Current therapy and the development of therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases due to bacterial agents of potential biowarfare and bioterrorism

Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 135-140

  Greenfield, Ronald A ^a   Bronze, Michael S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthrax; Bioterrorism; Brucellosis; Plague; Q fever; Tularemia; Typhus

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANIMAL; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; BIOTERRORISM; HUMANS;

EID: 3042725535     PISSN: 14724472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Rotz LD, Khan AS, Lillibridge SR, Ostroff SM, Hughes JM: Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg Infect Dis (2002) 8(2):225-230.
2. Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Friedlander AM, Gerberding JL, Hauer J, Hughes JM, McDade J, Working Group on Civilian Biodefense: Anthrax as a biological weapon. Updated recommendations for management. In: Bioterrorism. Guidelines for Medical and Public Health Management. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, O'Toole T (Eds), American Medical Association Press, Chicago, IL, USA (2002):63-97.
3. Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, Omenaca C, Topiel MS, Galbraith M, Tapper M, Fisk TL, Zaki S, Popovic T, Meyer RF et al: Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: The first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis (2001) 7(6):933-944.
4. Mohammed MJ, Marston CK, Popovic T, Weyant RS, Tenover FC: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacillus anthracis: Comparison of results obtained by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution reference and Etest agar gradient diffusion methods. J Clin Microbiol (2002) 40(6):1902-1907.
5. Bryskier A: Bacillus anthracis and antibacterial agents. Clin Microbiol Infect (2002) 8(8):467-478.
6. Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS: Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis (2002) 8(2):222-225.
7. Alibek K, Handelman S: Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from the Inside By The Man Who Ran It. Random House Inc, New York, NY, USA (1999).
8. Choe CH, Bouhaouala SS, Brook I, Elliott TB, Knudson GB: In vitro development of resistance to ofloxacin and doxycycline in Bacillus anthracis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (2000) 44(6):1766.
9. Bartlett JG, Inglesby TV Jr, Borio L: Management of anthrax. Clin Infect Dis (2002) 35(7):851-858.
10. Steigbigel NH: Macrolides and clindamycin. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, (Eds), Churchill Livingston, New York, NY, USA (2000):366-382.
11. Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hanna PC: Anthrax. N Eng J Med (1999) 341(11):815-826.
12. Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Pitt ML, Ezzell JW, Worsham PL, Rose KJ, Ivins BE, Lowe JR, Howe GB, Mikesell P: Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax. J Infect Dis (1993) 167(5):1239-1243.
13. Institute of Medicine Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf War: An assessment of the safety of the anthrax vaccine. A letter report. In The Anthrax Vaccine: Is it Safe? Does it Work? Joellenbeck LM, Zwanziger LL, Durch JS, Strom BL (Eds) National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA (2000):253-266.
14. Shlyakhov EN, Rubinstein E: Human live anthrax vaccine in the former USSR. Vaccine (1994) 12(8):727-730.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States. MMWR (2000) 49(RR-15):1-20.
16. Friedlander AM, Pittman PR, Parker GW: Anthrax vaccine: Evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. J Am Med Assoc (1999) 282(22):2104-2106.
17. Brachman PS, Gold H, Plotkin SA, Fekety FR, Werrin M, Ingraham NR: Field evaluation of a human anthrax vaccine. Am J Public Health (1962) 52:632-645.
18. Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Ivins BE: Anthrax vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol (2002) 271:33-60.
19. Guillemin J: Anthrax: The investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA (1999).
20. Henderson DW, Peacock S, Belton FC: Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey. J Hyg (1956) 54:28-36.
21. Jefferds MD, Laserson K, Fry AM, Roy S, Hayslett J, Grummer-Strawn L, Kettel-Khan L, Schuchat A, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Anthrax Adherence Team: Adherence to antimicrobial inhalational anthrax prophylaxis among postal workers, Washington, DC, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis (2002) 8(10):1138-1144.
22. Shepard CW, Soriano-Gabarro M, Zell ER, Hayslett J, Lukacs S, Goldstein S, Factor S, Jones J, Ridzon R, Williams I, Rosenstein N, The CDC Adverse Events Working Group: Antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis for anthrax: Adverse events and adherence. Emerg Infect Dis (2002) 8(10):1124-1132.
