Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? Map- Versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 195-215

  Foo, Patrick ^a,b   Warren, William H ^a   Duchon, Andrew ^a   Tarr, Michael J ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT ASHEVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

Human navigation; Path integration; Virtual reality; Visual landmarks

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; COMPUTER INTERFACE; DEPTH PERCEPTION; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COGNITION; ENVIRONMENT; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SPACE PERCEPTION; SPATIAL BEHAVIOR; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 15544379669     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.31.2.195     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Aginsky, V. (2001). How visual landmarks are selected during small-scale navigation. Providence, RI: Brown University.
2. Alien, G. L., Kirasic, K. C., Rashotte, M. A., & Haun, D. B. M. (2004). Aging and path integration skill: Kinesthetic and vestibular contributions to wayfinding. Perception & Psychophysics, 66, 170-179.
3. Allen, G. L., Kirasic, K. C., Siegel, A. W., & Herman, J. F. (1979). Developmental issues in cognitive mapping: The selection and utilization of environmental landmarks. Child Development, 50, 1062-1070.
4. Anooshian, L. J., & Young, D. (1981). Developmental changes in cognitive maps of a familiar neighborhood. Child Development, 52, 341-348.
5. Appleyard, D. (1969). Why buildings are known: A predictive tool for architects and planners. Environment and Behavior, 1, 131-156.
6. Appleyard, D. (1970). Styles and methods of structuring a city. Environment and Behavior, 2, 100-117.
7. Batschelet, E. (1981). Circular statistics in biology. London: Academic Press.
8. Bennett, A. T. D. (1996). Do animals have cognitive maps? Journal of Experimental Biology, 199, 219-224.
9. Berthoz, A., Israel, I., Georges-Francois, P., Grasso, R., & Tsuzuku, T. (1995, July 7). Spatial memory of body linear displacement: What is being stored? Science, 269, 95-98.
10. Burgess, N., Jeffery, K. J., & O'Keefe, J. (Eds.). (1999). The hippocampal and parietal foundations of spatial cognition. London: Oxford University Press.
11. Cartwright, B. A., & Collett, T. S. (1983). Landmark learning in bees: Experiments and models. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 151, 521-543.
12. Chase, W. G. (1983). Spatial representation of taxi drivers. In D. Rogers & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), The acquisition of symbolic skill (pp. 391-405). New York: Plenum Press.
13. Ciancia, F. (1991). Tolman and Honzik (1930) revisited, or the mazes of psychology. The Psychological Record, 41, 461-472.
14. Collett, M., & Collett, T. S. (2000). How do insects use path integration for their navigation? Biological Cybernetics, 83, 245-259.
15. Collett, M., Collett, T. S., & Wehner, R. (1999). Calibration of vector navigation in desert ants. Current Biology, 9, 1031-1034.
16. Collett, T. S., Chameron, S., Schatz, B., Graham, P., & Beugnon, G. (1999, August). Acquisition of routes in ants. Paper presented at the the 10th International Conference on Perception and Action, Edinburgh, Scotland.
17. Devlin, A. S. (2001). Mind and maze; Spatial cognition and environmental behavior. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
18. Devlin, A. S. (2003). Giving directions: Gender and perceived quality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1530-1551.
19. Devlin, A. S., & Bernstein, J. (1995). Interactive wayfinding - use of cues by men and women. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 23-38.
20. Devlin, A. S., & Bernstein, J. (1997). Interactive way-finding: Map style and effectiveness. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17, 99-110.
21. Dyer, F. C. (1991). Bees acquire route-based memories but not cognitive maps in a familiar landscape. Animal Behaviour, 41, 239-246.
22. Dyer, F. C., Berry, N. A., & Richard, A. S. (1993). Honey bee spatial memory: Use of route-based memories after displacement. Animal Behaviour, 45, 1028-1030.
23. Ekstrom, A. D., Kahana, M. J., Caplan, J. B., Fields, T. A., Isham, E. A., Newman, E. L., & Fried, I. (2003). Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation. Nature, 425, 184-187.
24. Foo, P., Warren, W. H. J., & Tarr, M. J. (2004). Multiple navigation strategies: Do humans switch between path integration and landmarks when learning a new environment? Manuscript in preparation.
25. Fujita, N., Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., & Golledge, R. G. (1993). The encoding-error model of pathway completion without vision. Geographical Analysis, 25, 295-314.
