The systemic progression of human cancer: A focus on the individual disseminated cancer cell - The unit of selection

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 89, Issue , 2003, Pages 35-67

  Klein, Christoph A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER GENETICS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CELL CLONING; DISSEMINATED CANCER; GENOTYPE; GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE CORRELATION; METASTASIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE; BREAST TUMOR; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; GENETICS; HUMAN; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0642337591     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-230X(03)01002-9     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Abbruzzese, J. L., Abbruzzese, M. C., Hess, K. R., Raber, M. R., Lenzi, R., and Frost, P. (1994). J. Clin. Oncol. 12, 1272-1780.
2. Armitage, P., and Doll, R. (1954). Br. J. Cancer 8, 1-12.
3. Artandi, S. E., Chang, S., Lee, S. L., Alson, S., Gottlieb, G. J., Chin, L., and DePinho, R. A. (2000). Nature 406, 641-645.
4. Bauer, K. H. (1928). "Mutationstheorie der Geschwulst-Entstehung. " Julius Springer, Berlin.
5. Bernards, R., and Weinberg, R. A. (2002a). Nature 419, 560.
6. Bernards, R., and Weinberg, R. A. (2002b). Nature 418, 823.
7. Bianco, F. J., Jr., Wood, D. P., Jr., Gomes de Oliveira, J., Nemeth, J. A., Beaman, A. A., and Cher, M. L. (2001). Prostate 49, 235-242.
8. Borgen, E., Beiske, K., Trachsel, S., Nesland, J. M., Kvalheim, G., Herstad, T. K., Schlichting, E., Qvist, H., and Naume, B. (1998). J. Pathol. 185, 427-434.
9. Braun, S., Kentenich, C., Janni, W., Hepp, F., de Waal, J., Willgeroth, F., Sommer, H., and Pantel, K. (2000a). J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 80-86.
10. Braun, S., Pantel, K., Muller, P., Janni, W., Hepp, F., Kentenich, C. R., Gastroph, S., Wischnik, A., Dimpfl, T., Kindermann, G., Riethmuller, G., and Schlimok, G. (2000b). N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 525-533.
11. Fraun, S., Cevatli, B. S., Assemi, C., Janni, W., Kentenich, C. R., Schindlbeck, C., Rjosk, D., and Hepp, F. (2001a). J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 1468-1475.
12. Braun, S., Schindlbeck, C., Hepp, F., Janni, W., Kentenich, C., Riethmuller, G., and Pantel, K. (2001b). J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 368-375.
13. Broll, R., Lembcke, K., Stock, C., Zingler, M., Duchrow, M., Schimmelpenning, H., Strik, M., Muller, G., Kujath, P., and Bruch, H. P. (1996). Langenbecks Arch. Chir. 381, 51-58.
14. Cairns, J. (1975). Nature 255, 197-200.
15. Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., and MacDonald, I. C. (2002). Natl. Rev Cancer 2, 563-572.
16. Coffey, D. S. (1998). Nat. Med. 4, 882-885.
17. Cole, B. F., Gelber, R. D., Gelber, S., Coates, A. S., and Goldhirsch, A. (2001). Lancet 358, 277-286.
18. Cote, R. J., Peterson, H. F., Chaiwun, B., Gelber, R. D., Goldhirsch, A., Castiglione-Gertsch, M., Gusterson, B., and Neville, A. M. (1999). Lancet. 354, 896-900.
19. Cote, R. J., Rosen, P. P., Lesser, M. L., Old, L. J., and Osborne, M. P. (1991)J. Clin. Oncol. 9, 1749-1756.
20. Courtemanche, D. J., Worth, A. J., Coupland, R. W., Rowell, J. L., and MacFarlane, J. K. (1991). Can. J. Surg. 34, 21-26.
21. de Manzoni, G., Pelosi, G., Pavanel, F., Di Leo, A., Pedrazzani, C., Durante, E., Cordiano, C., and Pasini, F. (2002). Br. J. Cancer 86, 1047-1051.
22. de Mascarel, I., Bonichon, F., Coindre, J. M., and Trojani, M. (1992). Br. J. Cancer 66, 523-527.
