1998; 357: 191-196
42. 9-BK in the mouse pleurisy. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 281-291
43. 1-receptor-induced hypotension in the anesthetized dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 28: 645-650
44. 2 receptors of vasodepressor responses to intravenously administered kinins in anaesthetized dogs. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 71-76
45. 1 receptors in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation induced by IL-1 beta in vivo in the mouse. J Immunol 1996; 156: 269-274
46. 1 kinin receptor activity in pigs is associated with pre-existing infection. Immunopharmacol 1998; 40: 49-55
47. 1 receptor gene for kinins (BDKRB1). Genomics 1996; 33: 374-381
48. 1 receptor gene in inflammation. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 2784-2791
49. 1 receptor in cultured human lung fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2080-2091
50. 1 in human lung fibroblasts. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 56: 325-333
51. Phagoo SB, Reddi K, Anderson KD, Leeb-Lundberg LMF, Warburton D. Bradykinin B1 receptor up-regulation by interleukin-1β and B1 agonist occurs through independent and synergistic intracellular signaling mechanisms in human lung fibroblasts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298: 77-85
52. Pan ZK, Zuraw BL, Lung CC, Prossnitz ER, Browning DD, Ye RD. Bradykinin stimulates NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-1 beta gene expression in cultured human fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2042-2049
53. 1 and B2 receptor expression in the rabbit. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: R1568-1578
54. Sabourin T, Guay K, Houle S, Bouthillier J, Bachvarov DR, Adam A, Marceau F. Absence of ligand-induced regulation of kinin receptor expression in the rabbit. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133: 1154-1162
55. Duka I, Kintsurashvili E, Gavras I, Johns C, Bresnahan M, Gavras H. Vasoactive potential of the B1 bradykinin receptor in normotension and hypertension. Circ Res 2001; 88: 275-281
56. Duka I, Duka A, Kintsurashvili E, Johns C, Gavras I, Gavras H. Mechanisms mediating the vasoactive effects of the B1 receptors of bradykinin. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1021-1025
57. 1 receptors in normotensive rats and mice under chronic Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment. Circulation 2002; 105: 627-632
58. 1 receptor in chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 11420-11425
59. 2 kinin receptors on receptor sequestration, ligand internalization, and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 2617-2623
60. Marceau F, Adam A, Houle S, Bouthillier J, Bachvarova M, Bachvarov DR. Ligand-mediated regulation of kinin receptors in the rabbit. Biol Chem 2001; 382: 131-133
61. Hess JF, Borkowski JA, Young GS, Strader CD, Ransom RW. Cloning and pharmacological characterization of a human bradykinin (BK-2) receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184: 260-268
62. 2 bradykinin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7724-7728
63. 2 bradykinin receptor immunoreactivity in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2000; 427: 1-18
64. Raidoo DM, Bhoola KD. Kinin receptors on human neurones. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 77: 39-44
65. Wahl M, Whalley ET, Unterberg A, Schilling L, Parsons AA, Baethmann A, Young AR. Vasomotor and permeability effects of bradykinin in the cerebral microcirculation. Immunopharmacol 1996; 33: 257-263
66. Hösli E, Hösli L. Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for neuropeptide Y and bradykinin on astrocytes. Neuroreport 1993; 4: 159-162
67. Dray A, Perkins MN. Bradykinin and inflammatory pain. Trends Neurosci 1993; 16: 99-104
68. Rang HP, Bevan S, Dray A. Chemical activation of nociceptive peripheral neurones. Br Med Bull 1991; 47: 534-548
69. 1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells process internalized bradykinin via multiple degradative pathways. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 303-309
70. 1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells is paralleled by sequestration of the occupied receptors. Arch Biochem Biophys 1993; 301: 336-344
71. Dray A. Kinins and their receptors in hyperalgesia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 75: 704-712
72. Buck HS, Ongali B, Thibault G, Lindsey CJ, Couture R. Autoradiographic detection of kinin receptors in the human medulla of control, hypertensive and diabetic donors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 249-257
73. 2 receptors on human brain neurons. Immunopharmacol 1996; 33: 104-107
74. Raidoo DM, Ramsaroop R, Naidoo S, Bhoola KD. Regional distribution of tissue kallikrein in the human brain. Immunopharmacol 1996; 32: 39-47
