A neurobiological perspective on attachment problems in sexual offenders and the role of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in the treatment of such problems

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 153-182

  Beech, Anthony R ^a   Mitchell, Ian J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attachment problems; Brain function; Neurobiology; Neuropeptides; Oxytocin; Selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors; Sexual offending; SSRIs; Vasopressin

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

AGGRESSIVENESS; ATTITUDE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BORDERLINE STATE; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; EXPERIENCE; HUMAN; INCEST; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; MOTIVATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEXUAL CRIME; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PROBLEM;

EID: 11844282716     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.10.002     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Y. Adi, D. Ashcroft, K. Browne, A. Beech, A. Fry-Smith, and C. Hyde Clinical effectiveness and cost-consequences of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of sex offenders Health Technology Assessment 6 2002 1 66
2. M.D.S. Ainsworth, M.C. Blehar, E. Waters, and S. Wall Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation 1978 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
3. M.D.S. Ainsworth, and C.G. Eichberg Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother's unresolved loss of an attachment figure or other traumatic experience C.M. Parkes J. Stevenson-Hinde P. Marris Attachment across the life cycle 1991 Routledge London 160 183
4. H.E. Albers, and M. Bamshad Role of vasopressin and oxytocin in the control of social behavior in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) Brain Research 119 1998 395 408
5. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Fourth edition 2000 Author Washington, DC Text revision
6. B.J. Aragona, Y. Liu, T. Curtis, F.K. Stephan, and Z.X. Wang A critical role for nucleus accumbens dopamine in partner-preference formation in male prairie voles Journal of Neuroscience 23 2003 3483 3490
7. G.A. Awad, E. Saunders, and J. Levene A clinical study of male adolescent sexual offenders International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 28 1984 105 155
8. A. Bartolomucci, P. Palanza, P. Sacerdote, G. Ceresini, A. Chirieleison, and A.E. Panerai Individual housing induces altered immunoendocrine responses to psychological stress in male mice Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 2003 540 558
9. J.V. Becker What we know about the characteristics and treatment of adolescents who have committed sexual offenses Child Maltreatment 3 1998 317 329
10. Beech, A. R., Fisher, D., & Beckett, R. C. (1999). An evaluation of the prison sex offender treatment programme. U.K. Home Office Occasional Report. Home Office Publications Unit, 50, Queen Anne's Gate, London, SW1 9AT, England. Available electronically from www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/occ-step3.pdf.
11. A.R. Beech, and T. Ward The integration of etiology and risk in sex offenders: A theoretical model Aggression and Violent Behaviour 10 2004 31 63
12. A. Benelli, R. Poggioli, P. Luppi, L. Ruini, A. Bertolini, and R. Arletti Oxytocin enhances, and oxytocin antagonism decreases, sexual receptivity in intact female rats Neuropeptides 27 1994 245 250
13. K.C. Berridge Food reward, brain substrates of wanting and liking Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 20 1996 1 25
14. W. Blaicher, D. Gruber, C. Bieglmayer, A.M. Blaicher, W. Knogler, and J.C. Huber The role of oxytocin in relation to female sexual arousal Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 47 1999 125 126
15. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss: Attachment 1969 Basic Books New York
16. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger 1973 Basic Books New York
17. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss: Loss, sadness and depression 1980 Basic Books New York
18. J. Bowlby Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52 1982 664 678
19. Bradford, J. M. W. (1995). An open pilot study of Sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with pedophilia. Paper presented at the Annual American Psychiatric Association Congress, Miami, FL, May 24th.
