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Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 37-44

Mechanisms of glial development

Author keywords

2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphosdiesterase; Basic helix loop helix; BHLH; BMP; Bone morphogen protein; CNP; ERM; Family of proteins composed of Ezrin, Radixin and Moesin; GDNF; Glial derived neurotrophic factor; HA; Histone deacetylase; NCAM

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; EZRIN; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; INTEGRIN; LAMININ; MOESIN; NERVE CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; RADIXIN;

EID: 1342285545     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.01.009     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (28)

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    • Extracellular matrix molecules of the laminin family are required for normal myelination, as demonstrated by dysmyelination in mice and humans lacking the laminin-α2 subunit found in laminin-2 (merosin), -4 and -12. To identify the receptors involved, this paper uses a conditional knockout strategy to remove β1 integrin from differentiating Schwann cells (so overcoming the early embryonic lethality of the β1 knockout mouse) and shows a necessary role for β1 integrins in Schwann cell process formation and axon sorting, during myelination. Surprisingly, some cells do myelinate normally and no effects are seen on cell proliferation and survival, although this might reflect the late stage at which the β1 gene was excised when using the P0 promotor to drive cre recombinase expression. The results, therefore, clearly demonstrate a necessary role for β1 integrins (which contain several laminin receptors) in PNS myelination.
    • Feltri M.L., Graus Porta D., Previtali S.C., Nodari A., Migliavacca B., Cassetti A., Littlewood-Evans A., Reichardt L.F., Messing A., Quattrini A., et al. Conditional disruption of beta 1 integrin in Schwann cells impedes interactions with axons. J Cell Biol. 156:2002;199-209 Extracellular matrix molecules of the laminin family are required for normal myelination, as demonstrated by dysmyelination in mice and humans lacking the laminin-α2 subunit found in laminin-2 (merosin), -4 and -12. To identify the receptors involved, this paper uses a conditional knockout strategy to remove β1 integrin from differentiating Schwann cells (so overcoming the early embryonic lethality of the β1 knockout mouse) and shows a necessary role for β1 integrins in Schwann cell process formation and axon sorting, during myelination. Surprisingly, some cells do myelinate normally and no effects are seen on cell proliferation and survival, although this might reflect the late stage at which the β1 gene was excised when using the P0 promotor to drive cre recombinase expression. The results, therefore, clearly demonstrate a necessary role for β1 integrins (which contain several laminin receptors) in PNS myelination.
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    • This paper examines the role of α6β1 integrin laminin receptors in CNS myelination. The authors confirm previous reports of axon-associated laminin alpha2 expression and then use α6 integrin knockout mice to show increased oligodendrocyte cell death and reduced differentiation when oligodendrocyte interaction with this laminin is perturbed by the loss of the integrin receptor. Potential mechanisms, dependent on integrin-growth factor interactions, are revealed by the amplification of PDGF survival signaling and the switching of neuregulin survival signaling from a PI3K pathway that inhibits differentiation to a MAPK pathway that promotes differentiation. In this way, the integrin mediates a classic target-dependent survival mechanism for the regulation of oligodendrocyte numbers and also provides a mechanism for the spatial regulation of growth factor signaling that ensures that differentiation only occurs in the appropriate context of axonal contact.
    • Colognato H., Baron W., Avellana-Adalid V., Relvas J.B., Baron-Van Evercooren A., Georges-Labouesse E., ffrench-Constant C. CNS integrins switch growth factor signalling to promote target-dependent survival. Nat Cell Biol. 4:2002;833-841 This paper examines the role of α6β1 integrin laminin receptors in CNS myelination. The authors confirm previous reports of axon-associated laminin alpha2 expression and then use α6 integrin knockout mice to show increased oligodendrocyte cell death and reduced differentiation when oligodendrocyte interaction with this laminin is perturbed by the loss of the integrin receptor. Potential mechanisms, dependent on integrin-growth factor interactions, are revealed by the amplification of PDGF survival signaling and the switching of neuregulin survival signaling from a PI3K pathway that inhibits differentiation to a MAPK pathway that promotes differentiation. In this way, the integrin mediates a classic target-dependent survival mechanism for the regulation of oligodendrocyte numbers and also provides a mechanism for the spatial regulation of growth factor signaling that ensures that differentiation only occurs in the appropriate context of axonal contact.
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    • Paratcha G., Ledda F., Ibanez C.F. The neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM is an alternative signaling receptor for GDNF family ligands. Cell. 113:2003;867-879 A traditional view of the cell-surface molecule NCAM is that it is an adhesion molecule that is involved in close-range cell-cell interactions via a homophilic binding mechanism. Here, the authors show that one NCAM isoform, NCAM140, binds the neurotrophic factor GDNF and initiates downstream signaling in association with the GDNF family receptor GFR1α. This results in decreased homophilic NCAM-mediated adhesion, increased cell migration and enhanced axon outgrowth in cell culture. Mice lacking the GFR1α show a similar migration-defective phenotype to the NCAM knockout in the rostral migratory stream, consistent with a role for a GDNF/GFR1α/NCAM interaction in this migration. This paper, therefore, provides an illustration of how cell-surface adhesion receptors can have a wider role in the integration of both short- and long-range cues in the regulation of cell behavior.
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    • Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination
    • Mice that lack CNP, an enzyme that is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes, show marked axonal degeneration but no abnormalities of myelin sheath development and structure. This gives a clear example of how the glial cell provides essential trophic support for the axon, independently of the integrity of the myelin sheath. It is of particular relevance to multiple sclerosis, where the chronic progressive nature of the disease is thought to result from axonal degeneration that is secondary to long-term demyelination and the failure of remyelination.
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.