T lymphocyte responses are critical determinants in the pathogenesis and resistance to mycoplasma respiratory disease

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 8, Issue , 2003, Pages

  Jones, Harlan P ^a   Simecka, Jerry W ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunology; Inflammation; Lung; Lymphocyte; Microbiology; Mycoplasma; Review; T cell; T lymphocytes

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL VACCINE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY;

BACTERIAL INFECTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; DENDRITIC CELL; HELPER CELL; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MEDIATOR; MYCOPLASMA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MICROBIOLOGY;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMATALES;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 1542673227     PISSN: 10939946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. F. R. Homberger & P. E. Thomann: Transmission of murine viruses and mycoplasma in laboratory mouse colonies with respect to housing conditions. Lab Anim 28, 113-120 (1994)
2. J. W. Simecka, J. K. Davis, M. K. Davidson, S. E. Ross, C. Stadtlander & G. H. Cassell: Mycoplasma diseases of animals. In Mycoplasmas Molecular biology and pathogenesis. Eds: J. Maniloff, R. N. McElhaney, L. R. Finch, and J. B. Baseman. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 391-415 (1992)
3. D. C. Krause & D. Taylor-Robinson: Mycoplasmas which infect humans. In Mycoplasmas: Molecular biology and pathogenesis. Eds: J. Maniloff, R. N. McElhaney, L. R. Finch, and J. B. Baseman. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 417-444 (1993)
4. E. Nocard & E. R. Roux: Le microbe de la peripneumonie. Ann Inst Pasteur 12, 240-262 (1898)
5. H. M. Foy, G. E. Kenny, M. K. Cooney & I. D. Allan: Long-term epidemiology of infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 139, 681-687 (1979)
6. H. M. Foy: Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possible carrier state in different populations of patients. Clin Infect Dis 17 Suppl 1, S37-46 (1993)
7. R. J. Martin, M. Kraft, H. W. Chu, E. A. Berns & G. H. Cassell: A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107, 595-601 (2001)
8. M. Kraft, G. H. Cassell, J. E. Henson, H. Watson, J. Williamson, B. P. Marmion, C. A. Gaydos & R. J. Martin: Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158, 998-1001 (1998)
9. F. Freymuth, A. Vabret, J. Brouard, F. Toutain, R. Verdon, J. Petitjean, S. Gouarin, J. F. Duhamel & B. Guillois: Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. J Clin Virol 13, 131-139 (1999)
10. O. V. Rossi, V. L. Kinnula, H. Tuokko & E. Huhti: Respiratory viral and mycoplasma infections in patients hospitalized for acute asthma. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 49, 107-111 (1994)
11. J. B. Baseman & J. G. Tully: Mycoplasmas: sophisticated, reemerging, and burdened by their notoriety. Emerg Infect Dis 3, 21-32 (1997)
12. C. J. Howard & G. Taylor: Variation in the virulence of strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis related to susceptibility to killing by macrophages in vivo. J Gen Microbiol 114, 289-294 (1979)
13. M. K. Davidson, J. K. Davis, J. R. Lindsey & G. H. Cassell: Clearance of different strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis from the respiratory tract of C3H/HeN mice. Infect Immun 56, 2163-2168 (1988)
14. M. K. Davidson, S. E. Ross, J. R. Lindsey & G. H. Cassell: Colony opacity, hemadsorption, hemolysis, and mitogenicity are not associated with virulence of Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 56, 2169-2173 (1988)
15. M. K. Davidson, J. R. Lindsey, R. F. Parker, J. G. Tully & G. H. Cassell: Differences in virulence for mice among strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 56, 2156-2162 (1988)
16. J. Chang & J. R. Pick: Immunoreactive protein antigens of Mycoplasma pulmonis in experimentally infected rats. Am J Vet Res 47, 1901-1904 (1986)
17. G. H. Cassell, H. L. Watson, D. K. Blalock, S. A. Horowitz & L. B. Duffy: Protein antigens of genital mycoplasmas. Rev Infect Dis 10 Suppl 2, S391-398 (1988)
18. G. H. Cassell: Derrick Edward Award Lecture. The pathogenic potential of mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma pulmonis as a model. Rev Infect Dis 4 Suppl, S18-34 (1982)
19. G. H. Cassell & B. C. Cole: Mycoplasmas as agents of human disease. N Engl J Med 304, 80-89 (1981)
20. J. K. Davis, R. B. Thorp, P. A. Maddox, M. B. Brown & G. H. Cassell: Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in F344 and LEW rats: evolution of lesions and lung lymphoid cell populations. Infect Immun 36, 720-729 (1982)