20. J.M.W. Bradford The paraphilias, obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, and the treatment of sexually deviant behavior Psychiatric Quarterly 70 1999 209 219
21. J.D. Bremner, J. Licinio, A. Darnell, J.H. Krystal, M.J. Owens, and S.M. Southwick Elevated corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 154 1997 624 629
22. J.D. Bremner, P. Randall, T.M. Scott, R.A. Bronen, J.P. Seibyl, and S.M. Southwick MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 152 1995 973 981
23. K.A. Brennan, and P.R. Shaver Dimensions of adult attachment: An integrative overview J.A. Simpson W.S. Rholes Attachment theory and close relationships 1995 Guilford Press New York 46 76
24. K.D. Broad, F. Levy, G. Evans, T. Kimura, E.B. Keverne, and K.M. Kendrick Previous maternal experience potentiates the effect of parturition on oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus European Journal of Neuroscience 11 1999 3725 3737
25. K.D. Browne, and M. Herbert Preventing family violence 1997 Wiley Chichester
26. K.M. Bumby, and D.J. Hansen Intimacy deficits, fear of intimacy and loneliness among sexual offenders Criminal Justice and Behavior 24 1997 315 331
27. L.R. Burk, and B.R. Burkhart Disorganized attachment as a diathesis for sexual deviance developmental experience and the motivation for sexual offending Aggression and Violent Behaviour 8 2003 487 511
28. G. Calamandrei, L.S. Wilkinson, and E.B. Keverne Olfactory recognition of infants in laboratory mice, role of noradrenergic mechanisms Physiology and Behavior 52 1992 901 907
29. J.D. Caldwell A sexual arousability model involving steroid effects at the plasma membrane Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 26 2002 13 30
30. J.D. Caldwell, C.H. Walker, C.A. Pedersen, A.S. Barakat, and G.A. Mason Estrogen increases affinity of oxytocin receptors in the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus Peptides 15 1994 1079 1084
31. M. Carlson, and F. Earls Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequelae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania C.S. Carter I.I. Lederhendler The integrative neurobiology of affiliation Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 807 1997 New York Academy of Sciences New York, NY, US 419 428
32. V. Carlson, D. Cicchetti, D. Barnett, and K. Braunwald Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants Developmental Psychology 25 1989 525 531
33. C.S. Carter Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 779 818
34. C.S. Carter, A.C. Devries, and L.L. Getz Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy-the prairie vole model Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 19 1995 303 314
35. A. Catalani, P. Casolini, S. Scaccianoce, F.R. Patacchioli, P. Spinozzi, and L. Angelucci Maternal corticosterone during lactation permanently affects brain corticosteroid receptors, stress response and behavior in rat progeny Neuroscience 100 2000 319 325
36. F.A. Champagne, D.D. Francis, A. Mar, and M.J. Meaney Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development Physiology and Behavior 79 2003 359 371
37. F. Chaouloff Serotonin, stress and corticoids Journal of Psychopharmacology 14 2000 139 151
38. Cochrane reviewers handbook 4.1.4 Edition 2001 Update Software Oxford
39. E. Coleman, T. Gratzer, L. Nesvacil, and N. Raymond Nefazodone and the treatment of nonparaphilic compulsive sexual behavior: A retrospective study Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61 2000 282 284
40. N.L. Collins, and S.J. Read Cognitive representations of attachment. The structure and function of working models D. Perlman K. Bartholomew Advances on personal relationships Attachment Processes in Adulthood vol. 5 1994 Jessica Kingsley London 53 90
41. J. Craissati, G. McClurg, and K.D. Browne Characteristics of perpetrators of child sexual abuse who have been sexually victimized as children Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14 2002 225 240
42. P.M. Crittenden Mother and infant patterns of interaction: Developmental relationships Dissertation Abstracts International 45 1985 2710
43. J.W. Dalley, D.E. Theobald, E.A.C. Pereira, P.M.M.C. Li, and T.W. Robbins Specific abnormalities in serotonin release in the prefrontal cortex of isolation-reared rats measured during behavioral performance of a task assessing visuospatial attention and impulsivity Psychopharmacology 164 2002 329 340
44. Y. Delville, K.M. Mansour, and C.F. Ferris Serotonin blocks vasopressin-facilitated offensive aggression, interactions within the ventrolateral hypothalamus of golden hamsters Physiology and Behavior 59 1996 813 816
45. J.A. Denboer, and H.G.M. Westenberg Oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder Peptides 13 1992 1083 1085