75. Cloutier F, Ongali B, Campos MM, Thibault G. Neugebauer W, Couture R. Correlation between brain bradykinin receptor binding sites and cardiovascular function in young and adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 285-296
76. Kizuki K, Suzuki T, Kudo M, Noguchi T. Immunohistochemical demonstration of tissue kallikrein in the neurons of rat brain. Brain Res 1994; 634: 305-309
77. 2 receptors: normal distribution and alterations induced by epilepsy. J Comp Neurol 2003; 461: 506-519
78. Camargo ACM, Ramalho-Pinto FJ, Greene LJ. Brain peptidases: conversion and inactivation of kinin hormones. J. Neurochem 1972; 19: 37-49
79. Camargo ACM, Shapanka R, Green LJ. Preparation, assay and partial characterization of a neutral endopeptidase from rabbit brain. Biochemistry 1973; 12: 1838-1844
80. Lopes P, Couture R. Localization of bradykinin-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord: effects of capsaicin, melittin, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience. 1997; 78: 481-497
81. Corrêa FM, Innis RB, Uhl GR, Snyder SH. Bradykinin-like immunoreactive neuronal systems localized histochemically in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 1489-1493
82. 2 receptors in sheep brain and spinal cord visualized by in vitro autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 1997; 381: 203-218
83. 8]bradykinin receptor binding sites in the rat spinal cord: effects of neonatal capsaicin, noradrenergic deafferentation, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience. 1995; 68: 867-881
84. 1 bradykinin receptor mRNA in the primate brain and spinal cord: an in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol 2003; 465: 372-384
85. Devillier P, Drapeau G, Renoux M, Regoli D. Role of the N-terminal arginine in the histamine-releasing activity of substance P, bradykinin and related peptides. Eur J Pharmac 1989; 168: 53-60
86. Ishizaka T, Iwata M, Ishizaka K. Release of histamine and arachidonate from mouse mast cells induced by glycosylation-enhancing factor and bradykinin. J Immunol 1985; 134: 1880-1887
87. Hall JM. Bradykinin receptors: pharmacological properties and biological roles. Pharmac Ther 1992; 56: 131-190
88. Kay AB, Kaplan AP. Chemotaxis and haemostasis. Br J Haematol 1975; 31: 417-422
89. Geppetti P. Sensory neuropeptide release by bradykinin: mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. Regul Pept 1993; 47: 1-23
90. Dray A, Perkins MN. Bradykinin activates peripheral capsaicin-sensitive fibres via a second messenger system. Agents Actions 1988; 25: 214-215
91. Haley JE, Dickenson AH, Schachter M. Electrophysiological evidence for a role of bradykinin in chemical nociception in the rat. Neuroscience Lett 1989; 97: 198-202
92. Steranka LR, Manning DC, Dehaas CJ, Ferkany JW, Borosky SA, Connor JR, et al. Bradykinin as a pain mediator: receptors are localized to sensory neurons, and antagonists have analgesic actions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 3245-3249
93. 1 receptor in the spinal cord in humans and rats. NeuroReport 2001; 12: 2311-2314
94. 1 receptors on primary sensory neurons that give rise to small caliber sciatic nerve fibers in rats. Neuroscience 2001; 107: 665-673
95. 1 receptor is constitutively expressed in the rat sensory nervous system. Neuroscience Letters 2000; 294: 175-178
96. Eckert A, Segond von Banchet G, Sopper S, Petersen M. Spatio-temporal pattern of induction of bradykinin receptors and inflammation in rat dorsal root ganglia after unilateral nerve ligation. Pain 1999; 83: 487-497
97. 2 bradykinin receptors and antinociceptive effects of their antagonists in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Pain 2000; 86: 265-271
98. Petersen M, Eckert AS, Segond von Banchet G, Heppelmann B, Klusch A, Kniffki KD. Plasticity in the expression of bradykinin binding sites in sensory neurons after mechanical nerve injury. Neuroscience 1998; 83: 949-959
99. 1 receptor. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309: 661-669
100. 2 receptor mechanisms in cytokine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113: 63-68
101. 1 receptor-mediated thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108: 18P
102. 2 receptor knockout mice. Neuropharmacol 2001; 41: 1006-1012
103. 1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 8140-8145
104. 2 receptor on nociception in rats and mice. Pain 1997; 71: 89-97
105. Corrêa CR, Calixto JB. Evidence for participation of B1 and B2 kinin receptors in formalin-induced nociceptive response in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 193-198
106. 2 receptor knockout mice and selective antagonists to characterize the nociceptive responses caused by kinins at the spinal level. Neuropharmacol 2002; 43: 1188-1197
107. Francel PC. Bradykinin and neuronal injury. J Neurotrauma 1992; 9: S27-S45
