Corticosterone and serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus: Functional implications of central corticosteroid receptor diversity

Critical Reviews in Neurobiology

Volumn 12, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 1-20

  Meijer, Onno C ^a   De Kloet, E Ronald ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

5 HT(1A); Depression; Glucocorticoid receptor; Mineralocorticoid receptor; Receptor; Serotonin; Stress

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTOR; CORTICOSTERONE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR;

DEPRESSION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HIPPOCAMPUS; HYPERADRENOCORTICISM; MESENCEPHALON; NERVE CELL; NEUROTRANSMISSION; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; REVIEW; SEROTONIN RELEASE; STRESS;

EID: 0031955119     PISSN: 08920915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevNeurobiol.v12.i1-2.10     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Reul, J. M. H. M. and De Kloet, E. R., Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation, Endocrinology, 117, 2505, 1985.
2. McEwen, B. S., De Kloet, E. R., and Rostène, W. H., Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system, Physiol. Rev., 66, 1121, 1986.
3. De Kloet, E. R., Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostatic control, Front Neuroendocrinol., 12, 95, 1991.
4. Beato, M., Gene regulation by steroid hormones, Cell, 56, 335, 1989.
5. Hollenberg, S. M., Weinberger, C., Ong, E. S., Cerelli, G., Oro, A., Lebo, R., Thompson, E. B., Rosenfeld, M. G., and Evans, R. M., Primary structure and expression of a functional glucocorticoid receptor cDNA, Nature, 318, 635, 1985.
6. Arriza, J. L., Weinberger, C., Cerelli, G., Glaser, T. M., Handelin, B. L., Housmann, D. E., and Evans, R. M., Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complemtary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor, Science, 237, 268, 1987.
7. Evans, R. M., The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, Science, 240, 889, 1988.
8. Fuxe, K., Wikstrom, A. C., Okret, S., Agnati, L. F., Harfstrand, A., Yu, Z-Y., Granholm, L., Zoli, M., Vale, W., and Gustafsson, J-Å., Mapping of the glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactive neurons in the rat tel- and diencephalon using a monoclonal antibody against rat liver glucocorticoid receptors, Endocrinology, 117, 1803, 1985.
9. Aronsson, M., Fuxe, K., and Dong, Y., Localization of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the male rat brain by in situ hybridization, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 85, 9331, 1988.
10. Arriza, J. L., Simerly, R. B., Swanson, L. W., and Evans, R. M., The neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor as a mediator of glucocorticoid response, Neuron, 1, 887, 1988.
11. van Eekelen, J. A. M., Jiang, W., De Kloet, E. R., and Bohn, M. C., Distribution of the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat hippocampus, J. Neuroscience Res., 21, 88, 1988.
12. Chao, H. M., Choo, P. H., and McEwen, B. S., Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in the rat brain, Neuroendocrinology, 50, 365, 1989.
13. Herman, J. P., Patel, P. D., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J., Localization and regulation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat, Mol. Endocrinol., 3, 1886, 1989.
14. Funder, J. W., Pearce, P. T., Smith, R., and Smith, A. I., Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated, Science, 242, 583, 1988.
15. Edwards, C. R. W., Stewart, P. M., Burt, D., Brett, L., McIntyre, M. A., Sutanto, W., De Kloet, E. R., and Monder, C., Localization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor, Lancet, 2, 986, 1988.
16. Rajan, V., Edwards, C. R. W., and Seckl, J. R., 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in cultured hippocampal cells reactivates inert 11-dehydroxycorticosterone, potentiating neurotoxicity, J. Neurosci., 16, 65, 1996.
17. van Haarst, A. D., Welberg, L. A. M., Sutanto, W., Oitzl, M. S., and De Kloet, E. R., 11beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase in the hippocampus: implications for corticosterone receptor binding and cell nuclear retention, J. Neuroendocrinology, 1996 (in press).
18. van Steensel, B., van Binnendijk, E. P., Hornsby, C. D., van der Voort, H. T. M., Krozowski, Z. S., De Kloet, E. R., and van Driel, R., Partial colocalization of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in compartments in nuclei of rat hippocampal neurons, J. Cell Science, 109, 787, 1996.
19. Joëls, M. and De Kloet, E. R., Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the brain. Implications for ion permeability and transmitter systems, Prog. Neurobiol., 43, 1, 1994.
20. Spencer, R. L., Miller, A. H., Moday, H., Stein, M., and McEwen, B. S., Diurnal differences in basal and acute stress levels of type I and type II adrenal steroid receptor activition in neural and immune tissues, Endocrinology, 133, 1941, 1993.
21. De Kloet, E. R. and Reul, J. M. H. M., Tonic influence and feedback action of corticosteroids: a concept arising from heterogeneity of brain corticosteroid receptor systems, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12, 83, 1987.
