Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer

Modern Pathology

Volumn 18, Issue , 2005, Pages 19-32

  Bell, Debra A ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Histogenesis; Molecular pathology; Ovarian borderline tumors; Ovarian cancer

Indexed keywords

B RAF KINASE; BETA CATENIN; BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; K RAS PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN P53; RAF PROTEIN; RAS PROTEIN;

ADENOMA; BRAF GENE; CANCER GRADING; CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA; CONFERENCE PAPER; CTNNB1 GENE; CYSTADENOMA; ENDOMETRIOID CARCINOMA; ENDOMETRIOSIS; EPITHELIUM TUMOR; GENE; GENE MUTATION; HISTOGENESIS; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MORPHOLOGY; MUCINOUS CARCINOMA; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE K RAS; OVARIAN BORDERLINE TUMOR; OVARY CANCER; OVARY CARCINOMA; OVARY TUMOR; PATHOLOGY; PRECANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PTEN GENE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; FEMALE; HUMANS; MUTATION; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 13244256870     PISSN: 08933952     EISSN: 15300285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800306     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Scully RE, Young RH, Clement PB. Tumors of the ovary, maldeveloped gonads, fallopian tube, and broad ligament. In: Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 3rd series; fascicle 23. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Washington, DC, 1998.
2. Lee KR, Tavassoli FA, Prat J, et al. Surface epithelial stromal tumors. In: Tavassoli FA, Devilee P (eds). Pathology and Genetics: Tumours of the Breast and Genital Organs. IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2003, pp 117-145.
3. Gillett WR. Artefactual loss of human ovarian surface epithelium: potential clinical significance. Reprod Fertil Dev 1991;3:93-98.
4. Sherman ME, Lee JS, Burks TR, et al. Histopathologic features of ovaries at increased risk for carcinoma. A case controlled analysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18:151-157.
5. Gusberg SB, Deligdisch L. Ovarian dysplasia. A study of identical twins. Cancer 1984;54:1-4.
6. Bell DA, Scully RE. Early de novo ovarian carcinoma. A study of fourteen cases. Cancer 1994;73: 1859-1864.
7. Graham JB, Graham RM. Cul-de-sac puncture in the diagnosis of early ovarian carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1967;74:371-378.
8. Graham JB, Graham RM, Schueller EF. Preclinical detection of ovarian cancer. Cancer 1964;17:1414-1432.
9. Graham RM, Schueller EF, Graham JB. Detection of ovarian cancer at an early stage. Obstet Gynecol 1965;26:151-156.
10. Hutson R, Ramsdale J, Wells M. p53 protein expression in putative precursor lesions of epithelial ovarian cancer. Histopathology 1995;27:367-371.
11. Werness BA, Parvatiyar P, Ramus SJ, et al. Ovarian carcinoma in situ with germline BRCA1 mutation and loss of heterozygosity at BRCA1 and TP53. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:1088-1091.
12. Gil J, Deligdisch L. Interactive morphometric procedures and statistical analysis in the diagnosis of ovarian dysplasia and carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 1989;185:680-685.
13. Tsukahara Y, Shiozawa I, Sakai Y, et al. Study on the histogenesis of ovarian tumors with special reference to five clinical cases with common epithelial tumors detected during the preclinical stage. Acta Obst Gynaec Jpn 1982;34:959-965.
14. Plaxe SC, Deligdisch L, Dottino PR, et al. Ovarian intraepithelial neoplasia demonstrated in patients with Stage I ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:367-372.
15. Werness BA, Afify AM, Bielat KL, et al. Altered surface and cyst epithelium of ovaries removed prophylactically from women with a family history of ovarian cancer. Hum Pathol 1999;30:151-157.
16. Salazar H, Godwin AK, Daly MB, et al. Microscopic benign and invasive malignant neoplasms and a cancer-prone phenotype in prophylactic oophorectomies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1810-1820.
17. Stratton JF, Buckley CH, Lowe D, et al. Comparison of prophylactic oophorectomy specimens from carriers and noncarriers of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:626-628.
18. Barakat RR, Federici MG, Saigo PE, et al. Absence of premalignant histologic, molecular, or cell biologic alterations in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens from BRCA1 heterozygotes. Cancer 2000;89:383-390.
