The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 359, Issue 1451, 2004, Pages 1787-1796

  Sapolsky, Robert M ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Frontal disinhibition; Limbic system; Prefrontal cortex; Volition

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; CRIME;

EID: 10044246063     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1547     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Abbott, A. 2001 Into the mind of a killer. Nature 410, 296-298.
2. Acker, J., Brewer, T., Cunningham, E., Fitzgerald, A., Flexon, J., Lombard, J., Ryn, B. & Stodghill, B. 2001 No appeal from the grave: innocence, capital punishment, and the lessons of history. In Wrongly convicted: perspectives on failed justice (ed. S. Westervelt & J. Humphrey), pp. 154-173. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
3. Arenella, P. 1982 Reflections on current proposals to abolish or reform the insanity defense. Am. J. Law Med. 8, 271-284.
4. Arnsten, A. 2000 Stress impairs prefrontal cortical function in rats and monkeys: role of dopamine D1 and norepinephrine 1-a receptor mechanisms. Prog. Brain Res. 126, 183-192.
5. Baxter, M., Parker, A., Lindner, C., Izquierdo, A. & Murray, E. 2000 Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 20, 4311-4319.
6. Braun, A., Balkin, T., Wesensten, N., Gwadry, F., Carson, R., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G. & Herscovitch, P. 1998 Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep. Science 279, 91-99.
7. Brower, M. & Price, B. 2001 Neuropsychiatry of frontal lobe dysfunction in violent and criminal behaviour: a critical review. J. Neurol. Neursurg. Psychiatry 71, 720-726.
8. Bruer, J. 1999 The myth of the first three years. New York: Free Press.
9. Camille, N., Coricelli, G., Sallet, J., Pradat-Diehl, P., Duhamel, J. & Sirigu, A. 2004 The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret. Science 304, 1167-1170.
10. Cardinal, R., Pennicott, D., Sugathapala, C., Robbins, T. & Everitt, B. 2001 Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core. Science 292, 2499-2501.
11. Caspi, A. (and 10 others) 2003 Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301, 386-389.
12. Chow, T., Miller, B., Boone, K., Mishkin, F. & Cummings, J. 2002 Frontotemporal dementia classification and neuropsychiatry. Neurologist 8, 263-269.
13. Coffey, C., Wilkinson, W. & Parashos, I. 1992 Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 42, 527-536.
14. Cohen, L., Angladette, L., Benoit, N. & Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. 1999 A man who borrowed cars. Lancet 353, 34.
15. Coleman, P. & Flood, D. 1987 Neuron numbers and dendritic extent in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 8, 521-545.
16. Cummings, J. 1995 Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms associated with Huntington's Disease. Adv. Neurol. 65, 179-188.
17. Damasio, A. 1998 Descartes' error: emotion, reasoning, and the human brain. New York: Bard/Avon Books.
18. Delis, D., Kramer, J., Kaplan, E. & Ober, B. 1987 California verbal learning test: adult version. New York: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc.
19. Dressler, J. 2001 Insanity. In Understanding criminal law, pp. 131-157. New York: Matthew Bender & Co.
20. Eadie, M. & Bladin, P. 2001 A disease once sacred: a history of the medical understanding of epilepsy. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
21. English, J. 1988 The light between twilight and dusk: federal criminal law and the volitional insanity defense. Hastings Law J. 40, 1-33.
22. Farrow, T. F., Zheng, Y., Wilkinson, I. D., Spence, S. A., Deakin, J. F., Tarrier, N., Griffiths, P. D. & Woodruff, P. W. 2001 Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness. Neuroreport 12, 2433-2438.
23. Freedman, D. J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T. & Miller, E. K. 2001 Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 291, 312-316.
24. Fujii, N. & Graybiel, A. 2003 Representation of action sequence boundaries by macaque prefrontal cortical neurons. Science 301, 1246-1249.
25. Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M. & Cohen, J. D. 2001 An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293, 2105-2108.
26. Hans, V. 1986 An analysis of public attitudes toward the insanity defense. Criminology 24, 393-411.
27. Heekeren, H., Wartenburger, I., Schmidt, H., Schwintowski, H. & Villringer, A. 2003 An fMRI study of simple ethical decision-making. Neuroreport 14, 1215-1219.