22. Oitzl, M. S., van Haarst, A. D., and De Kloet, E. R., Corticosterone, brain mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis: the Lewis rat as an example of increased central MR capacity and a hyporesponsive HPA-axis, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 655, 1995.
23. Akana, S. F., Scribner, K. A., Bradbury, M. J., Strack, A. M., Walker, C.-D., and Dallman, M. F., Feedback sensitivity of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and its capacity to adjust to exogenous corticosterone, Endocrinology, 131, 585, 1992.
24. Oitzl, M. S., Fluttert, M., and De Kloet, E. R., The effect of corticosterone on reactivity to spatial novelty is mediated by central mineralocorticosteroid receptors, Eur. J. Neuroscience, 6, 1072, 1994.
25. Reul, J. M. H. M., van den Bosch, J. R., and De Kloet, E. R., Relative occupation of type-I and type-II corticosteroid receptors in the rat brain following stress and dexamethasone treatment: functional implications, J. Endocrinology, 115, 459, 1987.
26. Young, E. A., Kwak, S. P., and Kottak, J., Negative feedback regulation following administration of chronic exogenous corticosterone, J. Neuroendocrinology, 7, 37, 1995.
27. Young, A. H., MacDonald, L. M., St John, H., Dick, H., and Goodwin, G. M., The effect of corticosterone on 5-HT receptor function in rodents, Neuropharmacology, 31, 433, 1992.
28. De Kloet, E. R., Wallach, G., and McEwen, B. S., Differences in corticosterone and dexamethasone binding to rat brain and pituitary, Endocrinology, 96, 598, 1975.
29. Reul, J. M. H. M., van den Bosch, J. R., and De Kloet, E. R., Differential response of type 1 and type 2 corticosteroid receptors to changes in plasma steroid levels and circadian rhythmicity, Neuroendocrinology, 45, 407, 1987.
30. Reul, J. M. H. M., Pearce, P. T., Funder, J. W., and Krozowski, Z. S., Type I and type II corticosteroid receptor gene expression in the rat: effect of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone administration, Mol. Endocrinol., 3, 1674, 1989.
31. Herman, J. P., Adams, D., and Prewitt, C., Regulatory changes in neuroendocrine stress-integrative circuitry produced by a variable stress paradigm, Neuroendocrinology, 61, 180, 1995.
32. van Dijken, H., de Goeij, D. C. E., Sutanto, W., Mos, J., De Kloet, E. R., and Tilders, F. J. H., Short inescapable stress produces long-lasting changes in the brain-pituitary-adrenal axis of adult male rats, Neuroendocrinology, 58, 57, 1993.
33. Sakai, D. D., Helms, S., Carlstedt Düke, J., Gustafsson, J-Å., Rottman, F. M., and Yamamoto, K. R., Hormone-mediated repression: a negative glucocorticoid response element from the bovine prolactin gene, Genes Dev., 2, 1144, 1988.
34. Truss, M. and Beato, M., Steroid hormone receptors: interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors, Endocrine Revs., 14, 459, 1993.
35. Pearce, D. and Yamamoto, K. R., Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor activities distinguished by nonreceptor factors at a composite response element, Science, 259, 1161, 1993.
36. Rupprecht, R., Arriza, J. L., Spengler, D., Reul, J. M. H. M., Evans, R. M., Holsboer, F., and Damm, K., Transactivation and synergistic properties of the mineralocorticoid receptor: relationship to the glucocorticoid receptor, Mol. Endocrinol., 7, 597, 1993.
37. Liu, W., Wang, J., Sauter, N. K., and Pearce, D., Steroid receptor heterodimerization demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 12480, 1995.
38. Wright, A. P. and Gustafsson, J-Å., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88, 8283, 1991.
39. Heck, S., Kullmann, M., Gast, A., Ponta, H., Rahmsdorf, H. J., Herrlich, P., and Cato, A. C. B., A distinct modulating domain in glucocorticoid receptor monomers in the repression of activity of the transcription factor AP-1, EMBO J., 13, 4087, 1994.
40. Caldenhoven, E., Liden, J., Wissink, S., van de Stolpe, A., Raaymakers, J., Koenderman, L., Okret, S., Gustafsson, J-Å., and van der Saag, P. T., Negative cross-talk between Re1A and the glucocorticoid receptor: a possible mechanism for the antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids, Mol. Endocrinol., 9, 401, 1995.
41. Jonat, C., Rahmsdorf, H. J., Park, K-K., Cato, A. C. B., Gebel, S., Ponta, H., and Herrlich, P., Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (fos/jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone, Cell, 62, 1189, 1990.
