Cardiovascular pathophysiology of environmental pollutants

American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology

Volumn 286, Issue 2 55-2, 2004, Pages

  Bhatnagar, Aruni ^a  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDE; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; CARBON MONOXIDE; COPPER; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; IRON; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NICKEL; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; TOBACCO SMOKE; ZINC;

AGING; AIR POLLUTION; ATHEROGENESIS; BODY BURDEN; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY; DETOXIFICATION; DNA REPAIR; EDITORIAL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HEART DEATH; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOXEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PARTICLE SIZE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLLUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING;

EID: 0942276504     PISSN: 03636135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00817.2003     Document Type: Editorial

References (100)

1. Adamson IY, Prieditis H, Hedgecock C, and Vincent R. Zinc is the toxic factor in the lung response to an atmospheric particulate sample. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 166: 111-119, 2000.
2. Akahori F, Masaoka T, Arai S, Nomiyama K, Nomiyama H, Kobayashi K, Nomura Y, and Suzuki T. A nine-year chronic toxicity study of cadmium in monkeys. II Effects of dietary cadmium on circulatory function, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. Vet Hum Toxicol 36: 290-294, 1994.
3. American Heart Association. Heart and Stroke Statistical Update (2000). Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, 2001, p. 1-32.
4. Appelman LM, Hendriksen CF, and Feron VJ. Repeated exposure to α-methylacrolein vapor: subacute toxicity study in rats. Toxicology 22: 79-87, 1981.
5. Arito H, Uchiyama I, Arakawa H, and Yokoyama E. Ozone-induced bradycardia and arrhythmia and their relation to sleep-wakefulness in rats. Toxicol Lett 52: 169-178, 1990.
6. Beckman JA, Creager MA, and Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA 287: 2570-2581, 2002.
7. Bhatnagar A. Electrophysiological effects of 4-hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation, on isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 76: 293-304, 1995.
8. Bhatnagar A, West M, Bolanowski D, Liu SQ, Prabhu SD, and Srivastava S. Acrolein exacerbates atherosclerosis in ApoE-null mice (Abstract). FASEB J 16: A173, 2002.
9. Brook RD, Brook JR, Urch B, Vincent R, Rajagopalan S, and Silverman F. Inhalation of fine particulate air pollution and ozone causes acute arterial vasoconstriction in healthy adults. Circulation 105: 1534-1536, 2002.
10. Burnett RT, Dales RE, Brook JR, Riazenne ME, and Krewski D. Association between ambient carbon monoxide levels and hospitalizations for congestive heart failure in the elderly in 10 Canadian cities. Epidemiology 8: 162-167, 1997.
11. Burnett RT, Dales R, and Krewski D. Associations between ambient particulate sulfate and admissions to Ontario hospitals for cardiac and respiratory diseases. Am J Epidemiol 142: 15-22, 1995.
12. Campen MJ, Nolan JP, Schladweler MC, Kodavanti UP, Costa DL, and Watkinson WP. Cardiac and thermoregulatory effects of instilled particulate matter-associated transition metals in healthy and cardiopulmonary compromised rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 65: 1615-1631, 2002.
13. Carmignani M, Boscolo P, Artese L, Del Rosso G, Porcelli G, Felaco M, Volpe AR, and Giuliano G. Renal mechanisms in the cardiovascular effects of chronic exposure to inorganic mercury in rats. Br J Industr Med 49: 226-232, 1992.
14. Carter JD, Ghio AJ, Samet JM, and Devlin RB. Cytokine production by human airway epithelial cells after exposure to an air pollution particle is metal-dependent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 146: 180-188, 1997.
15. Chang LY, Huang Y, Stockstill BL, Graham JA, Grose EC, Menache MG, Miller FJ, Costa DL, and Crapo JD. Epithelial injury and interstitial fibrosis in the proximal alveolar regions of rats chronically exposed to a simulated pattern of urban ambient ozone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115: 241-252, 1992.
16. Cifuentes L, Borja-Aburto VH, Gouveia N, Thurston G, and Davis Climate change DL. Hidden health benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. Science 293: 1257-1259, 2001.
17. Committee on Aldehydes. Formaldehyde And Other Aldehydes, Washington, D.C., Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, 1981, p. 234-241.
