A meta-analytic perspective on sex equity in the classroom

Review of Educational Research

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 443-471

  Jones, Susanne M ^a   Dindia, Kathryn ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

Classroom interaction; Classroom management; Gender differences; Sex differences; Sex equity; Student teacher interactions; Teacher initiated interactions; Teacher student interactions

Indexed keywords

EID: 12744279908     PISSN: 00346543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/00346543074004443     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Altermatt, E. R., Jovanovic, J., & Perry, M. (1998). Bias or responsivity? Achievement-level effects on teachers' classroom questioning practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 516-527.
2. Arliss, L. P., & Borisoff, D. J. (2001). Women and men communicating. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
3. Ayres, L. (1909). Laggards in our schools. New York: Sage.
4. Bailey, S. M. (1993). The current status of gender equity research in American schools. Educational Psychologist, 28, 321-339.
5. Bank, B., Biddle, B., & Good, T. (1980). Sex roles, classroom instruction and reading achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 119-132.
6. Barba, R., & Cardinale, L. (1991). Are females invisible students? An investigation of teacher-student questioning interactions. School Science and Mathematics, 91, 306-310.
7. Becker, J. R. (1981). Differential treatment of females and males in mathematics classes. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 12, 40-53.
8. Bern, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354-364.
9. Bledsoe, J. C. (1983). Sex differences in female teachers' approval and disapproval as related to their self-definition of sex role type. Psychological Reports, 53, 711-714.
10. Boersma, P. D., Gay, D., Jones, R. A., Morrison, S., & Remick, H. (1981). Sex differences in college student-teacher interactions: Fact or Fantasy? Sex Roles, 7, 775-784.
11. Brady, K. L., & Eisler, R. M. (1999). Sex and gender in the college classroom: A quantitative analysis of faculty-student interactions and perceptions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 127-145.
12. Brooks, V. R. (1982). Sex differences in student dominance behavior in female and male professors' classrooms. Sex Roles, 8, 683-690.
13. Brophy, J., & Good, T. (1974). Teacher-student relationships: Causes and consequences. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
14. Brown, A. H., Cervero, R. M., & Johnson-Bailey, J. (2000). Making the invisible visible: Race, gender, and teaching in adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 50, 273-288.
15. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003). Characteristics of the employed: Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm
16. Canada, K., & Pringle, R. (1995). The role of gender in college classroom interactions: A social context approach. Sociology of Education, 68, 161-186.
17. Chesterfield, R., & Enge, K. (1998). Gender, cognitive categorization, and classroom interaction patterns of Guatemalan teachers. Human Organization, 57, 108-116.
18. Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press.
19. Condravy, J., Skirboll, E., & Taylor, R. (1998). Faculty perceptions of classroom gender dynamics. Women & Language, 21, 1-11.
20. Constantinople, A., Cornelius, R., & Gray, J. (1988). The chilly climate: Fact or artifact? Journal of Higher Education, 59, 527-550.
21. Cooper, E., & Allen, M. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of the impact of student race on classroom interaction. Communication Research Reports, 15, 151-161.
22. Cornbleth, C., & Korth, W. (1978). Teacher perceptions and teacher-student interaction in integrated classrooms. Journal of Experimental Education, 48, 259-263.
23. Cornelius, R. R., Gray, J. M., & Constantinople, A. P. (1990). Student-faculty interaction in the college classroom. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 23, 189-197.
24. Croll, P. (1985). Teacher interaction with individual male and female pupils in junior-age classrooms. Educational Research, 27, 220-223.
25. Darder, A. (Ed.). (1995). Culture and difference: Critical perspectives on the bicultural experience in the United States. Westport, CT: Bergin & Gavey.
26. Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369-389.
27. Duffy, J., Warren, K., & Walsh, M. (2001). Classroom interactions: Gender of teacher, gender of student and classroom subject. Sex Roles, 45, 579-593.
28. Dweck, C., Davidson, W., Nelson, S., & Enna, B. (1978). Sex differences in learned helplessness: The contingencies of evaluative feedback in the classroom-An experimental analysis. Developmental Psychology, 14, 268-276.
29. Eagly, A. H. (1995). The science and politics of comparing women and men. American Psychologist, 50, 145-158.
30. Ehrenberg, R. G., Goldhaber, D. D., & Brewer, D. J. (1995). Do teachers' race, gender, and ethnicity matter? Evidence from the national educational longitudinal study of 1988. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48, 547-561.
31. Fagot, B. I. (1984). Teacher and peer reactions to boys' and girls' play styles. Sex Roles, 11, 691-702.