42. Yang-Yeng, H. F., Chambard, J. C., Sun, Y-L., Smeal, T., Schmidt, T. J., Drouin, J., and Karin, M., Transcriptional interference between c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction, Cell, 62, 1205, 1990.
43. Schüle, R., Rangarajan, P., Kliewer, S., Ransone, L. J., Bolado, J., Yang, N., Verma, I. M., and Evans, R. M., Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor, Cell, 62, 1217, 1990.
44. Harrison, R. J., McNeil, G. P., and Dobner, P. R., Synergistic activation of neurotensin/neuromedin N gene expression by c-jun and glucocorticoids: novel effects of fos family proteins, Mol. Endocrinol., 9, 981, 1995.
45. Trapp, T. and Holsboer, F., Heterodimerization between mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors increases the functional diversity of corticosteroid action, Trends Pharmacol, 17, 145, 1996.
46. Trapp, T., Rupprecht, R., Castr_n, M., Reul, J. M. H. M., and Holsboer, F., Heterodimerization between mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor: a new principle of glucocorticoid action in the CNS, Neuron, 13, 1457, 1994.
47. Schumacher, M., Rapid membrane effects of steroid hormones: An emerging concept in neuroendocrinology, TINS, 13, 359, 1990.
48. Orchinik, M., Murray, T. F., Franklin, P. H., and Moore, F. L., A corticosteroid receptor in neuronal membranes, Science, 252, 1848, 1991.
49. Diamond, M. I., Miner, J. N., Yoshinaga, S. K., and Yamamoto, K. R., Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element, Science, 249, 1266, 1990.
50. Jacobs, B. L. and Azmitia, E. C., Structure and function of the brain serotonin system, Physiol. Rev., 72, 165, 1992.
51. Oleskevich, S. and Descarries, L., Quantified distribution of the serotonin innervation in the adult rat hippocampus, Neuroscience, 34, 19, 1990
52. Segal, M., The action of serotonin in the hippocampal slice, J. Physiol., 303, 443, 1980.
53. Beck, S. G. and Goldfarb, J., Serotonin produces a reversible concentration dependent decrease of population spikes in rat hippocampal slices, Life Sci., 36, 557, 1985.
54. Corradetti, R., Ballerine, L., Pugliese, A. M., and Pepeu, G., Serotonin blocks the long-term potentiation induced by primed-burst stimulation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, Neuroscience, 46, 511, 1992.
55. Ropert, N., Inhibitory action of serotonin in CA1 hippocampal neurons in vitro, Neuroscience, 26, 69, 1988.
56. Peroutka, S. J., Molecular biology of serotonin (5-HT) receptors, Synapse, 18, 241, 1994.
57. Vergé, D., Daval, G., Marcinkiewicz, M., Patey, A., El Mestikawy, S., Gozlan, H., and Hamon, M., Quantitative autoradiography of multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes in the brain of control or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats, J. Neurosci., 6, 3474, 1986.
58. Chalmers, D. T. and Watson, S. J., Comparative anatomical distribution of 5-HT1a receptor mRNA and 5-HT1a binding in the rat brain - a combined in situ hybridisation/in vitro receptor autoradiographic study, Brain Res., 561, 51, 1991.
59. Pompeiano, M., Palacios, J. M., and Mengod, G., Distribution and cellular localization of mRNA coding for the 5-HT1a receptor in the rat brain: correlation with receptor binding, J. Neurosci., 12, 440, 1992.
60. Miquel, M.-C., Doucet, E., Boni, C., El Mestikawy, S., Matthiesen, L., Daval, G., Verg', D., and Hamon, M., Central serotonin 1a receptors: respective distributions of encoding mRNA, receptor protein and binding sites by in situ hybridization histochemistry, radioimmunohistochemistry and autoradiographic mapping in the rat brain, Neurochem. Int., 19, 453, 1991.
61. Joëls, M., Hesen, W., and De Kloet, E. R., Mineralocorticoid hormones suppress serotonin responses in rat hippocampus, J. Neurosci., 11, 2288, 1991.
62. Andrade, R. and Nicoll, R. A., Pharmacologically distinct actions of serotonin on single pyramidal neurones of the rat hippocampus recorded in vitro, J. Physiol., 394, 99, 1987.
63. Baskys, A., Niesen, C. E., and Carlen, P. L., Altered modulatory actions of serotonin on dentate granule cells of aged rats, Brain Res., 419, 112, 1987.
64. De Vivo, M. and Maayani, S., Stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase by distinct 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, Biochem. Pharmacol., 40, 1551, 1990.
65. Carli, M. and Samanin, R., 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin impairs spatial learning in a water maze: role of postsynaptic 5-HT1a receptors, Br. J. Pharmacol., 105, 720, 1992.