21. J. K. Davis & G. H. Cassell: Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in LEW and F344 rats: strain differences in lesion severity. Vet Pathol 19, 280-293 (1982)
22. S. C. Cartner, J. W. Simecka, D. E. Briles, G. H. Cassell & J. R. Lindsey: Resistance to mycoplasmal lung disease in mice is a complex genetic trait. Infect Immun 64, 5326-5331 (1996)
23. J. K. Davis, J. W. Simecka, J. S. Williamson, S. E. Ross, M. M. Juliana, R. B. Thorp & G. H. Cassell: Nonspecific lymphocyte responses in F344 and LEW rats: susceptibility to murine respiratory mycoplasmosis and examination of cellular basis for strain differences. Infect Immun 49, 152-158 (1985)
24. J. W. Simecka & G. H. Cassell: Serum antibody and cellular responses in LEW and F344 rats after immunization with Mycoplasma pulmonis antigens. Infect Immun 55, 731-735 (1987)
25. J. W. Simecka, J. K. Davis & G. H. Cassell: Serum antibody does not account for differences in the severity of chronic respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis in LEW and F344 rats. Infect Immun 57, 3570-3575 (1989)
26. J. W. Simecka, P. Patel, J. K. Davis, S. E. Ross, P. Otwell & G. H. Cassell: Specific and nonspecific antibody responses in different segments of the respiratory tract in rats infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 59, 3715-3721 (1991)
27. C. B. Faulkner, J. W. Simecka, M. K. Davidson, J. K. Davis, T. R. Schoeb, J. R. Lindsey & M. P. Everson: Gene expression and production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and gamma interferon in C3H/HeN and C57BL/6N mice in acute Mycoplasma pulmonis disease. Infect Immun 63, 4084-4090 (1995)
28. S. C. Cartner, J. W. Simecka, J. R. Lindsey, G. H. Cassell & J. K. Davis: Chronic respiratory mycoplasmosis in C3H/HeN and C57BL/6N mice: lesion severity and antibody response. Infect Immun 63, 4138-4142 (1995)
29. A. L. Yancey, H. L. Watson, S. C. Cartner & J. W. Simecka: Gender is a major factor in determining the severity of mycoplasma respiratory disease in mice. Infect Immun 69, 2865-2871 (2001)
30. J. D. Cherry, E. S. Hurwitz & R. C. Welliver: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and exanthems. J Pediatr 87, 369-373 (1975)
31. J. R. Broderson, J. R. Lindsey & J. E. Crawford: The role of environmental ammonia in respiratory mycoplasmosis of rats. Am J Pathol 85, 115-130 (1976)
32. R. F. Parker, J. K. Davis, G. H. Cassell, H. White, D. Dziedzic, D. K. Blalock, R. B. Thorp & J. W. Simecka: Short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide enhances susceptibility to murine respiratory mycoplasmosis and decreases intrapulmonary killing of Mycoplasma pulmonis. Am Rev Respir Dis 140, 502-512 (1989)
33. M. F. Barile, M. W. Grabowski, K. Kapatais-Zoumbois, B. Brown, P. C. Hu & D. K. Chandler: Protection of immunized and previously infected chimpanzees challenged with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Vaccine 12, 707-714 (1994)
34. M. G. Elfaki, S. H. Kleven, L. H. Jin & W. L. Ragland: Protection against airsacculitis with sequential systemic and local immunization of chickens using killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin with iota carrageenan adjuvant. Vaccine 11, 311-317 (1993)
35. R. D. Evans, Y. S. Hafez & F. W. Orthel: Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination-challenge: an egg-production model. Avian Diseases 36, 956-963 (1992)
36. L. Leon Vizcaino, F. Garrido Abellan, M. J. Cubero Pablo & A. Perales: Immunoprophylaxis of caprine contagious agalactia due to Mycoplasma agalactiae with an inactivated vaccine. Veterinary Record 137, 266-269 (1995)
37. D. Murphy, W. G. Van Alstine, L. K. Clark, S. Albregts & K. Knox: Aerosol vaccination of pigs against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 54, 1874-1880 (1993)
38. T. Nakamura, S. Hoshi, Y. Nagasawa & S. Ueda: The effect of route of inoculation on protection by killed vaccines in chickens. Avian Diseases 39, 507-513 (1995)
39. G. H. Cassell & J. K. Davis: Protective effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma pulmonis respiratory disease in rats. Infect Immun 21, 69-75 (1978)
40. J. S. Ellison, L. D. Olson & M. F. Barile: Immunity and vaccine development. In Mycoplasmas: Molecular biology and pathogenesis, Vol. Chap 29. Eds: J. Maniloff, R. N. McElhaney, L. R. Finch, and J. B. Baseman. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C (1993)
41. G. H. Cassell, J. R. Lindsey, R. G. Overcash & H. J. Baker: Murine mycoplasma respiratory disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 225, 395-412 (1973)