46. A.C. DeVries, M.B. DeVries, S.E. Taymans, and C.S. Carter The effects of stress on social preferences are sexually dimorphic in prairie voles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 1996 11980 11984
47. G.J. DeVries, and C. Villalba Brain sexual dimorphism and sex differences in parental and other social behaviors Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 807 1997 273 286
48. G.K. Dhaliwal, L. Gauzas, D.H. Antonowicz, and R.R. Ross Adult male survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Prevalence, sexual characteristics, and long-term effects Clinical Psychology Review 16 1996 619 639
49. C. Dickinson, and E.B. Keverne Importance of noradrenergic mechanisms in the olfactory bulbs for the maternal behavior of mice Physiology and Behavior 43 1988 313 316
50. D.E. Dluzen, S. Muraoka, M. Engelmann, and R. Landgraf The effects of infusion of arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, or their antagonists into the olfactory bulb upon social recognition responses in male rats Peptides 19 1998 999 1005
51. D.E. Dluzen, S. Muraoka, and R. Landgraf Olfactory bulb norepinephrine depletion abolishes vasopressin and oxytocin preservation of social recognition responses in the rat Neuroscience Letters 254 1998 161 164
52. M. Dozier, K. Stovall, and C. Albus Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood J. Cassidy P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment theory and research 1999 Guilford Press New York 497 519
53. C. D'Sa, and R.S. Duman Antidepressants and neuroplasticity Bipolar Disorders 4 2002 183 194
54. R.S. Duman, G.R. Heninger, and E.J. Nestler A molecular and cellular theory of depression Archives of General Psychiatry 54 1997 597 606
55. R.S. Duman, J. Malberg, and J. Thome Neural plasticity to stress and antidepressant treatment Biological Psychiatry 46 1999 1181 1191
56. M. Engelmann, K. Ebner, C.T. Wotjak, and R. Landgraf Endogenous oxytocin is involved in short-term olfactory memory in female rats Behavioural Brain Research 90 1998 89 94
57. C.N. Epperson, C.J. McDougle, and L.H. Price Intranasal oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder Biological Psychiatry 40 1996 547 549
58. J.P. Fedoroff Antiandrogens versus serotonergic medications in the treatment of sex offenders: A preliminary compliance study Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 4 1995 111 123
59. J.A. Feeney Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships J. Cassady P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment; Theory research and clinical applications 2003 Guilford Press New York 355 377
60. J.A. Feeney, P. Noller, and J. Patty Adolescents' interactions with the opposite sex: Influence of attachment style and gender Journal of Adolescence 16 1993 169 186
61. J.N. Ferguson, J.M. Aldag, T.R. Insel, and L.J. Young Oxytocin in the medial amygdala is essential for social recognition in the mouse Journal of Neuroscience 21 2001 8278 8285
62. J.N. Ferguson, L.J. Young, E.F. Hearn, M.M. Matzuk, T.R. Insel, and J.T. Winslow Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene Nature Genetics 25 2000 284 288
63. J.N. Ferguson, L.J. Young, and T.R. Insel The neuroendocrine basis of social recognition Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 23 2002 200 224
64. D. Fisher, A.R. Beech, and K.D. Browne Comparison of sex offenders to non-sex offenders on selected psychological measures International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 43 1999 473 491
65. H.E. Fisher, A. Aron, D. Mashek, H. Li, and L.L. Brown Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction and attachment Archives of Sexual Behavior 31 2002 413 419
66. P. Fonagy, T. Leigh, M. Steele, H. Steele, R. Kennedy, and G. Mattoon The role of attachment status, psychiatric classification and response to psychotherapy Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 1996 22 31
67. N.A. Fox, and J. Card Psychophysiological measures in the Study of Attachment J. Cassady P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment; Theory, research and clinical applications 2003 Guilford Press NY 226 245
68. D.D. Francis, L.J. Young, M.J. Meaney, and T.R. Insel Naturally occurring differences in maternal care are associated with the expression of oxytocin and vasopressin (V1a) receptors, gender differences Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14 2002 349 353
69. C. Friendship, R. Mann, and A. Beech Evaluation of a national prison-based treatment program for sexual offenders in England and Wales Journal of Interpersonal Violence 18 2003 744 759
70. Y. Garlick, W.L. Marshall, and D. Thornton Intimacy deficits and attribution of blame among sexual offenders Legal and Criminological Psychology 1 1996 251 258