66. Hunter, A. J. and Roberts, F. F., The effects of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin(8-OH-DPAT) on spatial learning in the Morris water maze task, in Brain 5-HT1a Receptors: Behavioural and Neurochemical Pharmacology, Dourish, C. T., Ahlenius, S., and Hutson, P. H., Eds., Horwood, Chichester, 1988, 278.
67. Morris, R. G. M., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N. P., and O'Keefe, J., Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions, Nature, 297, 681, 1982.
68. Sakai, N. and Tanaka, C., Inhibitory modulation of long-term potentiation via the 5-HT1a receptor in slices of the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus, Brain Res., 613, 326, 1993.
69. Andrade, R. and Chaput, Y., 5-Hydroxytryptamine4-like receptors mediate the slow excitatory response to serotonin in the rat hippocampus, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 257, 930, 1991.
70. Birnstiel, S. and Beck, S. G., Modulation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor-mediated response by short-term and long-term administration of corticosterone in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 273, 1132, 1995.
71. Beck, S. G., 5-hydroxytrypramine increases excitability of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, Synapse, 10, 334, 1992.
72. Schmitz, D., Empson, R. M., and Heinemann, U., Serotonin reduces inhibition via 5-HT1a receptors in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices in vitro, J. Neurosci., 15, 7217, 1995.
73. Molinaux, S. M., Jessell, T. M., Axel, R., and Julius, D., 5-HT1c receptor is a prominent serotonin receptor subtype in the central nervous system, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, 6793, 1989.
74. Holmes, M. C., Yau, J. L. W., French, K. L., and Seckl, J. R., The effect of adrenalectomy on 5-hydroxytryptamine and corticosteroid receptor subtype messenger RNA expression in the rat, Neuroscience, 64, 327, 1995.
75. Beschert, U., Aït Amara, D., Segu, L., and Hen, R., The mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine 1b receptor is localized predominantly on axon terminals, Neuroscience, 58, 167, 1994.
76. Ait-Amara, D., Segu, L., Naili, S., and Buhot, M. C., Serotonin 1B receptor regulation after dorsal subiculum deafferentiation, Brain Res. Bull., 38, 17, 1995.
77. Tecott, L. H., Maricq, A. V., and Julius, D., Nervous system distribution of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor mRNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 1430, 1993.
78. Stäubli, U. and Xu, F. B., Effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonism on hippocampal theta rhythm, memory, and LTP induction in the freely moving rat, J. Neurosci., 15, 2445, 1995.
79. Sadou, F. and Hen, R., 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in vertebrates and invertebrates, Neurochem. Int., 25, 503, 1994.
80. Jacobs, B. L. and Fornal, C. A., Activity of brain serotonergic neurons in the behaving animal, Pharmacol. Revs., 43, 563, 1991.
81. Shimizu, N., Take, S., Hori, T., and Oomura, Y., In vivo measurement of hypothalamic serotonin release by intracerebral microdialysis: significant enhancement by immobilization stress in rats, Brain Res. Bull., 28, 727, 1992.
82. Linthorst, A. C. E., Flachskamm, C., Holsboer, F., and Reul, J. M. H. M., Local administration of recombinant human interleukin-1β in the rat hippocampus increases serotonergic neurotransmission, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, and body temperature, Endocrinology, 135, 520, 1994.
83. Boadle-Biber, M. C., Corley, K. C., Graves, L., Phan, T-H., and Rosecrans, J., Increase in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase from cortex and midbrain of Fischer 344 rats in response to acute or repeated sound stress, Brain Res., 482, 306, 1989.
84. Chaouloff, F., Physiopharmacological interactions between stress hormones and central serotonergic systems, Brain Res. Rev., 18, 1, 1993.
85. Fuller, R. W., The involvement of serotonin in regulation of pituitary-adrenocortical function, Front Neuroendocrinol., 13, 250, 1992.
86. Yau, J. L. W., Kelly, P. A. T., Sharkey, J., and Seckl, J. R., Chronic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetine (MDMA) administration decreases glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor, but increases 5-HT1C receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus, Neuroscience, 61, 31, 1994.
87. Yau, J. L. W. and Seckl, J. R., Time course of corticosteroid and serotonin receptor gene expression in the rat hippocampus following acute MDMA, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 347, 17 (Abstract), 1995.
88. Barden, N., Reul, J. M. H. M., and Holsboer, F., Do antidepressants stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system? TINS, 18, 6, 1995.
89. Mitchell, P. J., Rowe, W., Boksa, P., and Meany, M. J., Serotonin regulates type II corticosteroid receptor binding in hippocampal cell cultures, J. Neurosci., 10, 1745, 1990.