108. 1 receptors in diabetes-induced hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 457: 115-124
109. Laneuville O, Reader TA, Couture R. Intrathecal bradykinin acts presynaptically on spinal noradrenergic terminals to produce antinociception in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 159: 273-283
110. Kamei J, Ohsawa M, Hitosugi H. Effect of diabetes on bradykinin-induced thermal hyperalgesia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 390: 113-119
111. Chapman V, Dickenson AH. The spinal and peripheral roles of bradykinin and prostaglandins in nociceptive processing in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 219: 427-433
112. Ohsawa M, Kashiwazaki T, Kamei J. Modulation of the formalin-induced nociceptive response by diabetes: possible involvement of protein kinase C. Brain Res 1998; 803: 198-203
113. 2 receptors in the spinal cord of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: 1641-1654
114. Ongali B, Buck HS, Cloutier F, Legault F, Regoli D, Lambert C, et al. Chronic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on kinin receptor binding sites in the rat spinal cord. Am J Physiol (Heart Circ Physiol) 2003; 284: H1949-H1958
115. Sot U, Misterek K, Gumulka SW, Dorociak A. Intrathecal bradykinin administration: opposite effects on nociceptive transmission. Pharmacology 2002; 66: 76-80
116. Hussain MJ, Peakman M, Gallati H, Lo, SS, Hawa M, Viberti GC, et al. Elevated serum levels of macrophage-derived cytokines precede and accompany the onset of IDDM. Diabetologia. 1996; 39: 60-69
117. Rabinovitch A. An update on cytokines in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 1998; 14: 129-151
118. Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL. Cytokines and their roles in pancreatic islet beta-cell destruction and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55, 1139-1149
119. 1 receptors in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: 1107-1114
120. 1 receptor in the lung of streptozotocin-diabetic rat: autoradiographic and functional evidence. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138: 13-22
121. 1 receptor antagonists inhibit diabetes-induced hyperalgesia in mice. Neuropeptides 2003; 37: 36-44
122. 1 receptors in streptozotocin diabetic rats: possible involvement in the control of hyperglycemia-induced glomerular Erk 1 and 2 phosphorylation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 328-333
123. 2 kinin receptor antagonists in diabetic mice. Can J Physiol Pharm 1996; 74: 586-589
124. Zuccollo A, Navarro M, Frontera M, Cueva F, Carattino M, Catanzaro O. The involvement of kallikrein-kinin system in diabetes type I (insulitis). Immunopharmacol 1999; 45: 69-74
125. 2 receptor agonists in the spinal cord of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130: 375-385
126. 1 receptors in retinal microvessels of the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140: 33-40
127. 2 receptors in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 416: 169-177
128. Simard B, Gabra BH, Sirois P. Inhibitory effect of a novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist, R-954, on enhanced vascular permeability in type 1 diabetic mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 1203-1207
129. Rothschild AM, Melo VL, Reis ML, Foss MC, Gallo L Jr. Kininogen and prekallikrein increases in the blood of streptozotocin-diabetic rats are normalized by insulin in vivo and in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1999; 360: 217-220
130. Buag RD, Takahashi H. Exaggerated sympathetic responses to bradykinin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1981; 3: 433-440
131. Lindsey CJ, Fujita K, Martins TO. The central pressor effect of bradykinin in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1988; 11(Suppl 1): 1126-1129
132. Martins DT, Fior DR, Nakaie CR, Lindsey CJ. Kinin receptors of the central nervous system of spontaneously hypertensive rats related to the pressor response to bradykinin. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 103: 1851-1856
133. Privitera PJ, Thibodeaux H, Yates P. Rostral ventrolateral medulla as a site for the central hypertensive action of kinins. Hypertension 1994; 23: 52-58
134. 2 receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 258-263
135. Madeddu P, Glorioso N, Varoni MV, Demontis MP, Fattaccio MC, Anania V. Cardiovascular effects of brain kinin receptor blockade in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1994; 23: I189-192
136. Alvarez AL, Delorenzi A, Santajuliana D, Finkielman S, Nahmod VE, Pirola CJ. Central bradykininergic system in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 1992; 82, 513-519
137. Emanueli C, Chao J, Regoli D, Chao L, Ni A, Madeddu P. The bradykinin B1 receptor and the central regulation of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126: 1769-1776