71. D. Greenberg, J. Bradford, S. Curry, and A. O'Rourke A comparison of treatment of paraphilias with three serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A retrospective study Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 24 1996 525 532
72. G. Griebel, J. Simiand, C.S.L. Gal, J. Wagnon, M. Pascal, and B. Scatton Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the non-peptide vasopressin V-1b receptor antagonist, SSR149415, suggest an innovative approach for the treatment of stress-related disorders Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 2002 6370 6375
73. D.W. Griffin, and K. Bartholomew Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 1994 430 445
74. K.E. Grossman, and K. Grossman The wider concept of attachment in cross-cultural research Human Development 33 1990 31 47
75. D.J. Gubernick, J.T. Winslow, P. Jensen, L. Jeanotte, and J. Bowen Oxytocin changes in males over the reproductive cycle in the monogamous, biparental California mouse, Peromyscus californicus Hormones and Behavior 29 1995 59 73
76. F.S. Hall Social deprivation of neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats has distinct neurochemical and behavioral consequences Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 12 1998 129 162
77. R.K. Hanson, and M.T. Bussière Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 1998 348 362
78. R.K. Hanson, A. Gordon, A.J.R. Harris, J.K. Marques, W. Murphy, and V.L. Quinsey First report of the collaborative outcome data project on the effectiveness of psychological treatment for sex offenders Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14 2002 169 194
79. R.J. Harrison, D.F. Connor, C. Nowak, K. Nash, and R.H. Melloni Jr. Chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment during adolescence increases anterior hypothalamic vasopressin and aggression in intact hamsters Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 2000 317 338
80. A.H.S. Hassan, P. von Rosenstiel, V.K. Patchev, F. Holsboer, and O.F.X. Almeida Exacerbation of apoptosis in the dentate gyrus of the aged rat by dexamethasone and the protective role of corticosterone Experimental Neurology 140 1996 43 52
81. L.E. Haynes, M.R. Griffiths, R.E. Hyde, D.J. Barber, and I.J. Mitchell Dexamethasone induces limited apoptosis and extensive sublethal damage to specific subregions of the striatum and hippocampus: Implications for mood disorders Neuroscience 104 2001 57 69
82. C. Hazan, and P.R. Shaver Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 1987 511 524
83. C. Hazan, and D. Zeifman Pair bonds and attachments: Evaluating the evidence J. Cassady P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment; theory, research and clinical applications 2003 Guilford Press New York 336 354
84. C.A. Heidbreder, I.C. Weiss, A.M. Domeney, C. Pryce, J. Homberg, and G. Hedou Behavioral, neurochemical and endocrinological characterization of the early social isolation syndrome Neuroscience 100 2000 749 768
85. C. Heim, D.J. Newport, S. Heit, Y.P. Graham, M. Wilcox, and R. Bonsall Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood Journal of the American Medical Association 284 2000 592 597
86. J. Hellsten, M. Wennstrom, P. Mohapel, C.T. Ekdahl, J. Bengzon, and A. Tingstrom Electroconvulsive seizures increase hippocampal neurogenesis after chronic corticosterone treatment European Journal of Neuroscience 16 2000 283 290
87. J.P. Henry, and S. Wang Effects of early stress on adult affiliative behavior Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 863 875
88. J.L. Herman, J.C. Perry, and B.A. Van der Kolk Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 146 1989 490 495
89. L. Hertsgaard, M. Gunnar, M.F. Erickson, and M. Hachmias Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships Child Development 66 1995 1100 1106
90. E. Hesse The adult attachment interview J. Cassady P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment: Theory research and clinical applications 2003 Guilford Press New York 395 433
91. S. Holst, K. Uvnas-Moberg, and M. Petersson Postnatal oxytocin treatment and postnatal stroking of rats reduce blood pressure in adulthood Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 99 2002 85 90
92. C. Hyman, M. Hofer, Y.A. Barde, M. Juhasz, G.D. Yancopoulos, and S.P. Squinto BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra Nature 350 1991 230 232
93. T.R. Insel Oxytocin-A neuropeptide for affiliation. Evidence from behavioral, receptor autoradiographic, and comparative studies Psychoneuroendocrinology 17 1992 3 35
94. T.R. Insel, and L.E. Shapiro Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects social-organization in monogamous and polygamous voles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 1992 5981 5985