32. Freeman, H. R. (1994). Student evaluations of college instructors: Effects of type of course taught, instructor gender and gender role, and student gender. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 627-630.
33. French, J. (1984). Gender imbalances in the primary classroom. Educational Research, 26, 126-127.
34. Friedman, L. (1989). Mathematics and the gender gap: A meta-analysis of recent studies on sex differences in mathematical tasks. Review of Educational Research, 2, 19-42.
35. Gleitman, H. (1991). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Norton.
36. Good, T. L., Cooper, H. M., & Blakey, S. L. (1980). Classroom interaction as a function of teacher expectations, student sex, and time of year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 378-385.
37. Good, T. L., Sikes, J., & Brophy, J. (1973). Effects of teacher sex and student sex on classroom interaction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 74-87.
38. Goodwin, L. D., & Stevens, E. A. (1993). The influence of gender on university faculty members' perceptions of "good" teaching. Journal of Higher Education, 64(2), 166-185.
39. Grant, L. ( 1985). Race-gender status, classroom interaction, and children's socialization in elementary school. In L. C. Wilkinson & C. B. Marrett (Eds.), Gender influences in classroom interaction (pp. 57-75). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
40. Hall, J. A., Braunwald, K. G., & Mroz, B. J. (1982). Gender, affect and influence in a teaching situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 270-280.
41. Hall, R. M., & Sandler, B. R. (1982). The classroom climate: A chilly one for women? (Project on the Status and Education of Women.) Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges.
42. Hall, R. M., & Sandier, B. R. (1984). Out of the classroom: A chilly campus climate for women? Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges.
43. Harris, M. B. (1976). The effects of sex, sex-stereotyped descriptions, and institutions on evaluations of teachers. Sex Roles, 2, 15-21.
44. Hechtman, S. B., & Rosenthal, R. (1991). Teacher gender and nonverbal behavior in the teaching of gender-stereotyped materials. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 446-159.
45. Heller, K. A., & Parsons, J. E. (1981). Sex differences in teachers' evaluative feedback and students' expectancies for success in mathematics. Child Development, 52, 1015-1019.
46. Hillmann, S. B., & Davenport, G. G. (1978). Teacher-student interactions in desegregated schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 545-553.
47. Holstrom, E. I., & Holstrom, R. W. (1974). The plight of the woman doctoral student. American Educational Research Journal, 11, 1-17.
48. Hopf, D., & Hatzichristou, C. (1999). Teacher gender-related influences in Greek schools. Educational Psychology, 69, 1-18.
49. Hutchinson, L., & Beadle, M. (1992). Professors' communication styles: How they influence male and female seminar participants. Teaching & Teacher Education, 8, 405-418.
50. Illatov, Z. Z., & Shamai, S. (1998). Teacher-student classroom interactions: The influence of gender, academic dominance and teacher communication style. Adolescence, 33, 269-278.
51. Irvine, J. J. (1985). Teacher communication patterns as related to the race and sex of the student. Journal of Educational Research, 6, 338-345.
52. Irvine, J. J. (1986). Teacher-student interactions: Effects of student race, sex, and grade level. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 14-21.
53. Jeter, J. T., & Davis, O. L. (1982). Differential classroom interaction in social studies as a function of differential expectations of pupil achievements. Journal of Social Studies Research, 6, 1-7.
54. Jones, M. G., & Wheatley, J. (1990). Gender differences in student-teacher interactions. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27, 861-874.
55. Karp, D. A., & Yoels, W. C. (1976). The college classroom: Some observations on the meanings of student participation. Sociology and Social Research, 60, 421-439.
56. Kelly, A. (1988). Sex stereotypes and school science: A three-year follow-up. Educational Studies, 14, 151-163.
57. Kenny, D. (1999). META: Meta-analysis easy to answer (Version II). Retrieved June 1, 2003, from http://users.rcn.com/dakenny/meta.htm
58. Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82-171). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
59. Krupnick, C. G. (1985). Women and men in the classroom: Inequality and its remedies. On Teaching and Learning, 1, 18-25.
60. Leder, G. (1987). Teacher student interaction: A case study. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 18, 255-271.
61. Leinhardt, G., Seewald, A. M., & Engel, M. (1979). Learning what's taught: Sex differences in instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 432-439.
62. Maccoby, E. E. (Ed.). (1966). The development of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
63. MacDonald, D. (1990). The relationship between sex composition of physical education classes and teacher/pupil verbal interaction. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 9, 152-163.
64. Martin, R. ( 1972). Student sex and behavior as determinants of the type and frequency of teacher-student contacts. Journal of School Psychology, 10, 339-346.
65. Merrett, F., & Wheldall, K. (1992). Teachers' use of praise and reprimands to boys and girls. Educational Review, 44, 73-79.