23. DePinho, R. A. (2000). Nature 408, 248-254.
24. Diel, I. J., Kaufmann, M., Costa, S. D., Holle, R., von Minckwitz, G., Solomayer, E. F., Kaul, S., and Bastert, G. (1996). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1652-1658.
25. Edwards, P. A. (2002). Nature 419, 559-560.
26. Elston, C. W., and Ellis, I. O. (1991). Histopathology 19, 403-410.
27. Engel, J., Eckel, R., Kerr, J., Schmidt, M., Furstenberger, G., Richter, R., Sauer, H., Senn, H.-J., and Holzel, D. (2003). European Journal of Cancer In Press, doi: 10.1016/S0959-8049(03)0422-2.
28. Fearon, E. R., and Vogelstein, B. (1990). Cell 61, 759-767.
29. Fehm, T., Sagalowsky, A., Clifford, E., Beitsch, P., Saboorian, H., Euhus, D., Meng, S., Morrison, L., Tucker, T., Lane, N., Ghadimi, B. M., Heselmeyer-Haddad, K., Ried, T., Rao, C., and Uhr, J. (2002). Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 2073-2084.
30. Fidler, I. J. (1970). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 45, 773-782.
31. Fidler, I. J., and Kripke, M. L. (1977). Science 197, 893-895.
32. Fisher, B. (1992). Cancer Res. 52, 2371-2383.
33. Fisher, B., Dignam, J., Wolmark, N., Mamounas, E., Costantino, J., Poller, W., Fisher, E. R., Wickerham, D. L., Deutsch, M., Margolese, R., Dimitrov, N., and Kavanah, M. (1998). J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 441-452.
34. Fodde, R., Kuipers, J., Rosenberg, C., Smits, R., Kielman, M., Gaspar, C., van Es, J. H., Breukel, C., Wiegant, J., Giles, R. H., and Clevers, H. (2001). Nature Cell Biol. 3, 433-438.
35. Forozan, F., Mahlamaki, E. H., Monni, O., Chen, Y., Veldman, R., Jiang, Y., Gooden, G. C., Ethier, S. P., Kallioniemi, A., and Kallioniemi, O. P. (2000). Cancer Res. 60, 4519-4525.
36. Gebauer, G., Fehm, T., Merkle, E., Beck, E. P., Lang, N., and Jager, W. (2001). J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3669-3674.
37. Gee, H. (2002). Nature 420, 611.
38. Gerber, B., Krause, A., Muller, H., Richter, D., Reimer, T., Makovitzky, J., Herrnring, C., Jeschke, U., Kundt, G., and Friese, K. (2001). J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 960-971.
39. Gisselsson, D., Pettersson, L., Hoglund, M., Heidenblad, M., Gorunova, L., Wiegant, J., Mertens, F., Dal Cin, P., Mitelman, F., and Mandahl, N. (2000). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5357-5362.
40. Halsted, W. S. (1898). Ann. Surg. 28, 557-576.
41. Halsted, W. S. (1907). Ann. Surg. 46, 1-19.
42. Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R. A. (2000). Cell 100, 57-70.
43. Harbeck, N., Untch, M., Pache, L., and Eiermann, W. (1994). Br. J. Cancer. 69, 566-571.
44. Hedenfalk, I., Duggan, D., Chen, Y., Radmacher, M., Bittner, M., Simon, R., Meltzer, P., Gusterson, B., Esteller, M., Kallioniemi, O. P., Wilfond, B., Borg, A., and Trent, J. (2001). N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 539-548.
45. Hedenfalk, I. A., Ringner, M., Trent, J. M., and Borg, A. (2002). Adv Cancer Res. 84, 1-34.
46. Heim, S., and Mitelman, F. (1995). "Cancer Cytogenetics." Wiley-Liss, New York.
47. Heiss, M. M., Allgayer, H., Gruetzner, K. U., Funke, I., Babic, R., Jauch, K. W., and Schildberg, F. W. (1995). Nature Med. 1, 1035-1039.
48. Heiss, M. M., Simon, E. H., Beyer, B. C., Gruetzner, K. U., Tarabichi, A., Babic, R., Schildberg, F. W., and Allgayer, H. (2002). J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2005-2016.