18. Costa DL and Dreher KL. Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models. Environ Health Perspect 105: 1053-1060, 1997.
19. Devlin RB, Ghio AJ, Kehrl H, Sanders G, and Cascio W. Elderly humans exposed to concentrated air pollution particles have decreased heart rate variability. Eur Respir J Suppl 40: 76s-80s, 2003.
20. Dockery D. Epidemiological evidence of cardiovascular effects of parficulate air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 109: 483-186, 2001.
21. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG, and Speizer FE. An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. N Engl J Med 329: 1753-1759, 1993.
22. Dye JA, Adler KB, Richards JH, and Dreher KL. Role of soluble metals in oil fly ash-induced airway epithelial injury and cytokine gene expression. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 277: L498-L510, 1999.
23. Feron VJ, Til HP, de Vrijer F, Woutersen RA, Cassee FR, and van Bladeren PJ. Aldehydes: occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment. Mutat Res 259: 363-385, 1991.
24. Frustaci A, Magnavita N, Chimenti C, Caldarulo M, Sabbioni E, Pietra R, Cellini C, Possati GF, and Maseri A. Marked elevation of myocardial trace elements in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy compared with secondary cardiac dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 33: 1578-1583, 1999.
25. Gairola CG, Drawdy ML, Block AE, and Daugherty A. Sidestream cigarette smoke accelerates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-/- mice. Atherosclerosis 156: 49-55, 2001.
26. Glass CK and Witzum JL. Atherosclerosis. The road ahead. Cell 104: 503-516, 2001.
27. Godleski JJ, Verrier RL, Koutrakis P, Catalano P, Coull B, Reinisch U, Lovett EG, Lawrence J, Krishna Murthy GG, Wolfson MJ, Clarke RW, Nearing BD, and Killingsworth C. Mechanisms of morbidity and mortality from exposure to ambient air particles. Health Effects Inst Res Report 91: 1-103, 2000.
28. Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, Lovett E, Larson A, Nearing B, Allen G, Verrier M, Cherry R, and Verrier R. Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation 101: 1267-1273, 2000.
29. Goldsmith CA, Imrich A, Danaee H, Ning YY, and Kobzik L. Analysis of air pollution particulate-mediated oxidant stress in alveolar macrophages. J Toxicol Environ Health 54: 529-545, 1998.
30. Guberan E and Raymond L. Mortality and cancer incidence in the perfumery and flavour industry of Geneva. Br J Ind Med 42: 240-245, 1985.
31. Gurgueira SA, Lawrence J, Coull B, Murthy GGK, and Gonzalez-Flecha, B. Rapid increases in the steady-state concentration of reactive oxygen species in the lungs and heart after particulate air pollution inhalation. Environ Health Perspect 110: 749-755, 2002.
32. Heller RF, Chinn S, Tunstall Pedoe HD, and Rose G. How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project. BMJ 288: 1409-1411, 1984.
33. Hennekens C. Increasing burden of cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and future directions for research on risk factors. Circulation 97: 1095-1102, 1998.
34. Himmelstein MW, Acquavella JF, Recio L, Medinsky MA, and Bond JA. Toxicology and epidemiology of 1,3-butadiene. Crit Rev Toxicol 27: 1-108, 1997.
35. Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Fischer P, and van Wijnen J. The association between air pollution and heart failure, arrhythmia, embolism, thrombosis and other cardiovascular causes of death in a time series study. Epidemiology 12: 355-357, 2001.
36. Izzotti A, Bagnasco M, Agonstini FD, Cartiglia C, Lubet RA, Kellof GJ, and De Flora S. Formation and persistence of nucleotide alterations in rats exposed whole-body to environmental cigarette smoke. Carcinogenesis 20: 1499-1505, 1999.
37. James TN and Bear ES. Cardiac effects of some simple aliphatic aldehydes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 163: 300-308, 1968.
38. 10-exposed macrophages stimulate a proinflammatory response in lung epithelial cell via TNF-α. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282: L237-L248, 2002.
39. 10 occurs via an iron-mediated mechanism in the absence of IκB degradation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 166: 101-110, 2000.