95. T.R. Insel, Z.X. Wang, and C.F. Ferris Patterns of brain vasopressin receptor distribution associated with social-organization in microtine rodents Journal of Neuroscience 14 1994 5381 5392
96. T.R. Insel, and J.T. Winslow Central administration of oxytocin modulates the infant rat's response to social isolation European Journal of Pharmacology 203 1991 149 152
97. T.R. Insel, and J.T. Winslow Serotonin and neuropeptides in affiliative behaviors Biological Psychiatry 44 1998 207 219
98. T.R. Insel, and J.T. Winslow The neurobiology of social attachment D.S. Charney E.J. Nestler Neurobiology of mental illness Second edition 2004 Oxford University Press Oxford 1101 1110
99. R. Ivell, and N. Walther The role of sex steroids in the oxytocin hormone system Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 151 1999 95 101
100. B.L. Jacobs, H. van Praag, and F.H. Gage Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry. A novel theory of depression Molecular Psychiatry 5 2000 262 269
101. M. Kafka Sertraline pharmacotherapy for paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: An open trial Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 6 1994 189 195
102. M.P. Kafka A monoamine hypothesis for the pathophysiology of paraphilic disorders Archives of Sexual Behavior 26 1997 343 358
103. M.P. Kafka The role of medications in the treatment of paraphilia-related disorders: Psychopharmacological treatments for non-paraphilic compulsive sexual behaviors: A review Sexual and Relationship Therapy 16 2001 105 112
104. M.P. Kafka The monoamine hypothesis for the pathophysiology of paraphilic disorders R. Prentky E. Janus M. Seto A.W. Burgess Understanding and managing sexually coercive behavior Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 989 2003 86 94
105. M.P. Kafka, and E. Coleman Serotonin and paraphilias: The convergence of mood, impulse and compulsive disorders Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 11 1991 223 224
106. M.P. Kafka, and J. Hennen Psychostimulant augmentation during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in men with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: A case series Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61 2000 664 670
107. M.P. Kafka, and R. Prentky Fluoxetine treatment of nonparaphilic sexual addictions and paraphilias in men Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53 1992 351 358
108. K.M. Kendrick, A.P.C. Da Costa, K.D. Broad, S. Ohkura, R. Guevara, and F. Lévy Neural control of maternal behavior and olfactory recognition of offspring Brain Research Bulletin 44 1997 383 395
109. E.B. Keverne, and K.M. Kendrick Maternal-behavior in sheep and its neuroendocrine regulation Acta Paediatrica 83 1994 47 56
110. B. Knutson, O.M. Wolkowitz, S.W. Cole, T. Chan, E.A. Moore, and R.C. Johnson Selective alteration of personality and social behavior by serotonergic intervention American Journal of Psychiatry 155 1998 373 379
111. G.L. Kovacs, Z. Sarnyai, and G. Szabo Oxytocin and addiction: A review Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 945 962
112. G.W. Kraemer A psychobiological theory of attachment Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 1992 493 541
113. G.W. Kraemer, and A.S. Clarke Social attachment, brain function, and aggression Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 794 1996 121 135
114. R. Kuzel Management of depression. Current trends in primary care Postgraduate Medicine 185 1999 179 180
115. R. Langevin, P. Wright, and L. Handy Characteristics of sex offenders who were sexually victimized as children Annals of Sex Research 2 1989 227 253
116. J.F. Leckman, W.K. Goodman, W.G. North, P.B. Chappell, L.H. Price, and D.L. Pauls Elevated cerebrospinal-fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparisons with Tourettes-syndrome and healthy controls Archives of General Psychiatry 51 1994 782 792
117. J.A. Lee The colors of love: An exploration of ways of loving 1973 New Press Toronto
118. J.J. Legross Inhibitory effect of oxytocin on corticotrope function in humans are vasopressin and oxytocin ying-yang neurohormones? Psychoneuroendocrinology 26 2001 649 655
119. F. Levy, K.M. Kendrick, J.A. Goode, R. Guevaraguzman, and E.B. Keverne Oxytocin and vasopressin release in the olfactory bulb of parturient ewes, changes with maternal experience and effects of acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate and noradrenalin release Brain Research 669 1995 197 206
120. M.B. Levy, and K.E. Davis Lovestyles and attachment styles compared: Their relations to each other and to various relationship characteristics Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 5 1988 439 471