19. Tresserra F, Grases PJ, Labastida R, et al. Histological features of the contralateral ovary in patients with unilateral ovarian cancer: a case control study. Gynecol Oncol 1998;71:437-441.
20. Westhoff C, Murphy P, Heller D, et al. Is ovarian cancer associated with an increased frequency of germinal inclusion cysts? Am J Epidemiol 1993;138: 90-93.
21. Resta L, Russo S, Colucci GA, et al. Morphologic precursors of ovarian epithelial tumors. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:181-186.
22. Deligdisch L, Gil J, Kerner H, et al. Ovarian dysplasia in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens: cytogenetic and morphometric correlations. Cancer 1999;86: 1544-1550.
23. Fraumeni JFJ, Grundy GW, Creagan ET, et al. Six families prone to ovarian cancer. Cancer 1975;36: 364-369.
24. Piek JMJ, Verheijen RHM, Menko FH. Expression of differentiation and proliferation related proteins in epithelium of prophylactically removed ovaries from women with a hereditary female adnexal cancer predisposition. Histopathology 2003;43:26-32.
25. Mittal KR, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Cooper JL. Contralateral ovary in unilateral ovarian carcinoma: a search for preneoplastic lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993;12:59-63.
26. Scully RE. Minimal cancer of the ovary. Clin Oncol 1982;1:379-387.
27. Chen KT, Schooley JL, Flam MM. Peritoneal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in familial ovarian cancer syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66: 93S-95S.
28. Lu KH, Garber JE, Cramer DW, et al. Occult ovarian tumors in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2728-2732.
29. Colgan TJ, Murphy J, Cole DE, et al. Occult carcinoma in prophylactic oophorectomy specimens: prevalence and association with BRCA germline mutation status. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1283-1289.
30. Colgan TJ. Challenges in the early diagnosis and staging of fallopian-tube carcinomas associated with BRCA mutations. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2003;22: 109-120.
31. Agoff SN, Mendelin JE, Grieco VS, et al. Unexpected gynecologic neoplasms in patients with proven or suspected BRCA-1 or-2 mutations: implications for gross examination, cytology, and clinical follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:171-178.
32. Paley PJ, Swisher EM, Garcia RL. Occult cancer of the fallopian tube in BRCA-1 germline mutation carriers at prophylactic oophorectomy: a case for recommending hysterectomy at surgical prophylaxis. Gynecol Oncol 2001;83:445-447.
33. Piek JM, Van Diest PJ, Kweemer RP, et al. Dysplastic changes in prophylactically removed fallopian tubes of women predisposed to developing ovarian cancer. J Pathol 2001;195:451-456.
34. Carcangiu ML, Radice P, Manoukian S, et al. Atypical epithelial proliferation in fallopian tubes in prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy specimens from BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation carriers. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2003;23:35-40.
35. Piek JMJ, Dorsman JC, Zweemer RP, et al. Women harboring BRCA1/2 germline mutations are at risk for breast and female adnexal carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2003;22:315-316.
36. Balkwill F, Bast RC, Berek J, et al. Current research and treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer a position paper from the Helene Harris Memorial Trust. Eur J Cancer 2003;39:1818-1827.
37. Pothuri B, Leitao M, Barakat R, et al. Genetic analysis of ovarian carcinoma histogenesis. Gynecol Oncol 2001;80:277.
38. Nnene IO, Nieto JJ, Crow JC, et al. Cell cycle and apoptotic proteins in relation to ovarian epithelial morphology. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:247-251.
39. Kupryjanczyk J, Bell DA, Yandell DW, et al. P53 expression in ovarian borderline tumors and stage I carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;102:671-676.
40. Teneriello MG, Ebinba M, Linnoila RI, et al. p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations in epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Cancer Res 1993;53:3103-3108.
41. Wertheim I, Muto MG, Welch WR, et al. P53 gene mutation in human borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1549-1551.
42. Jacobs I, Lancaster J. The molecular genetics of sporadic and familial epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1996;6:337-355.
43. Singer G, Oldt III R, Cohen Y, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS characterize the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. J Nat Cancer Inst 2003;95:484-486.
44. Kohler MF, Kerns BM, Humphrey PA, et al. Mutation and over expression of p53 in early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81: 643-650.