23. Brookmeyer R, Blades N: Prevention of inhalation anthrax in the US outbreak. Science (2002) 295(5561):1861.
24. Tsai AC, Lurie P, Sehgal AR: An outbreak of web sites selling ciprofloxacin following an outbreak of anthrax by mail. Am J Med (2002) 113(5):424-427.
25. Casadevall A: Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerg Infect Dis (2002) 8(8):833-841.
26. Lucchesi PF, Gildersleeve N: The treatment of anthrax. J Am Med Assoc (1941) 14:1506-1508.
27. Beedham RJ, Turnbull PC, Williamson ED: Passive transfer of protection against Bacillus anthracis infection in a murine model. Vaccine (2001) 19(31):4409-4416.
28. Little SF, Ivins BE, Fellows PF, Friedlander AM: Passive protection by polyclonal antibodies against Bacillus anthracis infection in guinea pigs. Infect Immun (1997) 65(12):5171-5175.
29. Kobiler D, Gozes Y, Rosenberg H, Marcus D, Reuveny S, Altboum Z: Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization. Infect Immun (2002) 70(2):544-560.
30. Mourez M, Kane RS, Mogridge J, Metallo S, Deschatelets P, Sellman BR, Whitesides GM, Collier RJ: Designing a polyvalent inhibitor of anthrax toxin. Nat Biotechnol (2001) 19(10):958-961.
31. Maynard JA, Maassen CBM, Leppla SH, Braskey K, Patterson JL, Iverson BL, Georgiou G: Protection against anthrax toxin by recombinant antibody fragments correlates with antigen affinity. Nat Biotechnol (2002) 20(6):597-601.
32. Flick-Smith HC, Eyles JE, Hebdon R, Waters EL, Beedham RJ, Stagg TJ, Miller J, Alpar HO, Baillie LWJ, Williamson ED: Mucosal or parenteral administration of microsphere-associated Bacillus anthracis protective antigen protects against anthrax infection in mice. Infect Immun (2002) 70(4):2022-2028.
33. Sellman BR, Mourez M, Collier RJ: Dominant-negative mutants of a toxin subunit: An approach to therapy of anthrax. Science (2001) 292(5517):695-697.
34. Singh Y, Khanna H, Chopra AP, Mehra V: A dominant negative mutant of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen inhibits anthrax toxin action in vivo. J Biol Chem (2001) 276(25):22090-22094.
35. Schuch R, Nelson D, Fischetti VA: A bacteriolytic agent that detects and kills Bacillus anthracis. Nature (2002) 418(6900):884-889.
36. Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Fine AD, Friedlander AM, Hauer J, Koerner JF, Layton M et al: Plague as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. J Am Med Assoc (2000) 283(17):2281-2290.
37. Smith MD, Vinh DX, Hoa NTT, Wain J, Thung D, White NJ: In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains of Yersinia pestis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1995) 39(9):2153-2145.
38. Byrne WR, Welkos SL, Pitt ML, Davis KJ, Brueckner RP, Ezzell JW, Nelson GO, Vaccaro JR, Battersby LC, Friedlander AM: Antibiotic treatment of experimental pneumonic plague in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1998) 42(3):675-681.
39. Crook LD, Tempest B: Plague. A clinical review of 27 cases. Arch Intern Med (1992) 152(6):1253-1256.
40. World Health Organization Expert Committee on Plague: Third Report on Plague. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (1970).
41. Galimand M, Guiyoule A, Gerbaud G, Rasoamanana B, Chanteau S, Carniel E, Courvalin P: Multidrug resistance in Yersinia pestis mediated by a transferable plasmid. N Eng J Med (1997) 337(10):677-680.
42. Williamson ED, Vesey PM, Gillhespy KJ, Eley SM, Titball RW: An IgG1 titre to the F1 and V antigens correlates with protection against plague in the mouse model. Clin Exp Immunol (1999) 116(1):107-114.