42. G. W. Fernald: Humoral and cellular immune responses to mycoplasmas. In The Mycoplasmas, Vol II. Eds: J. G. Tully, and R. F. Whitcomb. Academic Press, Orlando 399 (1979)
43. H. Brunner, H. B. Greenberg, W. D. James, R. L. Horswood, R. B. Couch & R. M. Chanock: Antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in nasal secretions and sputa of experimentally infected human volunteers. Infect Immun 8, 612-620 (1973)
44. D. Taylor-Robinson, A. D. Webster, P. M. Furr & G. L. Asherson: Prolonged persistence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia. J Infect 2, 171-175 (1980)
45. R. B. Couch: Mycoplasma diseases. In Principles and practice of infectious disease. Eds: M. D. Gerald, G. L. Mandell, G. Douglas, and J. Bennet. Churchil Livingstone, New York 1445-1458 (1990)
46. W. A. Clyde, Jr.: Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in man. In The Mycoplasmas, Vol II. Eds: J. G. Tully, and R. F. Whitcomb. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando 275 (1979)
47. C. J. Howard: Humoral and cell-mediated immunity. In The Mycoplasmas, Vol IV. Eds: S. Razin, and M. F. Barile. Academic Press, New York 259 (1985)
48. C. J. Howard, R. N. Gourlay & G. Taylor: Immunity to Mycoplasma bovis infections of the respiratory tract of calves. Res Vet Sci 28, 242-249 (1980)
49. G. H. Cassell, J. K. Davis & J. R. Lindsey: Control of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in rats and mice: detection and elimination vs. vaccination, Isr J Med Sci 17, 674-677 (1981)
50. Y. Naot: In vitro studies on the mitogenic activity of mycoplasmal species toward lymphocytes. Rev Infect Dis 4 Suppl, 8205-209 (1982)
51. Y. Naot, S. Davidson & E. S. Lindenbaum: Mitogenicity and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pulmonis in rats. I. Atypical interstitial pneumonia induced by mitogenic myeoplasmal membranes. J Infect Dis 143, 55-62 (1981)
52. Y. Naot, S. Davidson & E. S. Lindenbaum: Role of mitogenicity in pathogenicity of mycoplasmas for murine hosts. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 135A, 95-101 (1984)
53. B. C. Cole & C. L. Atkin: The Mycoplasma arthritidis T-cell mitogen, MAM: a model superantigen. Immunol Today 12, 271-276 (1991)
54. B. C. Cole, D. R. Kartchner & D. J. Wells: Stimulation of mouse lymphocytes by a mitogen derived from Mycoplasma arthritidis (MAM). VIII. Selective activation of T cells expressing distinct V beta T cell receptors from various strains of mice by the "superantigen" MAM. J Immunol 144, 425-431 (1990)
55. B. C. Cole & D. J. Wells: Immunosuppressive properties of the Mycoplasma arthritidis T-cell mitogen in vivo: inhibition of proliferative responses to T-cell mitogens. Infect Immun 58, 228-236 (1990)
56. C. M. Roifman, C. P. Rao, H. M. Lederman, S. Lavi, P. Quinn & E. W. Gelfand: Increased susceptibility to Mycoplasma infection in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Am J Med 80, 590-594 (1986)
57. C. L. Johnston, A. D. Webster, D. Taylor-Robinson, G. Rapaport & G. R. Hughes: Primary late-onset hypogammaglobulinaemia associated with inflammatory polyarthritis and septic arthritis due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Ann Rheum Dis 42, 108-110 (1983)
58. E. C. Keystone, D. Taylor-Robinson, M. F. Osborn, L. Ling, C. Pope & V. Fornasier: Effect of T-cell deficiency on the chronicity of arthritis induced in mice by Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 27, 192-196 (1980)
59. B. Evengard, K. Sandstedt, G. Bolske, R. Feinstein, I. Riesenfelt-Orn & C. I. Smith: Intranasal inoculation of Mycoplasma pulmonis in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) causes a wasting disease with grave arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 98, 388-394 (1994)
60. S. C. Cartner, J. R. Lindsey, J. Gibbs-Erwin, G. H. Cassell & J. W. Simecka: Roles of innate and adaptive immunity in respiratory mycoplasmosis. Infect Immun 66, 3485-3491 (1998)
61. A. S. Dajani, W. A. Clyde, Jr. & F. W. Denny: Experimental infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Eaton's agent). J Exp Med 121, 1071 (1965)
62. C. J. Howard, L. H. Thomas & K. R. Parsons: Comparative pathogenicity of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar for the respiratory tract of calves. Isr J Med Sci 23, 621-624 (1987)
63. G. Taylor, D. Taylor-Robinson & G. W. Fernald: Reduction of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced pneumonia in hamsters by immunosuppressive treatment with antithymocyte sera. J Med Micro 7, 343 (1974)
64. F. Fitch, M. McKisic, D. Lancki & T. Gajewski: Differential regulation of murine T lymphocyte subsets. Ann Rev Immunol 11, 29 (1003)