138. Linz W, Wiemer G, Gohlke P, Unger Th, Schölkens BA. Contribution of kinins to the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 1995; 47: 25-49
139. 1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141: 728-736
140. Dray A, Patel IA, Perkins MN, Rueff A. Bradykinin-induced activation of nociceptors: receptor and mechanistic studies on the neonatal rat spinal cord-tail preparation in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 107: 1129-1134
141. Dunn PM, Rang HP. Bradykinin-induced depolarization of primary afferent nerve terminals in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 656-660
142. Argañaraz GA, Silva JA Jr, Perosa SR, Pessoa LG, Carvalho FF, Bascands J-L, et al. The synthesis and distribution of the kinin B1 and B2 receptors are modified in the hippocampus of rats submitted to pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Brain Res 2004; 1006: 114-125
143. 1 bradykinin receptor biological activity in two experimental models of epilepsy. Neuroscience. 1999; 92: 1043-1049
144. Campos MM, Souza GEP, Calixto JB. In vivo B1 kinin-receptor up-regulation. Evidence for involvement of protein kinases and nuclear factor kappaB pathways. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127: 1851-1859
145. 1 kinin receptors induced by tissue injury. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1419-1426
146. Albensi BC. Potential roles for tumor necrosis factor and nuclear factor NF-κB in seizures activity. J Neurosci Res 2001; 66: 151-154
147. Allan SM, Rothwell NJ. Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 2002; 2: 73 5-744
148. Yaari Y, Beck H. "Epileptic neurons" in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Pathol 2002; 12: 234-239
149. Vezzani AM, Conti M, De Luigi A, Ravizza, T, Moneta D, Marchesi F, De Simoni MG. Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity and microglia are enhanced in the rat hippocampus by focal kainate application: functional evidence for enhancement of electrographic seizures. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 5054-65
150. Vezzani AM, Moneta D, Conti M, Richichi C, Ravizza T, De Luigi A, et al. Powerful anticonvulsant action of IL-1 receptor antagonist on intracerebral injection and astrocytic overexpression in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97: 11534-9
151. 2 receptors and release of nitric oxide. Peptides 1996; 17: 1373-1378
152. Rosenblum WI. Hydroxyl radical mediates the endothelium-dependent relaxation produced by bradykinin in mouse cerebral arterioles. Circ Res 1987; 61: 601-603
153. Sobey CG, Heistad DD, Faraci FM. Mechanisms of bradykinin-induced cerebral vasodilatation in rats. Evidence that reactive oxygen species activate K+ channels. Stroke 1997; 28: 2290-2295
154. Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ. Inflammatory mediators and stroke: new opportunities for novel therapeutics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 819-834
155. Balasingam V, Tejada-Berges T, Wright E, Bouckova R, Yong VW. Reactive astrogliosis in the neonatal mouse brain and its modulation by cytokines. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 846-856
156. Sawada M, Kondo N, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture. Brain Res 1989; 491: 394-397
157. Selmaj KW, Farooq M, Norton WT, Raine CS, Brosnan CF. Proliferation of astrocytes in vitro in response to cytokines. A primary role for tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 1990; 144: 129-135
158. Perry VH, Gordon S. Macrophages and the nervous system. Int Rev Cytol 1991; 125: 203-244
159. Giulian D, Woodward J, Young DG, Krebs JF, Lachman LB. Interleukin-1 injected into mammalian brain stimulates astrogliosis and neovascularization. J Neurosci 1988; 8: 2485-2490
160. Tsuchihashi Y, Kitamura T, Fujita S. Immunofluorescence studies of the monocytes in the injured rat brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1981; 53: 213-219
161. Barone FC, Hillegass LM, Price WJ, White RF, Lee EV, Feuerstein GZ, et al. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into cerebral focal ischemic tissue: myeloperoxidase activity assay and histologic verification. J Neurosci Res 1991; 29: 336-345
162. 4 receptor binding in rat focal ischemia. Stroke 1992; 23: 1337-1347
163. Barone FC, Hillegass LM, Tzimas MN, Schmidt DB, Foley JJ, White RF, et al. Time-related changes in myeloperoxidase activity and leukotriene B4 receptor binding reflect leukocyte influx in cerebral focal stroke. Molec Chem Neuropathol 1995; 24: 13-30
164. Dereski MO, Chopp M, Knight RA, Rodolosi LC, Garcia JH. The heterogeneous temporal evolution of focal ischemic neuronal damage in the rat. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1993; 85: 327-333
165. Kochanek PM, Hallenbeck JM. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke 1992; 23: 1367-1379