45. Chan WY, Cheung KK, Schorge JO, et al. Bc1-2 and p53 protein expression, apoptosis, and p53 mutation in human epithelial ovarian cancers. Am J Pathol 2000;156:409-417.
46. Haas CJ, Diebold J, Hirschmann A, et al. In serous ovarian neoplasms the frequency of Ki-ras mutations correlates with their malignant potential. Virchows Arch 1999;434:117-120.
47. Caduff R, Svoboda-Newman S, Ferguson A, et al. Comparison of mutations of Ki-Ras and p53 immunoreactivity in borderline and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;23:323-328.
48. Geisler JP, Hatterman-Zogg MA, Rathe JA, et al. Frequency of BRCA1 dysfunction in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:61-67.
49. Hilton JL, Geisler JP, Rathe JA, et al. Inactivation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1396-1406.
50. Shridhar V, Lee J, Pandita A, et al. Genetic analysis of early-versus late-stage ovarian tumors. Cancer Res 2001;61:5895-5904.
51. Bell DA, Scully RE. Ovary In: Henson DE, Albores-Saavedra J (eds). Pathology of Incipient Neoplasia, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, 2001, pp 419-440.
52. Bourne TH, Whitehead MJ, Campbell S, et al. Ultrasound screening for familial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1991;43:92-97.
53. Horiuchi A, Itoh K, Shimizu M, et al. Toward understanding the natural history of ovarian carcinoma development: a clinicopathological approach. Gynecol Oncol 2003;88:309-317.
54. Scully RE, Bell DA, Abu-Jawdeh GM. Update on early ovarian cancer and cancer developing in benign ovarian tumors In: Sharp F, Mason P, Blackett T, Berek J (eds). Ovarian Cancer 3. Chapman & Hall Medical: New York, 1995, pp 139-144.
55. Puls LE, Powell DE, DePriest PD, et al. Transition from benign to malignant epithelium in mucinous and serous ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1992;47:53-57.
56. Penson RT, Sahani D, Bell DA. A 52-year-old woman with postmenopausal bleeding and a cystic ovarian mass. N Engl J Med, in press.
57. Smith Sehdev AE, Sehdev PS, Kurman RJ. Noninvasive and invasive micropapillary (low-grade) serous carcinoma of the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 135 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:725-736.
58. Eichhorn JH, Bell DA, Young RH, et al. Ovarian serous borderline tumors with micropapillary and cribriform patters: a study of 40 cases and comparison with 44 cases without these patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:397-409.
59. Slomovitz BM, Caputo TA, Gretz HF., III, et al. A comparative analysis of 57 serous borderline tumors with and without a noninvasive micropapillary component. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:592-600.
60. Burks RT, Sherman ME, Kurman RJ. Micropapillary serous carcinoma of the ovary. A distinctive lowgrade carcinoma related to serous borderline tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1319-1330.
61. Seidman JD, Kurman RJ. Subclassification of serous borderline tumors of the ovary into benign and malignant types. A clinicopathologic study of 65 advanced stage cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20: 1331-1345.
62. Marks JR, Davidoff AM, Kerns BJ, et al. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:2979-2984.
63. Kmet LM, Cook LS, Magliocco AM. A review of p53 expression and mutation in human benign, low malignant potential, and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors. Cancer 2003;97:389-404.
64. Berchuck A, Kohler MF, Hopkins MP, et al. Overexpression of p53 is not a feature of benign and earlystage borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 1994;52:232-236.
65. Imai S, Kiyozuka Y, Nishimura H, et al. Overexpression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in human ovarian tumor tissues and its correlation with clinical stage. Int J Oncol 1994;4:1097-1103.
66. Thomas NA, Neville PJ, Baxter SW, et al. Genetic analysis of benign ovarian tumors. Int J Cancer 1996;105:499-505.
67. Zheng J, Benedict WF, Xu H-J, et al. Genetic disparity between morphologically benign cysts contiguous to ovarian carcinomas and solitary cystadenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;87:1146-1153.
68. Wolf NG, Abdul-Karin FW, Schork NJ, et al. Origins of heterogeneous ovarian carcinomas. A molecular cytogenetic analysis of histologically benign, low malignant potential malignant potential, and fully malignant components. Am J Pathol 1996;149: 511-520.
69. Tapper J, Kettunen E, El-Rifai W, et al. Changes in gene expression during progression of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Gene Cytogenet 2001;128:1-6.