49. Heylighen, F., Bollen, J., and Riegler, A. (Eds.) (1999). "The Evolution of Complexity." Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
50. Hiyama, E., Gollahon, L., Kataoka, T., Kuroi, K., Yokoyama, T., Gazdar, A. F., Hiyama, K., Piatyszek, M. A., and Shay, J. W. (1996). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 116-122.
51. Hoglund, M., Gisselsson, D., Mandahl, N., Johansson, B., Mertens, F., Mitelman, F., and Sail, T. (2001). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 31, 156-171.
52. Hoglund, M., Gisselsson, D., Sali, T., and Mitelman, F. (2002). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 135, 103-109.
53. Hosch, S., Kraus, J., Scheunemann, P., Izbicki, J. R., Schneider, C., Schumacher, U., Witter, K., Speicher, M. R., and Pantel, K. (2000). Cancer Res. 60, 6836-6840.
54. Hosch, S. B., Knoefel, W. T., Metz, S., Stoecklein, N., Niendorf, A., Broelsch, C. E., and Izbicki, J. R. (1997). Pancreas 15, 154-159.
55. Izbicki, J. R., Hosch, S. B., Pichlmeier, U., Rehders, A., Busch, C., Niendorf, A., Passlick, B., Broelsch, C. E., and Pantel, K. (1997). N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1188-1194.
56. Jauch, K. W., Heiss, M. M., Gruetzner, U., Funke, I., Pantel, K., Babic, R., Eissner, H. J., Riethmueller, G., and Schildberg, F. W. (1996). J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1810-1817.
57. Jensen, R. V. (1987). Am. Sci. 75, 168-181.
58. Julien, J. P., Bijker, N., Fentiman, I. S., Peterse, J. L., Delledonne, V., Rouanet, P., Avril, A., Sylvester, R., Mignolet, F., Bartelink, H., and Van Dongen, J. A. (2000). Lancet 355,528-533.
59. Kallioniemi, A., Kallioniemi, O. P., Sudar, D., Rutovitz, D., Gray, J. W., Waldman, F., and Pinkel, D. (1992). Science 258, 818-821.
60. Klein, C. A. (2000). Trends Cell Biol. 10, 489-493.
61. Klein, C. A., Blankenstein, T. J., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Petronio, M., Polzer, B., Stoecklein, N. H., and Riethmuller, G. (2002a). Lancet 360, 683-689.
62. Klein, C. A., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Schardt, J. A., Pantel, K., Speicher, M. R., and Riethmuller, G. (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4494-4499.
63. Klein C. A., Seidl, S., Petat-Dutter, K., Offner, S., Geigl, J. B., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Wendler, N., Passlick, B., Huber, R. M., Schlimok, G., Baeuerle, P. A., and Riethmuller, G. (2002b). Nature Biotechnol. 20, 387-392.
64. Klein, C. A., Wilke, M., Pool, J., Vermeulen, C., Blokland, E., Burghart, E., Krostina, S., Wendler, N., Passlick, B., Riethmueller, G., and Goulmy, E. (2002e). J. Exp. Med. 196, 359-368.
65. Klein, G. (1998). Adv. Cancer Res. 72, 1-23.
66. Landys, K., Persson, S., Kovarik, J., Hultborn, R., and Holmberg, E. (1998). Breast Cancer Res. Treat 49, 27-33.
67. Lee, E., Chae, Y., Kim, I., Choi, J., Yeom, B., and Leong, A. S. (2002). Cancer 94, 2867-2873.
68. Leinung, S., Wurl, P., Weiss, C. L., Roder, I., and Schonfelder, M. (2000). Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 385, 337-343.
69. Lilleby, W., Nesland, J. M., Fossa, S. D., Torlakovic, G., Waehre, H., and Kvalheim, G. (2003). Int. J. Cancer 103, 91-96.
70. Lindemann, F., Schlimok, G., Dirschedl, P., Witte, J., and Riethmuller, G. (1992). Lancet 340, 685-689.
71. Loeb, L. A. (1991). Cancer Res. 51, 3075-3079.
72. Loeb, L. A. (2001). Cancer Res. 61, 3230-3239.
73. Maehara, Y., Oshiro, T., Endo, K., Baba, H., Oda, S., Ichiyoshi, Y., Kohnoe, S., and Sugimachi, K. (1996). Surgery 119, 397-402.
74. Malins, D. C., Polissar, N. L., Schaefer, S., Su, Y., and Vinson, M. (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7637-7742.