65. T. Mosmann & R. Coffman: TH1 and TH2: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann Rev Immunol 7, 145-173 (1989)
66. A. K. Abbas, S. Urioste, T. L. Collins & W. H. Boom: Heterogeneity of helper/inducer T lymphocytes. IV. Stimulation of resting and activated B cells by Th1 and Th2 clones. J Immunol 144, 2031-2037 (1990)
67. M. D. Sadick, R. M. Locksley, C. Tubbs & H. V. Raff: Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: resistance correlates with the capacity to generate interferon-y in response to Leishmania antigens in vitro. J Immunol 136, 655-661 (1986)
68. F. P. Heinzel, M. D. Sadick, B. J. Holaday, R. L. Coffman & R. M. Locksley: Reciprocal expression of Interferon γ or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets. J Exp Med 169, 59-72 (1989)
69. I. Muller, J. A. Garcia-Sanz, R. Titus, R. Behin & J. Louis: Analysis of the cellular parameters of the immune responses contributing to resistance and susceptibility of mice to infection with the intracellular parasite, Leishmania major. Immunol Rev 112, 95-113 (1989)
70. P. Scott, P. Natovitz, R. L. Coffman, E. Pearce & A. Sher: Immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis. T cell lines that transfer protective immunity or exacerbation belong to different T helper subsets and respond to distinct parasite antigens. J Exp Med 168, 1675-1684 (1988)
71. P. Scott: IFN-γ modulates the early development of Th1 and Th2 responses in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Immunol 147, 3149-3155 (1991)
72. S. Spinella, G. Milon & M. Hontebeyrie-Joskowicz: A CD4+ TH2 cell line isolated from mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi induces IgG2 polyclonal response in vivo. Eur J Immunol 20, 1045-1051 (1990)
73. M. Lohoff, F. Sommer, W. Solbach & M. Rollinghoff: Coexistence of antigen-specific TH1 and TH2 cells in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Immunobiology 179, 412-421 (1989)
74. R. M. Locksley, F. P. Heinzel, M. D. Sadick, B. J. Holaday & K. D. Gardner: Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: susceptibility correlates with differential expansion of helper T-cell subsets. Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol 138, 744-749 (1987)
75. R. Chatelain, K. Varkila & R. L. Coffman: IL-4 induces a Th2 response in Leishmania major-infected mice. J Immunol 148, 1182-1187 (1992)
76. P. Scott, E. Pearce, A. W. Cheever, R. L. Coffman & A. Sher: Role of cytokines and CD4+ T-cell subsets in the regulation of parasite immunity and disease. Immunol Rev 112, 161-182 (1989)
77. R. L. Coffman, B. W. Seymour, S. Hudak, J. Jackson & D. Rennick: Antibody to interleukin-5 inhibits helminth-induced eosinophilia in mice. Science 245, 308-310 (1989)
78. S. R. Reynolds, S. L. Kunkel, D. W. Thomas & G. I. Higashi: T cell clones for antigen selection and lymphokine production in murine Schistosomiasis mansoni. J Immunol 144, 2757-2762 (1990)
79. D. Grillot, M. Michel, I. Muller, C. Tougne, L. Renia, D. Mazier, G. Corradin, P. H. Lambert, J. A. Louis & G. Del Guidice: Immune responses to defined epitopes of the circumsporozoite protein of the murine malaria parasite, Plasmodium yoelii. Eur J Immunol 20, 1215-1222 (1990)
80. J. Langhorne, S. J. Meding, K. Eichmann & S. S. Gillard: The response of CD4+ T cells to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi. Immunol Rev 112, 71-94 (1989)
81. M. Lohoff, E. Marsig & M. Rollinghoff: Murine IL-4 antagonizes the protective effects of IFN on virus-mediated lysis of murine L929 fibroblast cells. J Immunol 144, 960-963 (1990)
82. H. Bunschoten, B. Dietzschold, I. Claassen, R. Klapmuts, F. Uytdehaag & A. Osterhaus: Rabies virus cross-reactive murine T cell clones: analysis of helper and delayed-type hypersensitivity function. Viral Immunol 3, 41-53 (1990)
83. K. W. Moore, P. Vieira, D. F. Fiorentino, M. L. Trounstine, T. A. Khan & T. R. Mosmann: Homology of cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (IL-10) to the Epstein-Barr virus gene BCRFI. Science 248, 1230-1234 (1990)
84. M. J. Hocart, J. S. Mackenzie & G. A. Stewart: The immunoglobulin G subclass responses of mice to influenza A virus: the effect of mouse strain, and the neutralizing abilities of individual protein A-purified subclass antibodies. J Gen Virol 70, 2439-2448 (1989)
85. P. Salgame, J. S. Abrams, C. Clayberger, H. Goldstein, J. Convit, R. L. Modlin & B. R. Bloom: Differing lymphokine profiles of functional subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones. Science 254, 279-282 (1991)
86. M. Yamamura, K. Uyemura, R. J. Deans, K. Weinberg, T. H. Rea, B. R. Bloom & R. L. Modlin: Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science 254, 277-279 (1991)