70. Matias-Guiu X, Prat J. Molecular pathology of ovarian carcinomas. Virchows Arch 1996;433:103-111.
71. McCluskey LL, Dubeau L. Biology of ovarian cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 1997;9:465-470.
72. Auersperg N, Edelson MI, Mok SC, et al. The biology of ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1998;25:281-304.
73. Singer G, Kurman RJ, Chang HW, et al. Diverse tumorigenic pathways in ovarian serous carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2002;160:1223-1228.
74. Shih IM, Kurman RJ. Ovarian tumorigenesis: a proposed model based on morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Am J Pathol 2004;164:1511-1518.
75. Cuatrecasas M, Villanueva A, Matias-Guiu X, et al. K-ras mutations in mucinous ovarian tumors: a clinicopathologic and molecular study of 95 cases. Cancer 1997;79:1581-1586.
76. Singer G, Oldt III R, Cohen Y, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS characterize the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. JNCI 2003;95: 484-486.
77. Russell SE, McCluggage. A multistep model for ovarian tumorigenesis: the value of mutation analysis in the KRAS and BRAF genes. J Pathol 2004;203: 617-619.
78. Sieben NLG, Macropoulos P, Roemen GMJM, et al. In ovarian neoplasms, BRAF, but not KRAS, mutations are restricted to low-grade serous tumours. J Pathol 2004;202:336-340.
79. Iwabuchi H, Sakamoto M, Sakunaga H, et al. Genetic analysis of benign, low-grade, and high-grade ovarian tumors. Cancer Res 1995;55:6172-6180.
80. Sonoda G, Palazzo J, Du Manoir S, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization detects frequent overrepresentation of chromosomal material from 3q26, 8q24, and 20q13 in human ovarian carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997;20:320-328.
81. Arnold N, Hagele L, Walz L, et al. Overrepresentation of 3q and 8q material and loss of 18q material are recurrent findings in advanced human ovarian cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1996;16:46-54.
82. Kiechle M, Jacobsen A, Schwarz-Boeger U, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization detects genetic imbalances in primary ovarian carcinomas as correlated with grade of differentiation. Cancer 2001;91: 534-540.
83. Lee KR, Scully RE. Mucinous tumors of the ovary: a clinicopathologic study of 196 borderline tumors (of intestinal type) and carcinomas, including an evaluation of 11 cases with ‘pseudomyxoma peritonei’. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:1447-1464.
84. Riopel MA, Ronnett BM, Kurman RJ. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria and behavior of ovarian intestinal-type mucinous tumors: atypical proliferative (borderline) tumors and intraepithelial, microinvasive, invasive, and metastatic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:617-635.
85. Lee KR, Nucci MR. Ovarian mucinous and mixed epithelial carcinomas of Mullerian (endocervicallike) type: a clinicopathologic analysis of four cases of an uncommon variant associated with endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2003;22:42-51.
86. Shappell HW, Riopel MA, Smith Sehdev AE, et al. Diagnostic criteria and behavior of ovarian seromucinous (endocervical-type mucinous and mixed celltype) tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1529-1541.
87. Mandai M, Konishi I, Kuroda H, et al. Heterogeneous distribution of K-ras-mutated epithelia in mucinous ovarian tumors with special reference to histopathology. Hum Pathol 2001;29:34-40.
88. Garrett AP, Lee KR, Colitti CR, et al. K-ras mutation may be an early event in mucinous ovarian tumor igenesis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001;20:244-251.
89. Gemignani ML, Schlaerth AC, Bogomolniy F, et al. Role of KRAS and BRAF gene mutations in mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2003;90:378-381.
90. Brinton LA, Gridley G, Persson I, et al. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:572-579.
91. Borgfeldt C, Andolf E. Cancer risk after hospital discharge diagnosis of benign ovarian cysts and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83: 395-400.
92. Erzen M, Rakar S, Klancnik B, et al. Endometriosisassociated ovarian carcinoma (EAOC): an entity distinct from other ovarian carcinomas as suggested by a nested case-control study. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83:100-108.
93. Modesitt SC, Tortolero-Luna G, Robinson JB, et al. Ovarian and extraovarian endometriosis-associated cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:788-795.