166. Ritter LS, Orozco JA, Coull BM, McDonagh PF, Rosenblum WI. Leukocyte accumulation and hemodynamic changes in the cerebral microcirculation during early reperfusion after stroke. Stroke 2000; 31: 1153-61
167. Zhang RL, Chopp M, Chen H, Garcia JH. Temporal profile of ischemic tissue damage, neutrophil response, and vascular plugging following permanent and transient (2H) middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J Neurol Sci 1994; 125: 3-10
168. Feuerstein GZ, Wang XK, Barone FC. Inflammatory mediators of ischemic injury: cytokine gene regulation in stroke. In: Cerebrovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management (Ginsberg MD, Bogousslavsky J, eds), Blackwell Science 1998; 507-531
169. Pober JS, Cotran RS. Cytokines and endothelial cell biology. Physiol Rev 1990; 70: 427-451
170. Pulsinelli W. Pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1992;339: 533-536
171. Kogure K, Yamasaki Y, Matsuo Y, Kato H, Onodera H. Inflammation of the brain after ischemia. Acta Neurochir 1996; 66 (suppl.): 40-43
172. Hirschberg DL, Yoles E, Belkin M, Schwartz M. Inflammation after axonal injury has conflicting consequences for recovery of function: rescue of spared axons is impaired but regeneration is supported. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 50: 9-16
173. Rodell TC. The kallikrein/kinin system and kinin antagonists in trauma. Immunopharmacol 1996; 33: 279-283
174. Unterberg A, Baethmann AJ. The kallikrein-kinin system as mediator in vasogenic brain edema. Part 1: Cerebral exposure to bradykinin and plasma. J Neurosurg 1984; 61: 87-96
175. Gecse A, Mezei Z, Telegdy G. The effect of bradykinin and its fragments on the arachidonate cascade of brain microvessels. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 247A: 249-254
176. Brian JE Jr, Faraci FM, Moore SA. COX-2-dependent delayed dilatation of cerebral arterioles in response to bradykinin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 280: H2023-H2029
177. Iadecola C, Sugimoto K, Niwa K, Kazama K, Ross ME. Increased susceptibility to ischemic brain injury in cyclooxygenase-1-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 1436-1441
178. Iadecola C, Niwa K, Nogawa S, Zhao X, Nagayama M, Araki E, et al. Reduced susceptibility to ischemic brain injury and N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neurotoxicity in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 1294-1299
179. Ellis EF. Initiation of eicosanoid and free radical formation following brain injury: the role of the kallikrein-kinin system. In: Braquet P, Robnson LP, eds. New Trends in Lipid Mediators Research. Basel, Switzerland: S Karger. 1990; 129-145
180. Parpura V, Basarsky TA, Liu F, Jeftinija K, Jeftinija S, Haydon PG. Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signalling. Nature 1994; 369: 744-747
181. MacManus JP, Linnik MD. Gene expression induced by cerebral ischemia: an apoptotic perspective. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17: 813-832
182. Pruneau D, Chorny I, Benkovitz V, Artru A, Roitblat L, Shapira Y. Effect of LF 16-0687 MS, a new nonpeptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, in a rat model of closed head trauma. J Neurotrauma 1999; 16: 1057-1065
183. 2 receptor antagonist. Immunopharmacol 1999; 43: 187-194
184. Zausinger S, Lumenta DB, Pruneau D, Schmid-Elsaesser R, Plesnila N, Baethmann A. Effects of LF 16-0687 Ms, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, on brain edema formation and tissue damage in a rat model of temporary focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2002; 950: 268-278
185. 2 receptor antagonist, reduces ischemic brain injury in a murine model of transient focal cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139: 1539-1547
186. 2 receptor antagonist, inhibits injury in a rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 1997; 28: 1430-1436
187. 1 receptor expression and function on T lymphocytes in active multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999; 53: 2087-2092
188. Chofflon M, Roth S, Juillard C, Paunier AM, Juillard P, Degroote D, et al. Tumor necrosis factor production capacity as a potentially useful parameter to monitor disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Eur Cytokine Netw 1997; 8: 253-257
189. Rieckmann P, Albrecht M, Kitze B, Weber T, Tumani H, Broocks A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is associated with disease activity. Ann Neurol 1995; 37: 82-88
190. 9-bradykinin in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci 1988; 83: 211-217
191. Owens T, Sriram S. The immunology of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyclitis. Neurol Clin 1995; 13: 51-73
192. 1 receptor expression and function on human brain endothelial cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000; 59: 896-906