121. I. Liberzon, K.A. Trujillo, H. Akil, and E.A. Young Motivational properties of oxytocin in the conditioned place preference paradigm Neuropsychopharmacology 17 1997 353 359
122. M.M. Lim, A.Z. Murphy, and L.J. Young Ventral striatopallidal oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors in the monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) Journal of Comparative Neurology 468 2004 555 570
123. Y. Liu, and Z.X. Wang Nucleus accumbens oxytocin and dopamine interact to regulate pair bond formation in female prairie voles Neuroscience 121 2003 537 544
124. J.P. Lorberbaum, J.D. Newman, A.R. Horwitz, J.R. Dubno, R.B. Lydiard, and M.B. Hamner A potential for thalamocingulate circuitry in human maternal behavior Biological Psychiatry 51 2002 431 445
125. D. Lorrain, J. Riolo, L. Matuszewich, and E. Hull Lateral hypothalamic serotonin inhibits nucleus accumbens dopamine: Implications for sexual satiety Journal of Neuroscience 19 1999 7648 7652
126. I. Lund, L.C. Yu, K. Uvnas-Moberg, J. Wang, C. Yu, and M. Kurosawa Repeated massage-like stimulation induces long-term effects on nociception, contribution of oxytocinergic mechanisms European Journal of Neuroscience 16 2002 330 338
127. K. Lyons-Ruth, and D. Jacobvitz Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies J. Cassady P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications 2003 Guilford Press New York 520 554
128. M.D. Madeira, N. Sousa, A.R. Lieberman, and M.M. Paulabarbosa Effects of chronic alcohol consumption and of dehydration on the supraoptic nucleus of adult male and female rats Neuroscience 56 1993 657 672
129. M. Maes, N. De Vos, H. Westenberg, F. Van Hunsel, D. Hendriks, and P. Cosyns Lower baseline cortisol and prolactin and increased body temperature and higher mCPP induced cortisol responses in men with pedophilia Neuropsychopharmacology 26 2001 17 26
130. M. Main Recent studies in attachment S. Goldberg R. Muir J. Kerr Attachment theory: Social, developmental and clinical perspectives 1995 Analytic Press Hillsdale, NJ 407 474
131. M. Main, and E. Hesse Parent's unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganization status: Is frightened and/or frightening behavior the linking mechanism? M.T. Greenberg D. Cicchetti E.M. Cummings Attachment in the pre-school years 1990 University of Chicago Press Chicago 161 182
132. M. Main, N. Kaplan, and J. Cassidy Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation I. Bretherton E. Waters Growing points of attachment theory and research Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development vol. 50 1985 66 104
133. J.E. Malberg, A.J. Eisch, E.J. Nestler, and R.S. Duman Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus Journal of Neuroscience 20 2000 9104 9110
134. R. Mann, and A.R. Beech Cognitive distortions, schemas and implicit theories T. Ward D.R. Laws S.M. Hudson Theoretical issues and controversies in sexual deviance 2003 Sage London 135 153
135. W.L. Marshall Intimacy, loneliness and sexual offenders Behaviour Research and Therapy 27 1989 491 503
136. W.L. Marshall, and H.E. Barbaree An integrated theory of the etiology of sexual offending W.L. Marshall D.R. Laws H.E. Barbaree Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender 1990 Plenum New York 257 275
137. W.L. Marshall, S.M. Hudson, and S. Hodkinson The importance of attachment bonds in the development of juvenile sex offending H.E. Barbaree W.L. Marshall S.M. Hudson Juvenile sex offending 1993 Guilford New York 164 181
138. W.L. Marshall, and L. Marshall The origins of sexual offending Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 1 2000 250 263
139. W.L. Marshall, G.A. Serran, and F.A. Cortoni Childhood attachments, sexual abuse, and their relationship to adult coping in child molesters Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 12 2000 17 26
140. A. Martin, M. State, G.M. Anderson, W.M. Kaye, J.M. Hanchett, and C.W. McConaha Cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in Prader-Willi syndrome: A preliminary report Biological Psychiatry 44 1998 1349 1352
141. 2α Physiology and Behavior 36 1986 17 23
142. N. McConaghy Sexual behavior: Problems and management 1993 Plenum Press New York
143. N. McConaghy, A. Blaszczynski, and W. Kidson Treatment of sex offenders with imaginal desenstitization and/or medroxyprogesterone Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 77 1988 199 206
144. B.S. McEwen Stress and the aging hippocampus Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 20 1999 49 70
145. B.S. McEwen, M.J. de Leon, S.J. Lupien, and M.J. Meaney Corticosteroids, the aging brain and cognition Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 1999 92 96
146. O.C. Meijer, and R.E. de Kloet Corticosterone and serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus, functional implications of central corticosteroid receptor diversity Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 12 1998 1 20