87. D. H. Canaday, R. J. Wilkinson, Q. Li, C. V. Harding, R. F. Silver & W. H. Boom: CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells kill intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a perforin and Fas/Fas ligand-independent mechanism. J Immunol 167, 2734-2742 (2001)
88. S. Stenger: Cytolytic T cells in the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Infect Dis 33, 483-487 (2001)
89. F. Dieli, M. Troye-Blomberg, J. Ivanyi, J. J. Fournie, A. M. Krensky, M. Bonneville, M. A. Peyrat, N. Caccamo, G. Sireci & A. Salerno: Granulysin-dependent killing of intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T lymphocytes. J Infect Dis 184, 1082-1085 (2001)
90. M. T. Ochoa, S. Stenger, P. A. Sieling, S. Thoma-Uszynski, S. Sabet, S. Cho, A. M. Krensky, M. Rollinghoff, E. Nunes Sarno, A. E. Burdick, T. H. Rea & R. L. Modlin: T-cell release of granulysin contributes to host defense in leprosy. Nat Med 7, 174-179 (2001)
91. W. A. Ernst, S. Thoma-Uszynski, R. Teitelbaum, C. Ko, D. A. Hanson, C. Clayberger, A. M. Krensky, M. Leippe, B. R. Bloom, T. Ganz & R. L. Modlin: Granulysin, a T cell product, kills bacteria by altering membrane permeability. J Immunol 165, 7102-7108 (2000)
92. S. M. Smith & H. M. Dockrell: Role of CD8 T cells in mycobacterial infections. Immunol Cell Biol 78, 325-333 (2000)
93. J. K. Davis, P. A. Maddox, R. B. Thorp & G. H. Cassell: Immunofluorescent characterization of lymphocytes in lungs of rats infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 27, 255-259 (1980)
94. F. Rodriguez, J. Sarradell, J. B. Poveda, H. J. Ball & A. Fernandez: Immunohistochemical characterization of lung lesions induced experimentally by Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis in goats. J Comp Pathol 123, 285-293 (2000)
95. H. Jones, L. Tabor, X. Sun, M. Woolard & J. Simecka: Depletion of CD8+ T cells exacerbates CD4+ Th cell associated inflammatory lesions during murine mycoplasma respiratory disease. J Immunol 168, 3493-3501 (2002)
96. N. Cimolai, A. C. Cheong, B. J. Morrison & G. P. Taylor: Mycoplasma pneumoniae reinfection and vaccination: protective oral vaccination and harmful immunoreactivity after re-infection and parenteral immunization. Vaccine 14, 1479-1483 (1996)
97. G. Taylor & D. Taylor-Robinson: Effects of active and passive immunization on Mycoplasma pulmonis-induced pneumonia in mice. Immunology 30, 611-618 (1976)
98. H. Atobe & M. Ogata: Protective effect of killed Mycoplasma pulmonis vaccine against experimental infection in mice. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 39, 39-46 (1977)
99. L. M. Hodge & J. W. Simecka: Role of upper and lower respiratory tract immunity in resistance to mycoplasma respiratory disease. J Infect Dis 186, 290-294 (2002)
100. M. Hayakawa, H. Taguchi, S. Kamiya, Y. Fujioka, H. Watanabe, S. Kawai & H. Kobayashi: Animal model of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection using germfree mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9, 669-676 (2002)
101. H. Tanaka, M. Narita, S. Teramoto, T. Saikai, K. Oashi, T. Igarashi & S. Abe: Role of interleukin-18 and T-helper type 1 cytokines in the development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. Chest 121, 1493-1497 (2002)
102. H. Jones, L. Hodge, K. Fujihashi, H. Kiyono, J. R. McGhee & J. W. Simecka: The pulmonary environment promotes Th2 cell responses after nasal-pulmonary immunization with antigen alone, but Th1 responses are induced during instances of intense immune stimulation. J Immunol 167, 4518-4526 (2001)
103. C. T. Stadtlander, H. L. Watson, J. W. Simecka & G. H. Cassell: Cytopathogenicity of Mycoplasma fermentans (including strain incognitus). Clin Infect Dis 17, S289-301 (1993)
104. S. F. Dallo & J. B. Baseman: Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Microb Pathog 29, 301-309 (2000)
105. C. T. Stadtlander, H. L. Watson, J. W. Simecka & G. H. Cassell: Cytopathic effects of Mycoplasma pulmonis in vivo and in vitro. Infect Immun 59, 4201-4211 (1991)
106. P. Machy, K. Serre, M. Baillet & L. Leserman: Induction of MHC class I presentation of exogenous antigen by dendritic cells is controlled by CD4+ T cells engaging class II molecules in cholesterol-rich domains. J Immunol 168, 1172-1180 (2002)
107. L. Bonifaz, D. Bonnyay, K. Mahnke, M. Rivera, M. C. Nussenzweig & R. M. Steinman: Efficient targeting of protein antigen to the dendritic cell receptor DEC-205 in the steady state leads to antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I products and peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance. J Exp Med 196, 1627-1638 (2002)