94. Stern RC, Dash R, Bentley RC, et al. Malignancy in endometriosis: frequency and comparison of ovarian and extraovarian types. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001; 20:133-139.
95. Mostoufizadeh M, Scully RE. Malignant tumors arising in endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1980; 23:951-963.
96. Scully RE, Richardson GS, Barlow JF. The development of malignancy in endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1966;9:384-411.
97. Clement PB, Scully RE. Extrauterine mesodermal (müllerian) adenosarcoma. A clinicopathologic analysis of five cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;69:276-283.
98. Clement PB. Pathology of endometriosis. Path Annual 1990;25:245-295.
99. Aure JC, Hoeg K, Kolstad P. Carcinoma of the ovary and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1971; 50:63-67.
100. Curling OM, Hudson CN. Endometrioid tumours of the ovary. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975;82:405-411.
101. Czernobilsky B, Silverman BB, Mikuta JJ. Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer 1970;26: 1141-1152.
102. Fathalla MF. Malignant transformation in ovarian endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Common 1967;74:85-92.
103. Kurman RJ, Craig JM. Endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer 1972;29:1653-1664.
104. Russell P. The pathological assessment of ovarian neoplasms. I. Introduction to the common ‘epithelial’ tumours and analysis of benign ‘epithelial’ tumors. Pathology 1979;11:5-26.
105. McMeekin DS, Burger RA, Manetta A, et al. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary and its relationship to endometriosis. Gynecol Oncol 1995;59:81-86.
106. De Preist PD, Banks ER, Powell DE, et al. Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary and endometriosis: the association in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol 1992;47:71-75.
107. Heaps JM, Nieberg RK, Berek JS. Malignant neoplasms arising in endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:1023-1028.
108. Roth LM, Emerson RE, Ulbright TM. Ovarian endometrioid tumors of low malignant potential: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases with comparison to well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:1253-1259.
109. Rutgers JL, Scully RE. Müllerian mucinous papillary cystadenomas of borderline malignancy: a clinicopathological analysis of 30 cases. Cancer 1988;61: 340-348.
110. Rutgers JL, Scully RE. Ovarian mixed epithelial papillary cystadenoma of borderline malignancy of müllerian type: a clinicopathological analysis of 36 cases. Cancer 1988;61:546-554.
111. Czernobilsky B, Morris WJ. A histologic study of ovarian endometriosis with emphasis on hyperplastic and atypical changes. Obstet Gynecol 1988;53: 318-323.
112. LaGrenade A, Silverberg SG. Ovarian tumors associated with atypical endometriosis. Hum Pathol 1988; 19:1080-1084.
113. Seidman JD. Prognostic importance of hyperplasia and atypia in endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1996;15:1-9.
114. Sainz la Cuesta R, Eichhorn JH, Rice LW, et al. Histologic transformation of benign endometriosis to early epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1988;60:238-244.
115. Fukunaga M, Nomura K, Ishikawa E, et al. Ovarian atypical endometriosis: its close association with malignant epithelial tumours. Histopathology 1997; 30:249-255.
116. Prefumo F, Todeschini F, Fulcheri E, et al. Epithelial abnormalities in cystic ovarian endometriosis. Gynecol Oncol 2002;84:280-284.
117. Cramer DW, Hutchison GB, Welch WR, et al. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. I. Reproductive experiences and family history. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988;71:711-716.
118. Weiss NS, Lyon JL, Krishnamurthy S. Non-contraceptive estrogen use and the occurrence of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;68:95-98.
119. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ. Evalution of criteria for distinguishing atypical endometrial hyperplasia from well-differentiated carcinoma. Cancer 1982; 49:2547-2559.
120. Ballouk F, Ross JS, Wolf BC. Ovarian endometriotic cysts. An analysis of cytologic atypia and DNA ploidy patterns. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;102:415-519.
121. Fukunaga M, Ushigome S. Epithelial metaplastic changes in ovarian endometriosis. Mod Pathol 1998; 11:784-788.
122. Moll UM, Chumas JC, Chalas E, et al. Ovarian carcinoma arising in atypical endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:537-539.
123. Chalas E, Chumas J, Barbieri R, et al. Nuclear organizer regions in endometriosis, atypical endometriosis, and clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 1991;40:260-263.
