Neurobiological weapons

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 599-621

  Osterbauer, Peter J ^a   Dobbs, Michael R ^a,b  

^a WILFORD HALL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ANATOXIN A; ANTHRAX TOXIN; ANTHRAX VACCINE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTITOXIN; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BOTULINUM ANTISERUM; BOTULINUM TOXIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; DOXYCYCLINE; GENTAMICIN; GUANIDINE; MACROLIDE; MYCOTOXIN; PHYSOSTIGMINE; PRALIDOXIME; Q FEVER VACCINE; RICIN; RIFAMPICIN; SAXITOXIN; SMALLPOX VACCINE; STREPTOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TETRODOTOXIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS VACCINE;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTHRAX; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; BOTULISM; DROWSINESS; EPIDEMIC; FEVER; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; INTOXICATION; MENINGISM; NONHUMAN; PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION; POSTVACCINAL ENCEPHALITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; Q FEVER; REVIEW; SKIN DECONTAMINATION; SMALLPOX; SPASTIC PARESIS; STOMACH LAVAGE; TULAREMIA; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS; VIRUS INFECTION; VOMITING; WATER CONTAMINATION;

EID: 14744300743     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2004.12.015     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. G.W. Christopher, T.J. Cieslak, and J.A. Pavlin Biological warfare: a historical perspective JAMA 278 1997 412 417
2. M.K. Jacobs The history of biological warfare and terrorism Dermatol Clin 22 2004 231 246
3. M.E. Lesho, M.D. Dorsey, and D. Bunner Feces, dead horses, and fleas: evolution of the hostile use of biological agents West J Med 168 1998 512 516
4. J. Ongradi Microbial warfare and bioterrorism Orv Hetil 143 2002 1935 1939
5. M. Wheelis Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa Emerg Infect Dis 8 2002 971 975
6. D.L. Blazes, J.V. Lawler, and A.A. Lazarus When biotoxins are tools of terror: early recognition of intentional poisoning can attenuate effects Postgrad Med 112 2002 89 92 95-6,98
7. J.D. Simon Biological terrorism: preparing to meet the threat JAMA 278 1997 428 430
8. R.A. Ziliniskas Iraq's biological weapons: the past as future? JAMA 278 1997 418 425
9. M.J. Daly The emerging impact of genomics on the development of biological weapons: threats and benefits posed by engineered extremophiles Clin Lab Med 21 2001 619 629
10. S. Whitby, P. Millett, and M. Dando The potential for abuse of genetics in militarily significant biological weapons Med Confl Surviv 18 2002 157 160
11. D.R. Franz, P.B. Jahrling, and A.M. Friedlander Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents JAMA 278 1997 399 411
12. R.M. Atlas The medical threat of biological weapons Crit Rev Microbiol 24 1998 157 168
13. K.I. Berns, R.M. Atlas, and G. Cassell Preventing the misuse of microorganisms: the role of the American Society of Microbiology in protecting against biological weapons Crit Rev Microbiol 24 1998 273 280
14. Recognition of illness associated with the intentional release of a biologic agent MMWR 50 2001 893 897
15. J.A. Tjaden, A.A. Lazarus, and G.J. Martin Bacteria as agents of biowarfare: how to proceed when the worst is expected Postgrad Med 112 2002 57 60
16. J.K. Horn Bacterial agents used for bioterrorism Surg Infect 4 2003 281 287
17. A.S. Khan, D.L. Swerdlow, and D.D. Juranek Precautions against biological and chemical terrorism directed at food and water supplies Public Health Rep 116 2001 3 14
18. W.D. Burrows, and S.E. Renner Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water Environ Health Perspect 107 1999 975 984
19. T.J. Cieslak, G.W. Christopher, and M.G. Kortepeter Immunization against potential biological warfare agents Clin Infect Dis 30 2000 843 850