147. I.J. Mitchell, A.J. Cooper, M.R. Griffiths, and D.J. Barber Phencyclidine and corticosteroids induce apoptosis of a subpopulation of striatal neurons: A neural substrate for psychosis? Neuroscience 84 1998 489 501
148. A.L. Montejo, G. Llorca, J.A. Izqierdo, and F. Rico-Villadermos Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: A prospective multicenter study of 1002 patients Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62 2001 10 20
149. S. Muchimapura, R. Mason, and C.A. Marsden Effect of isolation rearing on pre- and post-synaptic serotonergic function in the rat dorsal hippocampus Synapse 47 2003 209 217
150. M. Nachmias, M. Gunnar, S. Mangelsdorf, and R. Parritz Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: The moderating role of attachment security Child Development 67 1996 508 522
151. E. Nelson, and J. Panksepp Oxytocin mediates acquisition of maternally associated odor preferences in pre-weaning rat pups Behavioral Neuroscience 110 1996 583 592
152. E.E. Nelson, and J. Panksepp Brain substrates of infant-mother attachment, contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 22 1998 437 452
153. M. Nibuya, S. Morinobus, and R.S. Duman Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments Journal of Neuroscience 15 1995 7539 7547
154. E. Nissen, P. Gustavsson, A.M. Widstrom, and K. Uvnas-Moberg Oxytocin, prolactin, milk production and their relationship with personality traits in women after vaginal delivery or Cesarean section Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 19 1998 49 58
155. N.L. Ostrowski Oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in rat brain: Implications for behavioral integration and reproductive success Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 989 1004
156. K.J. Parker, and T.M. Lee Central vasopressin administration regulates the onset of facultative paternal behavior in Microtus pennsylvanicus (Meadow voles) Hormones and Behavior 39 2001 285 294
157. H.J. Pearson Paraphilias, impulse control, and serotonin Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 10 1990 233
158. R. Perilstein, S. Lipper, and L. Friedman Three cases of paraphilias responsive to fluoxetine treatment Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 52 1991 169 170
159. L.J. Pitkow, C.A. Sharer, X.L. Ren, T.R. Insel, E.F. Terwilliger, and L.J. Young Facilitation of affiliation and pair-bond formation by vasopression receptor gene transfer into the ventral forebrain of a monogamous vole Journal of Neuroscience 21 2001 7392 7396
160. R.J. Porter, R.H. McAllister-Wiliams, B.S. Lunn, and A.H. Young 5-hydroxytrptamine receptor function in humans is reduced by acute administration of hydrocortisone Psychopharmacology 139 1998 243 250
161. R.A. Prentky, R.A. Knight, A.F. Lee, and D.D. Cerce Predictive validity of lifestyle impulsivity for rapists Criminal Justice and Behavior 22 1995 106 128
162. D.J. Rademacher, A.P. Anderson, and R.E. Steinpreis Acute effects of amperozide and paroxetine on social cohesion in male conspecifics Brain Research Bulletin 58 2002 187 191
163. M.J. Raleigh, M.T. McGuire, G.L. Brammer, D.B. Pollack, and A. Yuwiler Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet monkeys Brain Research 559 1991 181 190
164. S.L. Rauch, and C.R. Savage Neuroimaging and neuropsychology of the striatum-bridging basic science and clinical practice Psychiatric Clinics of North America 20 1997 741 747
165. S.L. Rauch, C.R. Savage, N.M. Alpert, D. Dougherty, A. Kendrick, and T. Curran Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder, A PET study of implicit sequence learning Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 9 1997 568 573
166. M. Righi, E. Tongiorgi, and A. Cattaneo Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces dendritic targeting of BDNF and tyrosine kinase B mRNAs in hippocampal neurons through a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent pathway Journal of Neuroscience 20 2000 3165 3174
167. D.A. Robinson, F. Wei, G.D. Wang, P. Li, S.J. Kim, and S.K. Vogt Oxytocin mediates stress-induced analgesia in adult mice Journal of Physiology (London) 540 2002 593 606
168. D.R. Rosenberg, and M.S. Keshavan Toward a neurodevelopmental model of obsessive compulsive disorder Biological Psychiatry 43 1997 623 640
169. R.M. Sapolsky Stress and glucocorticoid response Science 275 1997 1662 1663
170. Z. Sarnyai, and G.L. Kovacs Role of oxytocin in the neuroadaptation to drugs of abuse Psychoneuroendocrinology 19 1994 85 117
171. B.W. Scott, J.M. Wojtowicz, and W.M. Burnham Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the rat following electroconvulsive shock seizures Experimental Neurology 165 2000 231 236