26. Galea, L. A. M., & Kimura, D. (1993). Sex differences in route learning. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 53-65.
27. Gallistel, C. R. (1990). The organization of learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28. Gillner, S., & Mallot, H. A. (1998). Navigation and acquisition of spatial knowledge in a virtual maze. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 445-463.
29. Giraudo, M. D., & Peruch, P. (1988). Spatio-temporal aspects of the mental representation of urban space. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 8, 9-17.
30. Golledge, R. G. (1999). Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
31. Gould, J. L. (1986, May 16). The locale map of honeybees: Do insects have cognitive maps? Science, 232, 861-863.
32. Gould, J. L., & Gould, C. G. (1982). The insect mind: Physics or metaphysics? In D. R. Griffin (Ed.), Animal mind-human mind (pp. 269-298). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
33. Gron, G., Wunderlich, A. P., Spitzer, M., Tomczak, R., & Riepe, M. W. (2000). Brain activation during human navigation: Gender-different neural networks as substrate of performance. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 404-408.
34. Hamilton, D. A., Driscoll, I., & Sutherland, R. J. (2002). Human place learning in a virtual Morris water task: Some important constraints on the flexibility of place navigation. Behavioral Brain Research, 129, 159-170.
35. Harrison, M. C., Warren, W. H. J., & Tarr, M. J. (2004). Ordinal structure in route navigation. Manuscript in preparation.
36. Hart, R, A., & Moore, G. T. (1973). The development of spatial cognition: A review. In R. M. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Image and Environment: Cognitive mapping and spatial behavior (pp. 246-288). Chicago: Aldine.
37. Hartley, T., Maguire, E. A., Spiers, H. J., & Burgess, N. (2003). The well-worn route and the path less traveled: Distinct neural bases of route following and wayfinding in humans. Neuron, 37, 877-888.
38. Hirtle, S. C., & Jonides, J. (1985). Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps. Memory & Cognition, 13, 208-217.
39. Holding, C. S. (1992). Clusters and reference points in cognitive representations of the environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, 45-55.
40. Holding, C. S., & Holding, D. H. (1989). Acquisition of route network knowledge by males and females. Journal of General Psychology, 116, 29-41.
41. Kahana, M. J., Sekuler, R., Caplan, J. B., Kirschen, M., & Madsen, J. R. (1999). Human theta oscillations exhibit task dependence during virtual maze navigation. Nature, 399, 781-784.
42. Kearns, M. J., Warren, W. H., Duchon, A. P., & Tarr, M. J. (2002). Path integration from optic flow and body senses in a homing task. Perception, 31, 349-374.
43. Kimura, D. (1992). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific American, 267, 118-125.
44. Kimura, D. (1999). Sex and cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. Kirasic, K. C., Allen, G. L., & Haggerty, D. (1992). Age-related differences in adults' macrospatial cognitive processes. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 33-39.
46. Klatzky, R., Loomis, I., Beall, A. C., Chance, S. S., & Golledge, R. (1998). Updating an egocentric spatial representation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion. Psychological Science, 9, 293-298.
47. Klatzky, R., Loomis, J., Golledge, R., Cincinelli, J. G., Doherty, S., & Pellegrino, J. W. (1990). Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22, 19-43.
48. Koenderink, J. J., van Doom, A. J., & Kappers, A. M. L. (1996). Pictorial surface attitude and local depth comparisons. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 163-173.
49. Kuipers, B. (2000). The spatial semantic hierarchy. Artificial Intelligence, 119, 191-233.
50. Kuipers, B., Tecuci, D. G., & Stankiewicz, B. J. (2003). The skeleton in the cognitive map - A computational and empirical exploration. Environment and Behavior, 35, 81-106.
51. Lawton, C. A., Charleston, S. I., & Zieles, A. S. (1996). Individual- and gender-related differences in indoor wayfinding. Environment and Behavior, 28, 204-219.
52. Lee, T. (1962). "Brennan's law" of shopping behaviour. Psychological Reports, 11, 662.
53. Lee, T. (1970). Urban neighborhood as a socio-spatial schema. Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements, 177, 241-267.
54. Levine, M., Jankovic, I. N., & Palij, M. (1982). Principles of spatial problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 157-175.
55. Loomis, J. M., Klatzky, R. L., Golledge, R. G., Cincinelli, J. G., Pellegrino, J. W., & Fry, P. A. (1993). Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 73-91.
56. Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
57. MacFadden, A., Elias, L., & Saucier, D. (2003). Males and females scan maps similarly, but give directions differently. Brain and Cognition, 53, 297-300.
58. Maguire, E. A., Burgess, N., Donnett, J. G., Frackowiak, R. S., Frith, C. D., & O'Keefe, J. (1998, December 18). Knowing where and getting there: A human navigation network. Science, 280, 921-924.
59. Maguire, E. A., Frackowiak, R. S., & Frith, C. D. (1997). Recalling routes around London: Activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 7103-7110.
60. Maurer, R., & Seguinot, V. (1995). What is modeling for? A critical review of the models of path integration. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 175, 457-475.
61. McNamara, T. P., Rump, B., & Werner, S. (2003). Egocentric and geo centric frames of reference in memory of large-scale space. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 589-595.
62. McNamara, T. P., & Shelton, A. L. (2003). Cognitive maps and the hippocampus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 333-335.
63. Menzel, R., Chittka, L., Eichmuller, S., Peitsch, D., & Knoll, P. (1990). Dominance of celestial cues over landmarks disproves map-like orientation in honey bees. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, 45, 723-726.
64. Mittelstaedt, H., & Mittelstaedt, M. L. (1982). Homing by path integration. In F. Papi & H. G. Wallraff (Eds.), Avian navigation: International symposium on avian navigation (ISAN) held at Tirrenia (Pisa), September 11-14, 1981 (pp. 290-297). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
65. Mittelstaedt, M. L., & Glasauer, S. (1991). Idiothetic navigation in gerbils and humans. Zoologische Jarbucher-Abeilung fur Allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere, 95, 427-435.
66. Moffat, S. D., Hampson, E., & Hatzipantelis, M. (1998). Navigation in a "virtual" maze: Sex differences and correlation with psychometric measures of spatial ability in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, 73-87.
67. Morris, R. G., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N., & O'Keefe, J. (1982). Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature, 297, 681-683.
68. Muller, M., & Wehner, R. (1988). Path integration in desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 85, 5287-5290.
69. Nadel, L. (1990). Varieties of spatial cognition-psychobiological considerations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 613-636.
70. O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
71. Perotti, V. J., Todd, J. T., Lappin, J. S., & Phillips, F. (1998). The perception of surface curvature from optical motion. Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 377-388.
72. Peruch, P., Giraudo, M. D., & Garling, T. (1989). Distance cognition by taxi drivers and the general public. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 233-239.
73. Peruch, P., May, M., & Wartenberg, F. (1997). Homing in virtual environments: Effects of field of view and path layout. Perception, 26, 301-311.
74. Phillips, F., Todd, J. T., Koenderink, J. J., & Kappers, A. M. L. (2003). Perceptual representation of visible surfaces. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 747-762.
75. Poucet, B, (1993). Spatial cognitive maps in animals: New hypotheses on their structure and neural mechanisms. Psychological Review, 100, 163-182.
76. Restle, F. (1957). Discrimination of cues in mazes: A resolution of the "place-versus-response" question. Psychological Review, 64, 217-228.
77. Riecke, B. E., van Veen, H. A. H. C., & Bulthoff, H. H. (2000). Visual homing is possible without landmarks (Tech. Rep, No. 82). Tubingen, Germany: Max Planck Institute.
78. Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. M. (1998). Navigating large-scale "desk-top" virtual buildings: Effects of orientation aids and familiarity. Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7, 179-192.
79. Ruddle, R. A., Payne, S. J., & Jones, D. M. (1999). Navigating large-scale virtual environments: What differences occur between helmet-mounted and desk-top displays? Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8, 157-168.
80. Sakthivel, M., Patterson, P. E., & Cruz-Neira, C. (1999). Gender differences in navigating virtual worlds. International ISA Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation Symposium, 35, 353-359.
81. Sandstrom, N. J., Kaufman, J., & Huettel, S. A. (1998). Males and females use different distal cues in a virtual environment navigation task. Cognitive Brain Research, 6, 351-360.
82. Saucier, D., Green, S. M., Leason, J., MacFadden, A., Bell, S., & Elias, L. J. (2002). Are sex differences in navigation caused by sexually dimorphic strategies or by differences in the ability to use the strategies? Behavioral Neuroscience, 116, 403-410.
83. Shelton, A. L., & McNamara, T. P. (2001). Systems of spatial reference in human memory. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 274-310.