20. R.A. Greenfield, and M.S. Bronze Current therapy and the development of therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases due to bacterial agents of potential biowarfare and bioterrorism Curr Opin Investig Drugs 5 2004 135 140
21. M. Hassani, M.C. Patel, and L.A. Pirofski Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by potential bioweapons Clin Immunol 111 2004 1 15
22. A. Casadevall Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons Emerg Infect Dis 8 2002 833 841
23. B.M. Paddle Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biotoxins J Appl Toxicol 23 2003 139 170
24. V.A. Fischetti Novel method to control pathogenic bacteria on human mucous membranes Ann N Y Acad Sci 987 2003 207 214
25. C.O. Martin, and H.P. Adams Neurological aspects of biological and chemical terrorism: a review for neurologists Arch Neurol 60 2003 21 25
26. S.S. Arnon, R. Schechter, and T.V. Inglesby Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management JAMA 285 2001 1059 1071
27. M.D. Gill Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts Microbiol Rev 46 1982 86 94
28. Learning about bioterrorism and chemical warfare: medical students explore key threats West J Med 176 2002 58 60
29. R.F. Robinson, and M.C. Nahata Management of botulism Ann Pharmacother 37 2003 127 131
30. R.A. Greenfield, B.R. Brown, and J.B. Hutchins Microbiological, biological, and chemical weapons of warfare and terrorism Am J Med Sci 323 2002 326 340
31. T.J. Cieslak, T.B. Talbot, and B.H. Harstein Biological warfare and the skin I: bacteria and toxins Clin Dermatol 5 2002 138 141
32. R.J. Leggiadro The threat of biological terrorism: a public health and infection control reality Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21 2000 53 57
33. B. Robinson-Dunn The microbiology laboratory's role in response to bioterrorism Arch Pathol Lab Med 126 2002 291 294
34. A.M. Burda, and T. Sigg Pharmacy preparedness for incidents involving weapons of mass destruction Am J Health Syst Pharm 43 2001 87 89
35. D.H. Ellison Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents 2000 CRC Press Boca Raton (FL)
36. Drugs and vaccines for biological weapons Med Lett Drugs Ther 46 2001 25 34
37. M. Puggiari, and M. Cherington Botulism and guanidine: ten years later JAMA 240 1978 2276 2277
38. J.E. Kaplan, L.E. Davis, and V. Narayan Botulism type A and treatment with guanidine Ann Neurol 6 1979 69 71
39. G.A. Faich, R.W. Graebner, and S. Sato Failure of guanidine therapy in botulism A N Engl J Med 285 1971 773 776
40. P. Roblot, F. Roblot, and J.L. Fauchere Retrospective study of botulism in Poitiers, France J Med Microbiol 40 6 1994 379 384
41. A. Paredes, K. Alwell-Warda, and S.C. Weaver Structure of isolated nucelocapsids from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and implications for assembly and disassembly of enveloped virus J Virol 77 2003 659 664
42. K.E. Steele, K.J. Davis, and K. Stephan Comparative neurovirulence and tissue tropism of wild-type and attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus administered by aerosol in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice Vet Pathol 35 1998 386 397
43. M.S. Bronze, M.M. Huycke, and L.J. Machado Viral agents as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism Am J Med Sci 323 2002 316 325
44. R.A. Lukaszewski, and T.J. Brooks Pegylated alpha interferon is an effective treatment for virulent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and has profound effects on the host immune response to infection J Virol 74 2000 5006 5015
45. K.A. Wenner, and J.R. Kenner Anthrax Dermatol Clin 22 2004 247 256
46. J. Zajkowska, and T. Hermanowska-Szpakowicz Anthrax as a biological warfare weapon Med Pr 53 2002 167 172
47. R. Schuch, D. Nelson, and V.A. Fischetti A bacteriologic agent that detects and kills Bacillus anthracis Nature 418 2002 884 889
48. R.M. Atlas Responding to the threat of bioterrorism: a microbial ecology perspective - the case of anthrax Int Microbiol 5 2002 161 167
49. G. Sternbach The history of anthrax J Emerg Med 24 2003 463 467