172. S.M. Silva, M.D. Madeira, C. Ruela, and M.M. Paula-Barbosa Prolonged alcohol intake leads to irreversible loss of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus Brain Research 925 2002 76 88
173. J.A. Simpson Attachment theory in modern evolutionary perspective J. Cassady P.R. Shaver Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications 2003 Guilford Press New York 115 140
174. B. Sjogren, A.M. Widstrom, G. Edman, and K. Uvnas-Moberg Changes in personality pattern during the first pregnancy and lactation Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 21 2000 31 38
175. S.W. Smallbone, and M.R. Dadds Childhood attachment and adult attachment in incarcerated adult male sex offenders Journal of Interpersonal Violence 13 1998 555 573
176. S.W. Smallbone, and B.A. McCabe Childhood attachment, childhood sexual abuse, and onset of masturbation among adult sexual offenders Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 51 2003 1 10
177. N. Sousa, and O.F.X. Almeida Corticosteroids: Sculptors of the hippocampal formation Reviews of Neuroscience 13 2002 59 84
178. G. Spangler, and K.E. Grossman Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants Child Development 64 1993 1439 1450
179. D.J. Stein, E. Hollander, D.T. Anthony, F.R. Schneier, B.A. Fallon, and M.R. Liebowitz Serotonergic medications for sexual obsessions, sexual addictions, and paraphilias Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 53 2002 267 271
180. J.M. Stribley, and C.S. Carter Developmental exposure to vasopressin increases aggression in adult prairie voles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 1999 12601 12604
181. M.G. Subramanian Alcohol inhibits suckling-induced oxytocin release in the lactating rat Alcohol 19 1999 51 55
182. D. Thornton Constructing and testing a framework for dynamic risk assessment Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14 2002 139 154
183. E. Tribollet, S. Audigier, M. Dubois-Dauphin, and J.J. Dreifuss Gonadal steroids regulate oxytocin receptors but not vasopressin receptors in the brain of male and female rats. An autoradiographical study Brain Research 511 1990 129 140
184. K. Uvnas-Moberg Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 819 835
185. K. Uvnas-Moberg, B. Johansson, B. Lupoli, and K. Svennersten-Sjaunja Oxytocin facilitates behavioral, metabolic and physiological adaptations during lactation Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72 2001 225 234
186. Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenberg, M. J. (in press). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology.
187. R. Ventimiglia, P.E. Mather, B.E. Jones, and R.M. Lindsay The neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5 promote survival and morphological and biochemical differentiation of striatal neurons in vitro European Journal of Neuroscience 7 1995 213 222
188. Z.X. Wang, Y. Liu, L.J. Young, and T.R. Insel Hypothalamic vasopressin gene expression increases in both males and females postpartum in a biparental rodent Journal of Neuroendocrinology 12 2000 111 120
189. T. Ward, and A.R. Beech The etiology of risk: A preliminary model Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 16 2004 271 284
190. T. Ward, S.M. Hudson, and W.L. Marshall Attachment style in sex offenders: A preliminary study The Journal of Sex Research 33 1996 17 26
191. Ward, T., Polaschek, D., & Beech, A.R. (2005). Theories of sexual offending. Chichester: Wiley.
192. T. Ward, and R.J. Siegert Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective Psychology, Crime, and Law 8 2002 319 351
193. R. Weeks, and C. Widom Self-reports of early childhood victimization among incarcerated adult male felons Journal of Interpersonal Violence 13 1998 346 361
194. J.T. Winslow, E.F. Hearn, J. Ferguson, L.J. Young, M.M. Matzuk, and T.R. Insel Infant vocalization, adult aggression, and fear behavior of an oxytocin null mutant mouse Hormones and Behavior 37 2000 145 155
195. J.T. Winslow, and T.R. Insel Effects of central vasopressin administration to infant rats European Journal of Pharmacology 233 1993 101 107
196. J.T. Winslow, and T.R. Insel The social deficits of the oxytocin knockout mouse Neuropeptides 36 2002 221 229
197. J.E. Young, J.S. Klosko, and M.E. Weisharr Schema therapy: A practitioners guide 2003 The Guilford Press London
198. L.J. Young The neurobiology of social recognition, approach, and avoidance Biological Psychiatry 51 2002 18 26
199. L.J. Young, Z.X. Wang, and T.R. Insel Neuroendocrine bases of monogamy Trends in Neurosciences 21 1998 71 75
200. P.Y. Zhong, and R.D. Ciaranello Transcriptional regulation of hippocampal 5-HT1a receptors by corticosteroid hormones Molecular Brain Research 29 1995 23 34