108. A. Regnault, D. Lankar, V. Lacabanne, A. Rodriguez, C. Thery, M. Rescigno, T. Saito, S. Verbeek, C. Bonnerot, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli & S. Amigorena: Fcgamma receptor-mediated induction of dendritic cell maturation and major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation after immune complex internalization. J Exp Med 189, 371-380 (1999)
109. J. W. Simecka, J. K. Davis & G. H. Cassell: Specific vs. nonspecific immune responses in murine respiratory mycoplasmosis. Isr J Med Sci 23, 485-489 (1987)
110. Z. Allakhverdi, B. Lamkhioued, R. Olivenstein, Q. Hamid & P. M. Renzi: CD8 depletion-induced late airway response is characterized by eosinophilia, increased eotaxin, and decreased IFN-gmma expression in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 1123-1131 (2000)
111. T. J. Huang, P. A. MacAry, D. M. Kemeny & K. F. Chung: Effect of CD8+ T-cell depletion on bronchial hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in sensitized and allergen-exposed Brown-Norway rats. Immunology 96, 416-423 (1999)
112. K. Pietsch, S. Ehlers & E. Jacobs: Cytokine gene expression in the lungs of BALB/c mice during primary and secondary intranasal infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Microbiology 140, 2043-2048 (1994)
113. M. Kraft, G. H. Cassell, J. Pak & R. J. Martin: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma: effect of clarithromycin. Chest 121, 1782-1788 (2002)
114. Y. Y. Koh, Y. Park, H. J. Lee & C. K. Kim: Levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: implication of tendency toward increased immunoglobulin E production. Pediatrics 107, E39 (2001)
115. M. Narita, H. Tanaka, S. Abe, S. Yamada, M. Kubota & T. Togashi: Close association between pulmonary disease manifestation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and enhanced local production of interleukin-18 in the lung, independent of gamma interferon. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7, 909-914 (2000)
116. M. Jacobs, N. Brown, N. Allie, R. Gulert & B. Ryffel: Increased resistance to mycobacterial infection in the absence of interleukin-10. Immunology 100, 494-501 (2000)
117. Y. Belkaid, K. F. Hoffmann, S. Mendez, S. Kamhawi, M. C. Udey, T. A. Wynn & D. L. Sacks: The role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing and the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-10 receptor antibody for sterile cure. J Exp Med 194, 1497-1506 (2001)
118. S. H. Gavett, D. J. O'Hearn, X. Li, S. K. Huang, F. D. Finkelman & M. Wills-Karp: Interleukin 12 inhibits antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and Th2 cytokine expression in mice. J Exp Med 182, 1527-1536 (1995)
119. C. Walker, W. Bauer, R. K. Braun, G. Menz, P. Braun, F. Schwarz, T. T. Hansel & B. Villiger: Activated T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with various lung diseases associated with eosinophilia. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 150, 1038-1048 (1994)
120. D. A. Randolph, C. J. Carruthers, S. J. Szabo, K. M. Murphy & D. D. Chaplin: Modulation of airway inflammation by passive transfer of allergen- specific Th1 and Th2 cells in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol 162, 2375-2383 (1999)
121. L. Li, Y. Xia, A. Nguyen, L. Feng & D. Lo: Th2-induced eotaxin expression and eosinophilia coexist with ThI responses at the effector stage of lung inflammation. J Immunol 161, 3128-3135 (1998)
122. M.-G. Roncarolo, M. K. Levings & C. Traversari: Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193, F5-F9 (2001)
123. M. Dhodapkar, R. M. Steinman, J. Krasovsky, C. Munz & N. Bhardwaj: Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193, 233-238 (2001)
124. A. S. Ho & K. W. Moore: Interleukin-10 and its receptor. Therapeutic Immunology 1, 173-185 (1994)
125. J. J. Letterio & A. B. Roberts: Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annu Rev Immunol 16, 137-161 (1998)
126. J. Simecka: Mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract and oral tolerance. Advanced Drug Delivery Review 34, 235-259 (1998)
127. J. D. Sedgwick & P. G. Holt: Induction of IgE-isotype specific tolerance by passive antigenic stimulation of the respiratory mucosa. Immunology 50, 625-630 (1983)
128. J. J. Oppenheim, C. O. Zachariae, N. Mukaida & K. Matsushima: Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene "intercrine" cytokine family. Ann Rev Immunol 9, 617 (1991)
129. J. W. Simecka: β-chemokines are produced in lungs of mice with mycoplasma respiratory disease. Curr Microbiol 39, 163-167 (1999)
130. J. T. Siveke & A. Hamann: T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells respond differentially to chemokines. J Immunol 160, 550-554 (1998)