40. Kadrabova J, Madaric A, and Ginter E. The effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium accumulation in guinea pig tissues. Experientia 48: 989-991, 1992.
41. Knaapen AM, Shi T, Borm PJ, and Schins RP. Soluble metals as well as the insoluble particle fraction are involved in cellular DNA damage induced by particulate matter. Mol Cell Biochem 234-235: 317-326, 2002.
42. Knight-Lozono CA, Young CG, Burow DL, Hu ZY, Uyeminami D, Pinkerton KE, Ishciropoulos H, and Ballinger SW. Cigarette smoke exposure and hypercholesterolemia increase mitochondrial damage in cardiovascular tissues. Circulation 105: 849-854, 2002.
43. Kodavanti UP, Hauser R, Christiani DC, Meng ZH, McGee J, Ledbetter A, Richards J, and Costa DL. Pulmonary responses to oil fly ash particles in the rat differ by virtue of their specific soluble metals. Toxicol Sci 43: 204-212, 1998.
44. Kodavatti UP, Schladweiler MC, Ledbetter AD, Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Winsett DW, Richards JR, Crissman KM, Hatch GE, Costa DL. The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of human cardiovascular disease: evidence of exacerbated cardiopulmonary injury and oxidative stress from inhaled emission particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 164: 250-263, 2000.
45. Kodavanti UP, Moyer CF, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Costa DL, Hauser R, Christiani DC, and Nyska A. Inhaled environmental combustion particles cause myocardial injury in the Wistar Kyoto rat. Toxicol Sci 71: 237-245, 2003.
46. Kunzli N, Kaiser R, Medina S, Studnicka M, Chanel O, Fillinger P, Henry F, Horak F, Puybonnieur-Texier V, Quenel P, Schenider J, Seethaler R, Vergnaud JC, and Sommer H. Public health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet 356: 795-801, 2000.
47. Laplanche A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Contassot JC, and Lanouziere C. Exposure to vinyl chloride monomer: results of a cohort study after a seven year follow up. The French VCM Group. Br J Industr Med 49: 134-137, 1992.
48. Le Tertre A, Medina S, Samoli E, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Boumghar A, Vonk JM, Bellini A, Atkinson R, Ayres JG, Sunyer J, Schwartz J, and Katsouyanni K. Short-term effects of particulate air pollution on cardiovascular diseases in eight European cities. J Epidemiol Community Health 56: 773-779, 2002.
49. Levine RJ, Andjelkovich DA, and Shaw LK. The mortality of Ontario undertakers and a review of formaldehyde-related mortality studies. J Occup Med 26: 740-746, 1984.
50. Levy D and Wilson P. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an epidemiological perspective. In: Comprehensive Cardiovascular Medicine, edited by Topol E. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, 1998, p. 27-43.
51. Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, and Zweidinger R. Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environ Health Perspect 107: 521-525. 1999.
52. Magari SR, Hauser R, Schwartz J, Williams PL, Smith TJ, and Christiani DC. Association of heart rate variability with occupational and environmental exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation 104: 986-991, 2001.
53. Magari SR, Schwartz J, Williams PL, Hauser R, Smith TJ, and Christiani DC. The association of particulate air metal concentrations with heart rate variability. Environ Health Perspect 110: 875-880, 2002.
54. Mann JK, Tager IB, Lurman F, Segal M, Quesenberry CP, Lugg MM, Shan J, and Van Den Eeden SK. Air pollution and hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease in persons with congestive heart failure or arrhythmia. Environ Health Perspect 110: 1247-1257, 2002.
55. Matanoski GM, Santos-Burgoa C, and Schwartz L. Mortality of a cohort of workers in the styrene-butadiene polymer manufacturing industry (1943-1982). Environ Health Perspect 86: 107-117, 1990.
56. Morozzi G, Conti R, Pampanella L, Marchetti MC, Bucci P, Scardazza F, and Manenti R. Chemical analysis and biological activity of airborne particulate matter. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 16: 133-146, 1997.
57. Moyer CF, Kodavanti UP, Haseman JK, Costa DL, and Nyska A. Systemic vascular disease in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to particulate matter by inhalation: studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program. Toxicol Pathol 30: 427-434, 2002.
58. Murray CJL and Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability From Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. 1996.