124. Jiang X, Hitchcock A, Bryan EJ, et al. Microsatellite analysis of endometriosis reveals loss of heterozygosity at candidate ovarian tumor suppressor gene loci. Cancer Res 1996;56:3534-3539.
125. Nilbert M, Pejovic T, Mandahl N, et al. Monoclonal origin of endometriotic cysts. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1995;5:61-63.
126. Sato N, Tsunoda H, Nishida M, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on 10q 23.3 and mutation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN in benign endometrial cyst of the ovary: possible sequence progression from benign endometrial cyst to endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer Res 2000; 60:7052-7056.
127. Nezhat F, Cohen C, Rahaman J, et al. Comparative immunohistochemical studies of bcl-2 and p53 proteins in benign and malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts. Cancer 2002;94:2935-2940.
128. Okuda T, Otsuka J, Sekizawa A, et al. p53 mutations and overexpression affect prognosis of ovarian endometrioid cancer but not clear cell cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2003;88:318-325.
129. Jimbo H, Hitomi Y, Yoshikawa H, et al. Evidence for monoclonal expansion of epithelial cells in ovarian endometrial cysts. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1173-1178.
130. Tamura M, Fukaya T, Murakami T, et al. Analysis of clonality in human endometriotic cysts based on evaluation of X chromosome inactivation in archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Lab Invest 1998;78:213-218.
131. Yano T, Jimbo H, Yoshikawa H, et al. Molecular analysis of clonality in ovarian endometrial cysts. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1999;47(Suppl 1):41-45.
132. Jiang X, Morland SJ, Hitchcock A, et al. Allelotyping of endometriosis with adjacent ovarian carcinoma reveals evidence of a common lineage. Cancer Res 1990;58:1707-1712.
133. Vercellini P, Trecca D, Oldani S, et al. Analysis of p53 and ras gene mutations in endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994;38:70-71.
134. Palacios J, Gamallo C. Mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res 1990;58:1344-1347.
135. Gamallo C, Palacios J, Moreno G, et al. B-catenin expression pattern in stage I and II ovarian carcinomas. Relationship with B-catenin gene mutations, clinicopathological features and clinical outcome. Am J Pathol 1999;155:527-536.
136. Wu R, Zhai Y, Fearon ER, et al. Diverse mechanisms of B-catenin deregulation in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 2001;61:8247-8255.
137. Wright K, Wilson P, Morland S, et al. Beta-catenin mutation and expression analysis in ovarian cancer: exon 3 mutations and nuclear translocation in 16% of endometrioid tumours. Int J Cancer 1999;82:625-629.
138. Sagae S, Kobayashi K, Nishioka Y, et al. Mutational analysis of beta-catenin gene in Japanese ovarian carcinomas: frequent mutations in endometrioid carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999;90:510-515.
139. Saegusa M, Okayasu I. Frequent nuclear beta-catenin accumulation and associated mutations in endometrioid-type endometrial and ovarian carcinomas with squamous differentiation. J Pathol 2001;194:59-67.
140. Moreno-Bueno G, Gamallo C, Perez-Gallego L, et al. Beta-catenin expression pattern, beta-catenin gene mutations, and microsatellite instability in endometrioid ovarian carcinomas and synchronous endometrial carcinomas. Diagn Mol Pathol 1990;10: 116-122.
141. Gras E, Catasus L, Arguelles R, et al. Microsatellite instability, MLH-1 promoter hypermethylation, and frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeat microsatellites in ovarian tumors. Cancer 2001; 92:2829-2836.
142. Obata K, Morland SJ, Watson RH, et al. Frequent PTEN/MMAC mutations in endometrioid but not serous or mucinous epithelial ovarian tumors. Cancer Res 1998;58:2095-2097.
143. Okada S, Tsuda H, Takarabe T, et al. Allelotype analysis of common epithelial ovarian cancers with special reference to comparison between clear cell adenocarcinoma with other histological types. J Cancer Res 1990;93:798-806.
144. Schwartz DR, Kardia SLR, Shedden KA, et al. Gene expression in ovarian cancer reflects both morphology and biological behavior, distinguishing clear cell from other poor-prognosis ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res 2002;62:4722-4729.
145. Tsuchiya A, Sakamoto M, Yasuda J, et al. Expression profiling in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Identification of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1b as a molecular marker and a possible molecular target for therapy of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2003;163: 2503-2512.