90. Meany, M. J., Dioro, J., Francis, D.., LaRoque, S., O'Donell, D., Smythe, J. W., Sharma, S., and Tannenbaum, B., Environmental regulation of the development of glucocorticoid receptor systems in the rat forebrain: the role of serotonin, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 746, 260, 1994.
91. Meyer, J. S., Biochemical effects of corticosteroids on neural tissues, Physiol. Rev., 65, 946, 1985.
92. van Loon, G. R., Shum, A., and Sole, M. J., Decreased brain serotonin turnover after short term (two-hour) adrenalectomy in rats: a comparison of four turnover methods, Endocrinology, 108, 1392, 1981.
93. Singh, V. B., Corley, K. C., Phan, T.-H., and Boadle-Biber, M. C., Increases in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase from rat cortex and midbrain in response to acute or repeated sound stress are blocked by adrenalectomy and restored by dexamethasone treatment, Brain Res., 516, 66, 1989.
94. Azmitia, E. C. and McEwen, B. S., Adrenocortical influence on rat tryptophan hydroxylase activity, Brain Res., 78, 291, 1974.
95. Sze, P. Y. and Neckers, L., Requirement for adrenal glucocorticoids in the ethanol-induced increase of tryptophan hydroxylase activity in mouse brain, Brain Res., 72, 375, 1974.
96. Yanai, J. and Sze, P. Y., Adrenal glucocorticoids as a required factor in barbiturate-induced changes in functional tolerance and brainstem tryptophan hydroxylase, Brain Res., 269, 297, 1983.
97. De Kloet, E. R., Kovacs, G. L., Szabo, G., Telegdy, G., Bohus, B., and Versteeg, D. H. G., Decreased serotonin turnover in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat brain shortly after adrenalectomy: selective normalisation after corticosterone substitution, Brain Res., 239, 659, 1982.
98. De Kloet, E. R., Versteeg, D. H. G., and Kovacs, G. L., Aldosterone blocks the response to corticosterone in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin system, Brain Res., 264, 323, 1983.
99. Gemma, C., De Luigi, A., and De Simoni, M. G., Permissive role of glucocorticoids on interleukin-1 activation of the hypothalamic serotonergic system, Brain Res., 651, 169, 1994.
100. Singh, V. B., Corley, K. C., Krieg, R. J., Phan, T.-H., and Boadle-Biber, M. C., Sound stress activation of tryptophan hydroxylase blocked by hypophysectomy and intracranial RU 38486, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 256, 177, 1994.
101. Singh, V. B., Phan, T-H., Corley, K. C., and Boadle-Biber, M. C., Increase in cortical and midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase activity by intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin releasing factor: block by adrenalectomy, by RU 38486, and by bilateral lesions to the central nucleus of the amygdala, Neurochem. Int., 20, 81, 1992.
102. Laaris, N., Hajdahmane, S., Hamon, M., and Lanfumay, L., Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated inhibition by corticosterone of 5-HT1a receptor functioning in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus, Neuropharmacology, 34, 1201, 1995.
103. Azmitia, E. C. and Conrad, L. C. A., Temporal effects of fornix transection on brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity and plasma corticosterone levels, Neuroendocrinology, 21, 338, 1976.
104. Linthorst, A. C. E., Flachskamm, C., Müller-Preuss, P., Holsboer, F., and Reul, J. M. H. M., Effect of bacterial endotoxin and interleukin-1β on hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission, behavioral activity, and free corticosterone levels: an in vivo microdialysis study, J. Neurosci, 15, 2920, 1995.
105. Azmitia, E. C., Liao, B., and Chen, Y. S., Increase of tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme protein by dexamethasone in adrenalectomized rat midbrain, J. Neurosci., 13, 5041, 1993.
106. Kitayama, I., Cintra, A., Janson, A. M., Fuxe, K., Agnati, L. F., Aronsson, M., Harfstrand, A., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Visser, T. J., Goldstein, M., Vale, W., and Gustafsson, J-Å., Chronic immobilization stress: evidence for decreases of 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity and for increases of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in various brain regions of the male rat, J. Neural Trans., 77, 93, 1989.
107. Chaouloff, F., Regulation of 5-HT receptors by corticosteroids: where do we stand? Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 9, 219, 1995.
108. De Kloet, E. R., Sybesma, H., and Reul, J. M. H. M., Selective control by corticosterone of serotonin 1 receptor capacity in raphe-hippocampal system, Neuroendocrinology, 42, 513, 1986.
109. Biegon, A, Rainbow, T. C., and McEwen, B. S., Corticosterone modulation of neurotransmitter receptors in rat hippocampus: a quantitative autoradiographic study, Brain Res., 332, 309, 1985.