59. Nemmar A, Hoet PHM, Vanquickenborne B, Dinsdale D, Thomeer M, Hoylaerts MF, Vanbilloen H, Mortelmans L, and Nemery B. Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105: 411-414, 2002.
60. Nemmar A, Vanbilloen H, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH, Verbruggen A, and Nemery B. Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 1665-1668, 2001.
61. Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Morikawa Y, Tabata M, Senma M, Miura K, Takahara H, Kawano S, Nishi M, and Mizukoshi K. Mortality of inhabitants in an area polluted by cadmium: 15 year follow up. Occup Environ Med 52: 181-184, 1995.
62. Obone E, Chakrabarti SK, Bai C, Malick MA, Lamontagne L, and Subramanium KS. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of nickel sulfate in Sprague-Dawley rats following 13 weeks of subchronic exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health 57: 379-401, 1999.
63. Pekkanen J, Peters A, Hoek G, Tittaanen P, Brunekreef B, de Hartog J, Heinrich J, Ibald-Mulli A, Kreyling WG, Lanki T, Timonen KL, and Vannien E. Particulate air pollution and risk of ST-segment depression during repeated submaximal exercise tests among subjects with coronary heart disease: the Exposure and Risk Assessment for Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air (ULTRA) study. Circulation 106: 933-938, 2002.
64. Penn A, Nath R, Pan J, Chen L, Widmer K, Henk W, and Chung FL. 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct formation in aortic DNA following inhalation of acrolein. Environ Health Perspect 109: 219-224, 2001.
65. Penn A and Snyder CA. 1,3-Butadiene, a vapor phase component of environmental tobacco smoke, accelerates arteriosclerotic plaque development. Circulation 93: 552-557, 1996.
66. Peters A, Dockery D, Muller JE, and Mittleman MA. Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation 103: 2810-2815, 2001.
67. Peters A, Frohlich M, Doring A, Immervoli T, Wichmann HE, Hutchinson WL, Pepys MB, and Koenig W. Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study. Eur Heart J 22: 1198-1204, 2001.
68. Polonieck JD, Atkinson RW, and Anderson HR. Daily time series of cardiovascular admissions and previous day's air pollution in London, UK. Occup Environ Med 54: 535-540, 1997.
69. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, and Thurston GD. Lung Cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287: 1132-1141, 2002.
70. Pope CA, Verrier RL, Lovette EG, Larson AC, Raizenne ME, Kanner RE, Schwartz J, Villegas G, Martin BS, Gold DR, and Dockery DW. Heart rate variability associated with particulate air pollution. Am Heart J 138: 890-899, 1999.
71. Prahalad AK, Inmon J, Dailey LA, Madden MC, Ghio AJ, and Gallagher JE. Air pollution particles mediated oxidative DNA damage in a cell free system and in human airway epithelial cells in relation to particulate metal content and bioreactivity. Chem Res Toxicol 14: 879-887, 2001.
72. Prieditis H and Adamson IY. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of various soluble metals found in urban population dusts. Exp Lung Res 28: 563-576, 2002.
73. Ramos KS. Redox regulation of c-Ha-ras and osteopontin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells: implications in chemical atherogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39: 243-265, 1999.
74. Rao XM, Kobayashi R, White-Morris R, Spaulding R, Frazey P, and Charles MJ. GC/ITMS measurement of carbonyls and multifunctional carbonyls in PM2.5 particles emitted from motor vehicles. J AOAC Int 84: 699-705, 2001.
75. Richardson KA, Peters MM, Megens RH, van Elburg PA, Golding BT, Boogared PJ, Watson WP, and van Sittert NJ. Identification of novel metabolites of butadiene monepoxide in rats and mice. Chem Res Toxicol 11: 1543-1555, 1998.
76. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, Coursac I, and Zeger SL. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1987-1994. N Engl J Med 343: 1742-1749, 2000.
77. Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, Haswell-Elkins M, Reilly PE, Williams DJ, and Moore MR. A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol Lett 137: 65-83, 2003.
78. Schwartz J. Air pollution and hospital admissions for heart disease in eight different US counties. Epidemiology 10: 17-22, 1999.