43. Green M, Rogers D, Russell P, Stagg AJ, Bell DL, Eley SM, Titball RW, Williamson ED: The SCID/Beige mouse as a model to investigate protection against Yersinia pestis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol (1999) 23(2):107-113.
44. Williamson ED, Eley SM, Stagg AJ, Green M, Russell P, Titball RW: A single dose subunit vaccine protects against pneumonic plague. Vaccine (2000) 19(4-5):566-571.
45. Williamson ED: Plague vaccine research and development. J Appl Microbiol (2001) 91(4):606-608.
46. Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E Jr, Fine AD, Friedlander AM, Hauer J, Layton M, Lillibridge SR et al: Tularemia as a biological weapon. In: Bioterrorism. Guidelines for Medical and Public Health Management. Henderson DA, Inglesby T, O'Toole T (Eds), American Medical Association Press Chicago, IL, USA (2002):167-189.
47. Enderlin G, Morales L, Jacobs RF, Cross TJ: Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: Review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis (1994) 19(1):42-47.
48. Ellis J, Oyston PCF, Green M, Titball RW: Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev (2002) 15(4):631-646.
49. Russell P, Eley SM, Fulop MJ, Bell DL, Titball RW: The efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental tularaemia. J Antimicrob Chemother (1998) 41(4):461-465.
50. Limaye AP, Hooper CJ: Treatment of tularemia with fluoroquinolones: Two cases and review. Clin Infect Dis (1999) 29(4):922-924.
51. Chocarro A, Gonzalez A, Garcia I: Treatment of tularemia with ciprofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis (2000) 31(2):623.
52. Sawyer WD, Dangerfield HG, Hogge AL, Crozier D: Antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy of airborne tularemia. Bacteriol Rev (1966) 30:542-550.
53. Dreisbach VC, Cowley S, Elkins KL: Purified lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) induces protective immunity against LVS infection that requires B-cells and γ-interferon. Infect Immun (2000) 68(4):1988-1996.
54. Surcel HM, Sarvas M, Helander IM, Herva E: Membrane proteins of Francisella tularensis LVS differ in ability to induce proliferation of lymphocytes from tularemia-vaccinated individuals. Microb Pathog (1989) 7(6):411-419.
55. Fulop M, Manchee R, Titball R: Role of two outer membrane antigens in the induction of protective immunity against Francisella tularensis strains of different virulence. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol (1996) 13(3):245-247.
56. Fulop M, Mastroeni P, Green M, Titball RW: Role of antibody to lipopolysaccharide in protection against low- and high-virulence strains of Francisella tularensis. Vaccine (2001) 19(31):4465-4472.
57. Arnon SS, Schecter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E Jr, Fine AD, Hauer J, Layton M, Lillibridge S et al: Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. In: Bioterrorism. Guidelines for Medical and Public Health Management. Henderson DA, Inglesby T, O'Toole T (Eds), American Medical Association Press, Chicago, IL, USA (2002):141-165.
58. Black RE, Gunn RA: Hypersensitivity reactions associated with botulinal antitoxin. Am J Med (1980) 69(4):567-570.
59. 2 heptavalent botulism immune globulin of equine origin during an outbreak of type E botulism in Egypt. Clin Infect Dis (1996) 23(2):337-340.
60. Siegel LS: Human immune response to botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid determined by a neutralization test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol (1988) 26(11):2351-2356.
61. Byrne MP, Smith LA: Development of vaccines for prevention of botulism. Biochimie (2000) 82(9-10):955-966.
62. Wu H-C, Yeh C-T, Huang Y-L, Tarn L-J, Lung C-C: Characterization of neutralizing antibodies and identification of neutralizing epitope mimics on the Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A. Appl Environ Microbiol (2001) 67(7):3201-3207.
63. Nowakowski A, Wang C, Powers DB, Amersdorfer P, Smith TJ, Mongomery VA, Sheridan R, Blake R, Smith LA, Marks JD: Potent neutralization of botulinum neurotoxin by recombinant oligoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2002) 99(17):11346-11350.
64. Institute of Medicine: Chemical and Biological Terrorism. Research and Development to Improve Civilian Medical Response. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA (1999).