28. Helmuth, L. 2003 In sickness or in health? Science 302, 808-810.
29. Jaeggi, S., Seewer, R., Nirkko, A., Eckstein, D., Schroth, G., Groner, R. & Gutbrod, K. 2003 Does excessive memory load attenuate activation in the prefrontal cortex? Load-dependent processing in single and dual tasks: functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 19, 210-225.
30. Kruijver, F. P., Zhou, J. N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. & Swaab, D. F. 2000 Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 2034-2041.
31. Lezak, M. 1995 Neuropsychological assessment, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press.
32. Lim, M., Wang, Z., Olazabal, D., Ren, X., Terwilliger, E. & Young, L. 2004 Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene. Nature 429, 754-757.
33. MacMillan, M. 2000 An odd kind of fame: stories of Phinneas Gage. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
34. Matsumoto, K., Suzuki, W. & Tanaka, K. 2003 Neuronal correlates of goal-based motor selection in the prefrontal cortex. Science 301, 229-232.
35. Miller, E. K. & Cohen, J. D. 2001 An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. A. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167-202.
36. Moghaddam, B., Bolinao, M., Stein-Behrens, B. & Sapolsky, R. 1994 Glucocorticoids mediate the stress-induced accumulation of extracellular glutamate. Brain Res. 655, 251-254.
37. Moll, J., Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P., Bramati, I., Mourao-Miranda, J., Andreiuolo, P. & Pessoa, L. 2002 The neural correlates of moral senstivitiy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. J. Neurosci. 22, 2730-2736.
38. Moll, J., Oliveira-Souza, R. & Eslinger, P. 2003 Morals and the human brain: a working model. Neuroreport 14, 299-305.
39. Moore, D. 2002 The dependent gene. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt.
40. Morse, S. 1976 The twilight of welfare criminology: a reply to Judge Bazelon. S. California Law Rev. 49, 1247-1253.
41. Nyffeler, T. & Regard, M. 2001 Kleptomania in a patient with a right frontolimbic lesion. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. 14, 73-76.
42. Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J. & Gabrieli, J. D. 2002 Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 1215-1229.
43. Paus, T., Zijdenbos, A., Worsley, K., Collins, D. L., Blumenthal, J., Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L. & Evans, A. C. 1999 Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study. Science 283, 1908-1911.
44. Raine, A. 2002 Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: a review. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 30, 311-326.
45. Ridderinkhof, K. R., de Vlugt, Y., Bramlage, A., Spaan, M., Elton, M., Snel, J. & Band, G. P. 2002 Alcohol consumption impairs detection of performance errors in mediofrontal cortex. Science 298, 2209-2211.
46. Rilling, J. & Insel, T. 1999 The primate neocortex in comparative perspective using MRI. J. Hum. Evol. 37, 191-223.
47. Sanchez, M., Young, L., Plotsky, P. & Insel, T. 2000 Distribution of corticosteroid receptors in the rhesus brain: relative absence of GR in the hippocampal formation. J. Neurosci. 20, 4657-4668.
48. Sapolsky, R. 2001 Wild dreams. Discover 22, 36-41.
49. Sapolsky, R. 2004 Stress and cognition. In The cognitive neurosciences, 3nd edn (ed. M. Gazzaniga). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (In the press.)
50. Schultz, W., Tremblay, L. & Holerman, J. 2000 Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cerebral Cortex 10, 272-284.
51. Schultz, J., Goodenough, O., Frackowiak, R. & Frith, D. 2001 Cortical regions associated with the sense of justice and with legal rules. Neuroimage 13(Suppl.1), S473.
52. Simpson, J. R. Jr, Drevets, W. C., Snyder, A. Z., Gusnard, D. A. & Raichle, M. E. 2001 Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex. IL During anticipatory anxiety. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 688-693.
53. Tisserand, D. & Jolles, J. 2003 On the involvement of prefrontal networks in cognitive ageing. Cortex 39, 1107-1128.
54. Tomarken, A. & Davidson, R. 1994 Frontal brain activation in repressors and nonrepressors. J. Abnormal Psychol. 103, 339-349.
55. Urry, H., Van Reekum, C., Johnstone, T., Thurow, M., Burghy, C., Mueller, C. & Davidson, R. 2003 Neural correlates of voluntarily regulating negative affect. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 725, 18.
56. Waxman, S. & Geschwind, N. 1974 Hypergraphia in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 24, 629-637.