79. Schwartz J and Morris R. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Detroit, Michigan. Am J Epidemiol 142: 23-35, 1995.
80. Sklar JL, Anderson PG, and Boor PJ. Allylamine and acrolein toxicity in perfused rat hearts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 107: 535-544, 1991.
81. Stewart PA, Schairer C, and Blair A. Comparison of jobs, exposures, and mortality risks for short-term and long-term workers. J Occup Med 32: 703-708, 1990.
82. Stone PH and Godleski JJ. First steps toward understanding the pathophysiologic link between air pollution and cardiac mortality. Am Heart J 138: 804-807, 1999.
83. Suwa T, Hogg JC, Quinlan KB, Ohgami A, Vincent R, and van Eeden SF. Particulate air pollution induces progression of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 39: 935-942, 2002.
84. Tamburro CH. Relationship of vinyl monomers and liver cancers: Angiosarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 4: 158-169, 1984.
85. Tomera JF and Harakal C. Multiple linear regression analysis of blood pressure, hypertrophy, calcium and cadmium in hypertensive and nonhypertensive states. Food Chem Toxicol 35: 713-718, 1997.
86. Ulrich MM, Alink GM, Kumarathasan P, Vincent R, Boere AJ, and Cassee FR. Health effects and time course of particulate matter on the cardiopulmonary system in rats with lung inflammation. J Toxicol Environ Health 65: 1571-1595, 2002.
87. 10). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 826-830, 2001.
88. Vaughan WJ, Adamson GL, Lindgren FT, and Schooley JC. Serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations following exposure to ozone. J Environ Pathol Oncol 5: 165-173, 1984.
89. Veronesi B, Oortgiesen M, Roy J, Carter JD, Simon SA, and Gavett SH. Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors influence inflammatory sensitivity in response to particulate matter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 169: 66-76, 2000.
90. Verrier RL, Mittleman MA, and Stone PH. Air pollution: an insidious and pervasive component of cardiac risk. Circulation 106: 890-892, 2002.
91. Vincent R, Kumarathasan P, Goegan P, Bjarnason SG, Guenette J, Berube D, Adamson IY, Desjardins S, Burnett RT, Miller FJ, and Battistini B. Inhalation toxicology of urban ambient particulate matter: acute cardiovascular effects in rats. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 104: 5-54, 2001.
92. Walrath J and Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancer and other causes of death among embalmers. Cancer Res 44: 4638-4641, 1984.
93. Wang CH, Jeng JS, Yip PK, Chen CL, Hsu LI, Hsueh YM, Chiou HY, Wu MM, and Chen CJ. Biological gradient between long-term arsenic exposure and carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 105: 1804-1809, 2002.
94. Wellenius GA, Coull BA, Godleski JJ, Koutralkis P, Okabe K, Savage ST, Lawrence JE, Krishna Murthy GG, and Verrier RL. Inhalation of concentrated ambient air particles exacerbates myocardial ischemia in conscious Dogs. Environ Health Perspect 111: 402-408, 2003.
95. Wellenius GA, Saldiva PH, Batalha JR, Krishna Murthy GG, Coull BA, Verrier RL, and Godleski JJ. Electrocardiographic changes during exposure to residual oil fly ash (ROFA) particles in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Toxicol Sci 66: 327-335, 2002.
96. Wilson MR, Lightbody JH, Donaldson K, Sales J, and Stone V. Interactions between ultrafine particles and transition metals in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184: 172-179, 2002.
97. Yang W, Jennison BL, and Omaye ST. Cardiovascular disease hospitalization and ambient levels of carbon monoxide. J Toxicol Environ Health 55: 185-196, 1998.
98. 25) from air pollution in Salt Lake City using TOF-SIMS, XPS and FTIR. Environ Sci Technol 35: 3113-3121, 2001.
99. Zhu BQ, Sun YP, Sievers RE, Glantz SA, Parmley WW, and Wolf CL. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases myocardial infarct size in rats. Circulation 89: 1282-1290, 1994.
100. Zieseniss S, Zahler S, Muller I, Hermetter A, and Engelmann B. Modified phosphatidylethanolamine as the active component of oxidized low-density lipoprotein promoting platelet promthrombinase activity. J Biol Chem 276: 19828-19835, 2001.