75. Mansi, J. L., Berger, U., Easton, D., McDonnell, T., Redding, W. H., Gazet, J. C., McKinna, A., Powles, T. J., and Coombes, R. C. (1987). Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 295, 1093-1096.
76. Mansi, J. L., Gogas, H., Bliss, J. M., Gazet, J. C., Berger, U., and Coombes, R. C. (1999). Lancet 354, 197-202.
77. Marth, C., Kisic, J., Kaern, J., Trope, C., and Fodstad, O. (2002). Cancer 94, 707-712.
78. Maser, R. S., and DePinho, R. A. (2002). Science 297, 565-569.
79. McGuckin, M. A., Cummings, M. C., Walsh, M. D., Hohn, B. G., Bennett, I. C., and Wright, R. G. (1996). Br. J. Cancer 73, 88-95.
80. Mertens, F., Johansson, B., Hoglund, M., and Mitelman, F. (1997). Cancer Res. 57, 2765-2780.
81. Mueller, P., Carroll, P., Bowers, E., Moore, D. N., Cher, M., Presti, J., Wessman, M., and Pallavicini, M. G. (1998). Cancer 83, 538-546.
82. Muller, P., Hempel, D., Oruzio, D., Ehnle, S., Kolloch, K., and Schlimok, G. (1998). Cytometry 33, 492-497.
83. Muller, P., Weckermann, D., Riethmuller, G., and Schlimok, G. (1996). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 88, 8-16.
84. Nasser, I. A., Lee, A. K., Bosari, S., Saganich, R., Heatley, G., and Silverman, M. L. (1993). Hum. Pathol. 24, 950-957.
85. Natsugoe, S., Mueller, J., Stein, H. J., Feith, M., Hofler, H., and Siewert, J. R. (1998). Cancer 83, 858-866.
86. Naume, B., Borgen, E., Kvalheim, G., Karesen, R., Qvist, H., Sauer, T., Kumar, T., and Nesland, J. M. (2001). Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 4122-4129.
87. Nowell, P. C. (1976). Science 194, 23-28.
88. O'Shaughnessy, J. A., Kelloff, G. J., Gordon, G. B., Dannenberg, A. J., Hong, W. K., Fabian, C. J., Sigman, C. C., Bertagnolli, M. M., Stratton, S. P., Lam, S., Nelson, W. G., Meyskens, F. L., Alberts, D. S., Follen, M., Rustgi, A. K., Papadimitrakopoulou, V., Scardino, P. T., Gazdar, A. F., Wattenberg, L. W., Sporn, M. B., Sakr, W. A., Lippman, S. M., and Von Hoff, D. D. (2002). Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 314-346.
89. Osaki, T., Oyama, T., Gu, C. D., Yamashita, T., So, T., Takenoyama, M., Sugio, K., and Yasumoto, K. (2002). J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2930-2936.
90. Pantel, K., Cote, R. J., and Fodstad, O. (1999). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 1113-1124.
91. Pantel, K., Schlimok, G., Angstwurm, M., Weckermann, D., Schmaus, W., Gath, H., Passlick, B., Izbicki, J. R., and Riethmuller, G. (1994). J. Hematother. 3, 165-173.
92. Pantel, K., Schlimok, G., Braun, S., Kutter, D., Lindemann, F., Schaller, G., Funke, I., Izbicki, J. R., and Riethmuller, G. (1993). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 1419-1424.
93. Pantel, K., Schlimok, G., Kutter, D., Schaller, G., Genz, T., Wiebecke, B., Backmann, R., Funke, I., and Riethmuller, G. (1991). Cancer Res. 51, 4712-4715.
94. Pantel, K., Izbicki, J., Passlick, B., Angstwurm, M., Haussinger, K., Thetter, O., and Riethmuller, G. (1996). Lancet 347, 649-653.
95. Pantel, K., Izbicki, J. R., Angstwurm, M., Braun, S., Passlick, B., Karg, O., Thetter, O., and Riethmuller, G. (1993). Cancer Res. 53, 1027-1031.
96. Passlick, B., Izbicki, J. R., Kubuschok, B., Nathrath, W., Thetter, O., Pichlmeier, U., Schweiberer, L., Riethmuller, G., and Pantel, K. (1994). J. Clin. Oncol. 12, 1827-1832.