131. A. S. McWilliam, D. J. Nelson & P. G. Holt: The biology of airway dendritic cells. Immunology & Cell Biology 73, 405-413 (1995)
132. P. A. Stumbles, J. A. Thomas, C. L. Pimm, P. T. Lee, T. J. Venaille, S. Proksch & P. G. Holt: Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Th1 immunity. J Exp Med 188, 2019-2031 (1998)
133. L. P. Nicod, M. F. Lipscomb, J. C. Weissler, C. R. Lyons, J. Albertson & G. B. Toews: Mononuclear cells in human lung parenchyma. Characterization of a potent accessory cell not obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 136, 818-823 (1987)
134. A. M. Pollard & M. F. Lipscomb: Characterization of murine lung dendritic cells: similarities to Langerhans cells and thymic dendritic cells. J Exp Med 172, 159-167 (1990)
135. B. J. Masten, J. L. Yates, A. M. Pollard Koga & M. F. Lipscomb: Characterization of accessory molecules in murine lung dendritic cell function: roles for CD80, CD86, CD54, and CD40L. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16, 335-342 (1997)
136. B. J. Masten & M. F. Lipscomb: Comparison of lung dendritic cells and B cells in stimulating naive antigen-specific T cells. J Immunol 162, 1310-1317 (1999)
137. J. W. Simecka, R. B. Thorp & G. H. Cassell: Dendritic cells are present in the alveolar region of lungs from specific pathogen-free rats. Reg Immunol 4, 18-24 (1992)
138. B. N. Lambrecht, I. Carro-Muino, K. Vermaelen & R. A. Pauwels: Allergen-induced changes in bone-marrow progenitor and airway dendritic cells in sensitized rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20, 1165-1174 (1999)
139. G. M. Moller, S. E. Overbeek, C. G. Van Helden-Meeuwsen, J. M. Van Haarst, E. P. Prens, P. G. Mulder, D. S. Postma & H. C. Hoogsteden: Increased numbers of dendritic cells in the bronchial mucosa of atopic asthmatic patients: downregulation by inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Exp Allergy 26, 517-524 (1996)
140. G. Bertorelli, V. Bocchino, X. Zhou, A. Zanini, M. V. Bernini, R. Damia, V. Di Comite, P. Grima & D. Olivieri: Dendritic cell number is related to IL-4 expression in the airways of atopic asthmatic subjects. Allergy 55, 449-454 (2000)
141. B. N. Lambrecht, B. Salomon, D. Klatzmann & R. A. Pauwels: Dendritic cells are required for the development of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation in response to inhaled antigen in sensitized mice. J Immunol 160, 4090-4097 (1998)
142. B. N. Lambrecht, M. De Veerman, A. J. Coyle, J. C. Gutierrez-Ramos, K. Thielemans & R. A. Pauwels: Myeloid dendritic cells induce Th2 responses to inhaled antigen, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 106, 551-559 (2000)
143. S. Sung, C. E. Rose & S. M. Fu: Intratracheal Priming with Ovalbumin- and Ovalbumin 323-339 Peptide- Pulsed Dendritic Cells Induces Airway Hyperresponsiveness, Lung Eosinophilia, Goblet Cell Hyperplasia, and Inflammation. J Immunol 166, 1261-1271 (2001)
144. H. Hammad, C. Duez, O. Fahy, A. Tsicopoulos, C. Andre, B. Wallaert, S. Lebecque, A. B. Tonnel & J. Pestel: Human dendritic cells in the severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model: their potentiating role in the allergic reaction. Lab Invest 80, 605-614 (2000)
145. C. Schaniel, F. Sallusto, C. Ruedl, P. Sideras, F. Melchers & A. G. Rolink: Three chemokines with potential functions in T lymphocyte-independent and -dependent B lymphocyte stimulation. Eur J Immunol 29, 2934-2947 (1999)
146. R. Ross, X. L. Ross, H. Ghadially, T. Lahr, J. Schwing, J. Knop & A. B. Reske-Kunz: Mouse langerhans cells differentially express an activated T cell- attracting CC chemokine. J Invest Dermatol 113, 991-998 (1999)
147. C. Schaniel, F. Sallusto, P. Sideras, F. Melchers & A. G. Rolink: A novel CC chemokine ABCD-1, produced by dendritic cells and activated B cells, exclusively attracts activated T lymphocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 246, 95-101 (1999)
148. C. Schaniel, E. Pardali, F. Sallusto, M. Speletas, C. Ruedl, T. Shimizu, T. Seidl, J. Andersson, F. Melchers, A. G. Rolink & P. Sideras: Activated murine B lymphocytes and dendritic cells produce a novel CC chemokine which acts selectively on activated T cells. J Exp Med 188, 451-463 (1998)
149. I. Lieberam & I. Forster: The murine beta-chemokine TARC is expressed by subsets of dendritic cells and attracts primed CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 29, 2684-2694 (1999)
150. C. Demangel, A. G. Bean, E. Martin, C. G. Feng, A. T. Kamath & W. J. Britton: Protection against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin-infected dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 29, 1972-1979 (1999)