66. Morgan, C. (2001). The effects of negative managerial feedback on student motivation: Implications for gender differences in teacher-student interactions. Sex Roles, 44, 513-535.
67. Morse, L. W., & Handley, H. M. (1985). Listening to adolescents: Gender differences in science classroom interaction. In L. C. Wilkinson & C. B. Marrett (Eds.), Gender influences in classroom interaction (pp. 37-54). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
68. Pearson, J. C., & West, R. (1991). An initial investigation of the effects of gender on student questions in the classroom: Developing a descriptive base. Communication Education, 40, 22-32.
69. Peterson, P. L., & Fennema, E. (1985). Effective teaching, student engagement in classroom activities, and sex-related differences in learning mathematics. American Educational Research Journal, 22, 309-335.
70. Rickards, T., & Fisher, D. (1996). Associations between teacher-student interpersonal behaviour, gender, cultural background and achievement. Proceedings of the Western Australian Institute for Educational Research Forum, 1996. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from http://education.curtin.edu.au/waier/forums/1996/rickards.html
71. Rosenthal, R. (1974). On the social psychology of the self-fulfilling prophecy: Further evidence for Pygmalion effects and their mediating mechanisms. New York: Mss Modular Publications.
72. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
73. Sadker, D., Sadker, M., & Bauchner, J. (1984, April). Teacher reactions to classroom response of male and female students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED245839)
74. Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1982). Sex equity handbook for schools. New York: Long-man Press.
75. Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1985). Between teacher and student: Overcoming sex bias in classroom interaction. In M. Sadker & D. Sadker (Eds.), Sex equity handbook for schools (2nd ed., pp. 96-132). New York: Longman.
76. Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1994). Failing at fairness: How America's schools cheat girls. New York: Scribner.
77. Sadker, M., Sadker, D., Bauchner, J., & Hardekopf, C. (1984). Observer's manual for INTERSECT: Post-secondary form interactions for sex equity in classroom teaching. Unpublished manuscript, American University, Washington, DC.
78. Sandier, B. R., & Hall, R. (1986). The campus climate revisited: Chilly for women faculty, administrators, and graduate students. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges.
79. Schroeder, D. S., & Mynatt, C. R. (1999). Graduate students' relationship with their male and female major professors. Sex Roles, 40, 393-420.
80. She, H. C. (2000). The interplay of a biology teacher's beliefs, teaching practices and gender-based student-teacher interaction. Educational Research, 42, 100-111.
81. Sikes, J. N. (1971). Differential behavior of male and female teachers with male and female students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
82. Simpson, A. W., & Erickson, M. T. (1983). Teachers' verbal and nonverbal communication patterns as a function of teacher race, student gender, and student race. American Educational Research Journal, 20, 183-198.
83. Smith, D. C. (1989). Gender disparity in vocational education. Southern Journal of Occupational Education, 3, 23-33.
84. Smith, D. C. (1991). Classroom interaction and gender disparity in secondary vocational instruction. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 16, 35-48.
85. Smith, D. C. (1992). A description of classroom interaction and gender disparity in secondary business education instruction. The Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 4, 183-193.
86. Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1974). The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43-44.
87. Stake, J. E., & Katz, J. F. (1982). Teacher-pupil relationships in the elementary school classroom: Teacher-gender and pupil-gender differences. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 465-471.
88. Steiner, S. F., Krank, H. M., McLaren, P. & Bahruth, R. E. (Eds.). (2000). Freirean pedagogy, praxis, and possibilities: Projects for the new millennium (Vol. 19). Florence, KY: Taylor & Francis.
89. Sternglanz, S. H., & Lyberger-Ficek, S. (1977). Sex-differences in student-teacher interactions in the college classroom. Sex Roles, 3, 345-352.
90. Weaver-Hightower, M. (2003). The "boy turn" in research on gender and education. Review of Educational Research, 73, 471-498.
91. Weshner, M. C. (1975). An investigation of teacher-student interaction contingencies through development of an observation instrument. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
92. Whyte, J. (1984). Observing sex stereotypes and interactions in the school lab and workshop. Educational Review, 36, 75-86.
93. Wilkinson, L. C., & Marrett, C. (Eds.). (1985). Gender influences in classroom interaction. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
94. Wingate, N. (1984). Sexism in the classroom. Integrated Education, 22, 105-110.
95. Worrall, N., & Tsarna, H. (1987). Teachers' reported practices toward girls and boys in science and languages. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 300-312.
96. Yepez, M. E. (1994). An observation of gender-specific teacher behavior in the ESL classroom. Sex Roles, 30, 121-133.