110. Martire, M., Pistritto, G., and Preziosi, P., Different regulation of serotonin receptors following adrenal hormone imbalance in the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus, J. Neural Transm., [Gen. Sect.], 78, 109, 1989.
111. Burnet, P. W. J., Mefford, I. N., Smith, C. C., Gold, P. W., and Sternberg, E. M., Hippocampal 8-[3H]Hydroxy-2-(Di-n-propylamino)tetralin binding site densities, serotonin receptor (5-HT1A) messenger ribonucleic acid abundance, and serotonin levels parallel the activity of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis in rat, J. Neurochem., 59, 1062, 1992.
112. Mendelson, S. D. and McEwen, B. S., Autoradiographic analyses of the effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on 5-HT1a and 5-HT1b receptors in the dorsal hippocampus and cortex of the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 55, 444, 1992.
113. Chalmers, D. T., Kwak, S. P., Mansour, A., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J., Corticosteroids regulate brain hippocampal 5-HT1a receptor mRNA expression, J. Neurosci., 13, 914, 1993.
114. Tejani-Butt, S. M. and Labow, D., Time course of the effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on 5-HT1a receptors and 5-HT uptake sites in the hippocampus and dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat brain: an autoradiographic analysis, Psychopharmacology, 113, 481, 1994.
115. Kuroda, Y., Watanabe, Y., Albeck, D. S., Hastings, N. B., and McEwen, B. S., Effects of adrenalectomy and type I or type II glucocorticoid receptor activation on 5-HT1a and 5-HT2 receptor binding and 5-HT transporter mRNA expression in rat brain, Brain Res., 648, 157, 1994.
116. Meijer, O. C. and De Kloet, E. R., Corticosterone suppresses the expression of 5-HT1a receptor mRNA in rat dentate gyrus, Eur. J. Pharmacol. - Mol. Pharm. Section, 266, 255, 1994.
117. Zhong, P. and Ciaranello, R. D., Transcriptional regulation of hippocampal 5-HT1a receptors by corticosteroid hormones, Mol. Brain Res., 29, 23, 1995.
118. Meijer, O. C. and De Kloet, E. R., A role for the mineralocorticoid receptor in a rapid and transient suppression of 5-HT1a receptor mRNA by corticosterone, J. Neuroendocrinology, 1995.
119. Chalmers, D. T., Lopez, J. F., Vasquez, D. M., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J., Regulation of hippocampal 5-HT1a receptor gene expression by dexamethasone, Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 215, 1994.
120. Cole, T. J., Blendy, J. A., Monaghan, A. P., Krieglstein, K., Schmid, W., Aguzzi, A., Fantuzzi, G., Hummler, E., Unsicker, K., and Schütz, G., Targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene blocks adrenergic chromaffin cell development and severely retards lung maturation, Genes Dev., 9, 1608, 1995.
121. Meijer, O. C., Cole, T. J., Schmid, W., Schütz, G., Joëls, M., and De Kloet, E. R., Regulation of hippocampal 5-HT1a receptor mRNA and binding in transgenic mice with a targeted disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor, Mol. Brain Res. (in press).
122. Liao, B., Miesak, B., and Azmitia, E. C., Loss of 5-HT1a receptor mRNA in the dentate gyrus of the long-term adrenalectomized rats and rapid reversal by dexamethasone, Mol. Brain Res., 19, 328, 1993.
123. Sloviter, R. S., Valiquette, G., Abrams, G. M., Ronk, E. C., Sollas, A. L., Paul, L. A., and Neubort, S., Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy, Science, 243, 535, 1989.
124. Hensler, J. G., Kovachich, G. B., and Frazer, A., A quantative autoradiographic study of serotonin1A receptor regulation. Effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and antidepressant treatments, Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 131, 1991.
125. Frankfurt, M., Mendelson, S. D., McKittrick, C. R., and McEwen, B. S., Alterations of serotonin binding in the hypothalamus following acute denervation, Brain Res., 601, 349, 1993.
126. Miquel, M. C., Doucet, E., Riad, M., Adrien, J., Verg', D., and Hamon, M., Effect of the selective lesion of serotonergic neurons on the regional distribution of 5-HT1a receptor mRNA in the rat brain, Mol. Brain Res., 14, 357, 1992.
127. Kendall, D. A., McEwen, B. S., and Enna, S. J., The influence of ACTH and corticosterone on [3H]GABA receptor binding in rat brain, Brain Res., 236, 365, 1982.
128. Watanabe, Y., Sakai, R. R., McEwen, B. S., and Mendelson, S. D., Stress and antidepressant effects on hippocampal and cortical 5-HT1a and 5-HT2 receptors and transport sites for serotonin, Brain Res., 615, 87, 1993.