50. J.G. Bartlett, T.V. Inglesby Jr., and L. Borio Management of anthrax Clin Infect Dis 35 2002 851 858
51. M. Whitby, T.A. Ruff, and A.C. Street Biological agents as weapons 2: anthrax and plague Med J Aust 176 2002 605 608
52. M.C. Erickson, and J.L. Kornacki Bacillus anthracis: current knowledge in relation to contamination of food J Food Prot 66 2003 691 699
53. D.N. Gilbert, R.C. Moellering Jr., and M.A. Sande The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 33rd edition 2003 Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc Hyde Park (NY) 46
54. D.A. Henderson, T.V. Inglesby, and J.G. Bartlett Smallpox as a biological weapon: clinical and public health management JAMA 281 1999 2127 2137
55. N.J. Beeching, D.A. Dance, and A.R. Miller Biological warfare and bioterrorism BMJ 324 2002 336 339
56. H. Pennington Smallpox and bioterrorism Bull World Health Organ 81 2003 762 767
57. J.G. Breman, and D.A. Henderson Poxvirus dilemmas - monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism N Engl J Med 339 1998 556 559
58. A.J. Georges Biohazards due to orthopoxvirus: should we re-vaccinate against smallpox? Med Trop 59 4 Pt 2 1999 483 487
59. M.K. Slifka, and J.M. Hanifin Smallpox: the basics Dermatol Clin 22 2004 263 274
60. M. Eichner, and K. Dietz Transmission potential of smallpox: estimates based on detailed data from an outbreak Am J Epidemiol 158 2003 110 117
61. R.J. Whitley Smallpox: a potential agent of bioterrorism Antiviral Res 57 2003 7 12
62. R.B. Aronstam, and B. Witkop Anatoxin-a interactions with cholinergic synaptic molecules Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 1981 4639 4643
63. Fact Sheets on Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. CBWInfo.com, Ver 2.1. September 2002. Available at: http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Toxins/ AnatoxinA.html. Accessed September 4, 2004.
64. R.A. Etzel Mycotoxins JAMA 287 2002 425 427
65. W.B. Henghold Other biologic toxin bioweapons: ricin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and tricothecene mycotoxins Dermatol Clin 22 2004 257 262
66. K. Oda, K. Araki, T. Totoki, and H. Shibasaki Nerve conduction study of human tetrodotoxication Neurology 39 1989 743 745
67. Benzor T. Toxicity, tetrodotoxin; August 5, 2004. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic576.htm#section~bibliography. Accessed September 25, 2004.
68. Edwards N. Saxitoxin: from food poisoning to chemical warfare. Availableat The Chemical Laboratories; School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science; University of Sussex at Brighton Website; 1998: http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/stx/saxi.htm. Accessed September 4, 2004.
69. S. Gallacher, K.J. Flynn, and J.M. Franco Evidence for production of paralytic shellfish toxins by bacteria associated with Alexandrium spp. (Dinophyta) in culture Appl Environ Microbiol 63 1997 239 245
70. T. Narahashi Chemicals as tools in the study of excitable membranes Physiol Rev 54 1974 813 889
71. G. Strichartz Structural determinants of the affinity of saxitoxin for neuronal sodium channels J Gen Phys 84 1984 281 305
72. H.S. Cheng, S.O. Chua, and J.S. Hung Creatine kinase MB elevation in paralytic shellfish poisoning Chest 99 1991 1032 1033
73. B. Hunter Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a growing problem Consumer's Research Magazine 75 1992 8 9
74. M. Rosenbloom, J.B. Leikin, and S.N. Vogel Biological and chemical agents: a brief synopsis Am J Ther 9 2002 5 14
75. G. Dupuis, J. Petite, and P. Olivier An important outbreak of human Q fever in a Swiss alpine valley Int J Epidemiol 16 1987 282 287
76. D.N. Gilbert, R.C. Moellering Jr., and M.A. Sande The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy 33rd edition 2003 Antimicrobial Therapy Hyde Park (NY) 48
77. D.T. Dennis, T.V. Inglesby, and D.A. Henderson Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management JAMA 285 2001 2763 2773