151. D. M. Spalding & J. A. Griffin: Different pathways of differentiation of pre-B cell lines are induced by dendritic cells and T cells from different lymphoid tissues. Cell 44, 507 (1986)
152. A. Iwasaki & B. L. Kelsall: Freshly isolated Peyer's patch, but not spleen, dendritic cells produce interleukin 10 and induce the differentiation of T helper type 2 cells. J Exp Med 190, 229-239 (1999)
153. S. L. Constant, K. S. Lee & K. Bottomly: Site of antigen delivery can influence T cell priming: pulmonary environment promotes preferential Th2-type differentiation. Eur J Immunol 30, 840-847 (2000)
154. L. Cohn, J. S. Tepper & K. Bottomly: IL-4-independent induction of airway hyperresponsiveness by Th2, but not Th1, cells. J Immunol 161, 3813-3816 (1998)
155. B. Pulendran, J. L. Smith, G. Caspary, K. Brasel, D. Pettit, E. Maraskovsky & C. R. Maliszewski: Distinct dendritic cell subsets differentially regulate the class of immune response in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 1036-1041 (1999)
156. R. Maldonado-Lopez, T. De Smedt, B. Pajak, C. Heirman, K. Thielemans, O. Leo, J. Urbain, C. R. Maliszewski & M. Moser: Role of CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- dendritic cells in the induction of primary immune responses in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 66, 242-246 (1999)
157. R. Maldonado-Lopez, T. De Smedt, P. Michel, J. Godfroid, B. Pajak, C. Heirman, K. Thielemans, O. Leo, J. Urbain & M. Moser: CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- subclasses of dendritic cells direct the development of distinct T helper cells in vivo. J Exp Med 189, 587-592 (1999)
158. T. Ohteki, T. Fukao, K. Suzue, C. Maki, M. Ito, M. Nakamura & S. Koyasu: Interleukin 12-dependent interferon gamma production by CD8alpha+ lymphoid dendritic cells. J Exp Med 189, 1981-1986 (1999)
159. C. R. Sousa, S. Hieny, T. Scharton-Kersten, D. Jankovic, H. Charest, R. N. Germain & A. Sher: In vivo microbial stimulation induces rapid CD40 ligand-independent production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells and their
160. G. Caron, Y. Delneste, E. Roelandts, C. Duez, J. Y. Bonnefoy, J. Pestel & P. Jeannin: Histamine polarizes human dendritic cells into Th2 cell-promoting effector dendritic cells. J Immunol 167, 3682-3686 (2001)
161. E. C. de long, P. L. Vieira, P. Kalinski, J. H. Schuitemaker, Y. Tanaka, E. A. Wierenga, M. Yazdanbakhsh & M. L. Kapsenberg: Microbial compounds selectively induce Th1 cell-promoting or Th2 cell-promoting dendritic cells in vitro with diverse th cell-polarizing signals. J Immunol 168, 1704-1709 (2002)
162. G. J. Maestroni: Short exposure of maturing, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to norepinephrine: impact on kinetics of cytokine production and Th development. J Neuroimmunol 129, 106-114 (2002)
163. A. Mazzoni, H. A. Young, J. H. Spitzer, A. Visintin & D. M. Segal: Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization. J Clin Invest 108, 1865-1873 (2001)
164. M. J. Thomas, A. Noble, E. Sawicka, P. W. Askenase & D. M. Kemeny: CD8 T cells inhibit IgE via dendritic cell IL-12 induction that promotes Th1 T cell counter-regulation. J Immunol 168, 216-223 (2002)
165. C. Tang, M. D. Inman, N. van Rooijen, P. Yang, H. Shen, K. Matsumoto & P. M. O'Byrne: Th type 1-stimulating activity of lung macrophages inhibits Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation by an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 166, 1471-1481 (2001)
166. L. Cochand, P. Isler, F. Songeon & L. P. Nicod: Human lung dendritic cells have an immature phenotype with efficient mannose receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 21, 547-554 (1999)
167. C. E. Havenith, P. P. van Miert, A. J. Breedijk, R. H. Beelen & E. C. Hoefsmit: Migration of dendritic cells into the draining lymph nodes of the lung after intratracheal instillation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 9, 484-488 (1993)
168. F. Geissmann, P. Revy, A. Regnault, Y. Lepelletier, M. Dy, N. Brousse, S. Amigorena, O. Hermine & A. Durandy: TGF-beta 1 prevents the noncognate maturation of human dendritic Langerhans cells. J Immunol 162, 4567-4575 (1999)
169. L. Faulkner, G. Buchan & M. Baird: Interleukin-10 does not affect phagocytosis of paniculate antigen by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells but does impair antigen presentation. Immunology 99, 523-531 (2000)
170. K. Steinbrink, M. Wolfl, H. Jonuleit, J. Knop & A. H. Enk: Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells. J Immunol 159, 4772-4780 (1997)