129. Flügge, G., Dynamics of central nervous 5-HT1a-receptors under psychosocial stress, J. Neurosci., 15, 7132, 1995.
130. McKittrick, C. R., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J., McEwen, B. S., and Sakai, R. R., Serotonin receptor binding in a colony model of chronic social stress, Biol. Psychiatry, 37, 383, 1995.
131. Mendelson, S. D. and McEwen, B. S., Autoradiographic analyses of the effects of restraint-induced stress on 5-HT1a, 5-HT1c, and 5-HT2 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus of male and female rats, Neuroendocrinology, 54, 454, 1991.
132. Kennett, G. A., Dickinson, S. L., and Curzön, G., Enhancement of some 5-HT-dependent behavioural responses following repeated immobilization in rats, Brain Res., 330, 253, 1985.
133. Kuroda, Y., Mikuni, M., Nomura, N., and Takahashi, K., Differential effect of subchronic dexamethasone treatment on serotonin-2 and β-adrenergic receptors in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus, Neurosci. Lett., 155, 195, 1993.
134. Kuroda, Y., Mikuni, M., Ogawa, T, and Takahashi, K., Effect of ACTH, adrenalectomy and the combination treatment on the density of 5-HT2 receptor binding sites in neocortex of rat forebrain and 5-HT2 receptor-mediated wet-dog shake behaviors, Psychopharmacology, 108, 27, 1992.
135. Muraoka, S. I., Mikuni, M., Kagaya, A., Saitoh, K., and Takahashi, K., Dexamethasone potentiates serotonin-2 receptor-mediated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in C6 glioma cells, Neuroendocrinology, 57, 322, 1993.
136. Pinto, W. and Battaglia, G., Comparative recovery kinetics of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1a, 1b, and 2a receptor subtypes in rat cortex after receptor inactivation: evidence for differences in receptor production and degradation, Mol. Pharmacol., 48, 1111, 1994.
137. Joëls, M. and De Kloet, E. R., Coordinative mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated control of responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus, Neuroendocrinology, 55, 344, 1992.
138. Andrade, R., Malenka, R. C., and Nicoll, R. A., A G binding protein couples serotonin and GABAb receptors to the same channels in hippocampus, Science, 243, 1261, 1986.
139. Hesen, W. and Joëls, M., Modulation of 5-HT1a responsiveness in CA1 pyramidal neurons by in vivo activation of corticosteroid receptors, J. Neuroendocrinology, 8, 433, 1996.
140. Beck, S. G., Choi, K. C., List, T. J., Okuhara, D. Y., and Birnstiel, S., Corticosterone alters 5-HT1a receptor-mediated hyperpolarization in area CA1 hippocampal neurons, Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 27, 1996.
141. Dickinson, S. L., Kennett, G. A., and Curzon, G., Reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine-dependent behaviour in rats following chronic corticosterone treatment, Brain Res., 345, 10, 1985.
142. Bagdy, G., Calogero, A. E., Aulakh, C. S., Szemeredi, K., and Murphy, D. L., Long-term cortisol treatment impairs behavioural and neuroendocrine responses to 5-HT1 agonists in the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 50, 241, 1989.
143. Young, A. H., Goodwin, G. M., Dick, H., and Fink, G., Effects of glucocorticoids on 5-HT1a presynaptic function in the mouse, Psychopharmacology, 114, 360, 1994.
144. Young, A. H., Dow, R. C., Goodwin, G. M., and Fink, G., The effect of adrenalectomy and ovariectomy on the behavioural and hypothermic responses of rats to 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), Neuropharmacology, 32, 653, 1993.
145. Millan, M. J., Rivet, J-M., Canton, H., le Marouille-Girardon, S., and Gobert, A., Induction of hypothermia as a model of 5-hydroxytryp-tamine 1a receptor-mediated activity in the rat: a pharmacological characterization of the actions of novel agonists and antagonists, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 264, 1364, 1993.
146. Kennett, G. A., Dickinson, S. L., and Curzon, G., Central serotonergic responses and behavioural adaptation to repeated immobilisation: the effect of the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 119, 143, 1985.
147. Saito, N., Guitart, X., Hayward, M., Tallman, J. F., Duman, R. S., and Nestler, E. J., Corticosterone differentially regulates the expression of Gsα and Giα messenger RNA and protein in rat cerebral cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, 3906, 1989.
148. van Loon, G. R., Shum, A., and De Souza, E. B., Triphasic changes in plasma ACTH concentration and brain serotonin synthesis rate following adrenalectomy in rats, Neuroendocrinology, 34, 90, 1982.
149. Carli, M., Lazarova, M., Tatarczynska, E., and Samanin, R., Stimulation of 5-HT1a receptors in the dorsal hippocampus impairs acquisition and performance of a spatial task in a water maze, Brain Res., 595, 50, 1992.