84. Shemyakin, F. N. (1961). General problems of orientation in space and space representation. In B. G. Aunan'yev (Ed.), Psychological sciences in the U.S.S.R. (Vol. 1, pp. 186-255). Washington, DC: Office of Technical Services.
85. Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H. (1975). The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 10, 9-55.
86. Spetch, M. L., Cheng, K., MacDonald, S. E., Linkenhoker, B. A., Kelly, D. M., & Doerkson, S. R. (1997). Use of landmark configuration in pigeons and humans. 2. Generality across search tasks. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111, 14-24.
87. Srinivasan, M., Zhang, S. W., & Bidwell, N. J. (1997). Visually mediated odometry in honeybees. Journal of Experimental Biology, 200, 2513-2522.
88. Suppes, P., Krantz, D. M., Luce, R. D., & Tversky, A. (1989). Foundations of measurement: Geometrical, threshold, and probabilistic representations (Vol. 2). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
89. Sutherland, R. J., Chew, G. L., Baker, J. C., & Linggard, R. C. (1987). Some limitations on the use of distal cues in place navigation by rats. Psychobiology, 15, 48-57.
90. Tarr, M. J., & Warren, W. H. (2002). Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience and beyond. Nature Neuroscience, 5(Suppl.), 1089-1092.
91. Thinus-Blanc, C. (1987). The cognitive map concept and its consequences. In P. Ellen & C. Thinus-Blanc (Eds.), Cognitive processes in animal and man (pp. 1-19). The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
92. Thorndyke, P. W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1982). Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 560-589.
93. Tittle, J. S., Todd, J. T., Perotti, V. J., & Norman, J. F. (1995). Systematic distortion of perceived three-dimensional structure from motion and binocular stereopsis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 663-678.
94. Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. The Psychological Review, 55, 189-208,
95. Tolman, E. C., & Honzik, C. H. (1930). "Insight" in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology, 4, 215-232.
96. Tottenham, L. S., Saucier, D., Elias, L., & Gutwin, C. (2003). Female advantage for spatial location memory in both static and dynamic environments. Brain and Cognition, 53, 381-383.
97. Trullier, O., Wiener, S. I., Bertoz, A., & Meyer, J. A. (1997). Biologically-based artificial navigation systems: Review and prospects. Progress in Neurobiology, 51, 483-544.
98. Tversky, B. (1992). Distortions in cognitive maps. Geoforum, 23, 131-138.
99. Viaud-Delmon, I., Ivanenko, Y. P., Berthoz, A., & Jouvent, R. (1998). Sex, lies and virtual reality. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 15-16,
100. von Saint Paul, U. (1982). Do geese use path integration for walking home? In F. Papi & H. G. Wallraff (Eds.), Avian navigation: International symposium on avian Navigation (ISAN) held at Tirrenia (Pisa), September 11-14, 1981 (Vol. 1, pp. 298-307). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
101. Vuong, Q. C., & Tarr, M. J. (2004). Rotation direction affects object recognition. Vision Research, 44, 1717-1730.
102. Waller, D., Loomis, J., Golledge, R., & Beall, A. C. (2000). Place learning in humans: The role of distance and direction information. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2, 333-354.
103. Waller, D., Loomis, J., & Haun, D. B. M. (2004). Body-based senses enhance knowledge of directions in large-scale environments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 157-163.
104. Waller, D., Loomis, J., & Steck, S. D. (2003). Inertial cues do not enhance knowledge of environmental layout. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 987-993.
105. Wang, R. F., & Spelke, E. S. (2002). Human spatial representation: Insights from animals - Ranxiao Frances Wang and Elizabeth S. Spelke. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 376-382.
106. Ward, S. L., Newcombe, N. S., & Overton, W. F. (1986). Turn left at the church, or three miles north. A study of direction giving and sex differences. Environment and Behavior, 18, 192-213.
107. Wehner, R. Bleuler, S., Nievergelt, C., & Shah, D. (1990). Bees navigate by using vectors and routes rather than maps. Naturwissenschaften, 77, 479-482.
108. Wehner, R., & Menzel, R. (1990). Do insects have cognitive maps? Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 403-414.
109. Wehner, R., & Wehner, S. (1986). Path integration in desert ants. Approaching a long-standing puzzle in insect navigation. Monitore Zoo-logica Italiana, 20, 309-331.