150. Meijer, O. C., Kortekaas, R., Oitzl, M. S., and De Kloet, E. R., Corticosterone determines specific 5-HT1a receptor-mediated responses in a water-maze learning task, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 663, 25 (Abstract), 1995.
151. Munck, A., McGuire, P. M., and Holbrook, N. J., Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions, Endocrine Revs., 5, 25, 1984.
152. Sternberg, E. M., Hill, J. M., Chrousos, G. P., Kamilaris, T., Listwak, S. J., Gold, P. W., and Wilder, R. L., Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthritis-susceptible Lewis rats, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, 2374, 1989.
153. Sternberg, E. M. and Wilder, R. L., The role of hypothalamic-pituitary-ardenal axis in an experimental model of arthritis, Prog. Neuroendocrine Immunol., 2, 102, 1989.
154. Oitzl, M. S. and De Kloet, E. R., Selective corticosteroid antagonists modulate specific aspects of spatial orientation learning, Behav. Neurosci., 106, 62, 1992.
155. Oitzl, M. S., Sutanto, W., Houtzager, S., and De Kloet, E. R., Brain corticosteroid receptors and stress responsiveness in the Lewis rat, Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 171, 1993.
156. Korte, S. M., Meijer, O. C., De Kloet, E. R., Buwalda, B., Keyser, J., Sluyter, F., van Oortmerssen, G. A., and Bohus, B., Enhanced 5-HT1A receptor expression in forebrain regions of aggressive house mice, Brain Res., 1996 (in press).
157. Deakin, J. F. W., A review of clinical efficacy of 5-HT1a agonists in anxiety and depression, J. Psychopharmacology, 7, 283, 1993.
158. Stahl, S. M., Gastpar, M., Keppel Hesselink, J. M., and Traber, J., Serotonin la Receptors in Depression and Anxiety, Raven Press, New York, 1992.
159. de Vry, J., 5-HT1a receptor agonists: recent developments and controversal issues, Psychopharmacology, 121, 1, 1995.
160. Korte, S. M., de Boer, S. F., De Kloet, E. R., and Bohus, B., Anxiolytic-like effects of selective mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid antagonists on fearenhanced behavior in the elevated plus-maze, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 385, 1995.
161. Gray, J. A., The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982.
162. McNaughton, N., Stress and behavioural inhibition, in Stress: From Synapse to Syndrome, Stanford, S. C. and Salmon, P., Eds., Academic Press, London, 1993, 191.
163. Gold, P. W., Goodwin, M. D., and Chrousos, G. P., Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression; relation to the neurobiology of stress II, N. Engl. J. Med., 319, 413, 1988.
164. Heuser, I., Yassouridis, A., and Holsboer, F., The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders, J. Psychiat. Res., 28, 341, 1994.
165. Deakin, J. F. W., Pennell, I., Upadhyaha, A. J., and Lofhouse, R., A neuroendocrine study of 5-HT function in depression: evidence for biological mechanisms of endogenous and psychosocial causation, Psychopharmacology, 101, 85, 1990.
166. Cleare, A. J., Beam, J., Allain, T., McGregor, A., Wessely, S., Murray, R. M., and O'Keane, V., Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome, J. Affect. Disord., 35, 283, 1995.
167. Lesch, K. P., Mayer, S., Disselkamp-Tietze, J., Hoh, A., Wiesmann, M., Osterheider, M., and Schulte, H. M., 5-HT1a receptor responsivity in unipolar depression. Evaluation of ipsapirone-ipsapirone ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients and controls, Biol. Psychiatry, 28, 620, 1990.
168. Bech, P., A meta-analysis of the antidepressant properties of serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 2, 209, 1990.
169. Price, L. H., Serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depression and anxiety. An overview, Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, 2, 165, 1990.
170. Telegdy, G. and Vermes, I., Effect of adrenocortical hormones on activity of the serotonergic system in limbic brain areas, Neuroendocrinology, 18, 16, 1975.
171. Stratakis, C. A., Karl, M., Schulte, H., and Chrousos, G. P., Glucocorticoid resistance in humans: elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and implications for psychopathology, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 746, 362, 1994.
172. Lamberts, S. J. W., Koper, J. W., Biemond, P., den Holder, F. H., and de Jong, F. H., Cortisol receptor resistance: the variability of its clinical presentation and response to treatment, Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 74, 313, 1992.
173. Brönnegård, M., Stierna, P., and Marcus, C., Glucocorticoid resistant syndromes - molecular basis and clinical presentations, J. Neuroendocrinology, 8, 405, 1996.
174. Bamberger, C. M., Schulte, H. M., and Chrousos, G. P., Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor function and tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids, Endocrine Revs., 17, 245, 1996.