97. Poncelet, A. J., Weynand, B., Ferdin, F., Robert, A. R., and Noirhomme, P. H. (2001). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 20, 481-488.
98. Poremba, C., Bocker, W., Willenbring, H., Schafer, K. L., Otterbach, F., Burger, H., Diallo, R., and Dockhorn-Dworniczak, B. (1998). Int. J. Oncol. 12, 641-648.
99. Ramaswamy, S., Ross, K. N., Lander, E. S., and Golub, T. R. (2003). Nature Genet. 33, 49-54.
100. Rasnick, D. (2002). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 136, 66-72.
101. Redding, W. H., Monaghan, P., Imrie, S. F., Ormerod, M. G., Gazet, J.-C., Coombes, R. C., Clink, H. M., Dearnaley, D. P., Sloane, J. P., Powles, T. J., and Neville, A. M. (1983). Lancet 2, 1271-1274.
102. Renan, M. J. (1993). Mol. Carcinogen. 7, 139-146.
103. Riethmuller, G., and Klein, C. A. (2001). Semin. Cancer Biol. 11, 307-311.
104. Salvadori, B., Squicciarini, P., Rovini, D., Orefice, S., Andreola, S., Rilke, F., Barletta, L., Menard, S., and Colnaghi, M. I. (1990). Eur. J. Cancer 26, 865-867.
105. Schlimok, G., Funke, I., Bock, B., Schweiberer, B., Witte, J., and Riethmuller, G. (1990). J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 831-837.
106. Schlimok, G., Funke, I., Holzmann, B., Gottlinger, G., Schmidt, G., Hauser, H., Swierkot, S., Warnecke, H. H., Schneider, B., Koprowski, H. et al. (1987). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 8672-8676.
107. Schlimok, G., Funke, I., Pantel, K., Strobel, F., Lindemann, F., Witte, J., and Riethmuller, G. (1991). Eur. J. Cancer 27, 1461-1465.
108. Schmidt-Kittler, O., Ragg, T., Daskalakis, A., Granzow, M., Ahr, A., Blankenstein, T. J., Kaufmann, M., Diebold, J., Arnholdt, H., Muller, P., Bischoff, J., Harich, D., Schlimok, G., Riethmuller, G., Eils, R., and Klein, C. A. (2003). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7737-7742.
109. Sherley, J. L. (2002). Nature 419, 560.
110. Silverstein, M. J., Lagios, M. D., Martino, S., Lewinsky, B. S., Craig, P. H., Beron, P. J., Gamagami, P., and Waisman, J. R. (1998). J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 1367-1373.
111. Singletary, S. E., Allred, C., Ashley, P., Bassett, L. W., Berry, D., Bland, K. I., Borgen, P. I., Clark, G., Edge, S. B., Hayes, D. F., Hughes, L. L., Hutter, R. V., Morrow, M., Page, D. L., Recht, A., Theriault, R. L., Thor, A., Weaver, D. L., Wieand, H. S., and Greene, F. L. (2002). J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 3628-3636.
112. Solin, L. J., Fourquet, A., Vicini, F. A., Haffty, B., Taylor, M., McCormick, B., McNeese, M., Pierce, L. J., Landmann, C., Olivotto, I. A., Borger, J., Kim, J., de la Rochefordiere, A., and Schultz, D. J. (2001). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 50, 991-1002.
113. Stoecklein, N. H., Erbersdobler, A., Schmidt-Kittler, O., Diebold, J., Schardt, J. A., Izbicki, J. R., and Klein, C. A. (2002). Am. J. Pathol. 161, 43-51.
114. Stoler, D. L., Chen, N., Basik, M., Kahlenberg, M. S., Rodriguez Bigas, M. A., Petrelli, N. J., and Anderson, G. R. (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 15121-15126.
115. Suzuki, M., Ohwada, M., Saga, Y., Kohno, T., Takei, Y., and Sato, I. (2001). Oncology 60, 170-175.
116. Thorban, S., Roder, J. D., Pantel, K., and Siewert, J. R. (1996). Eur. J. Cancer 32A, 363-365.
117. Thorban, S., Rosenberg, R., Busch, R., and Roder, R. J. (2000). Br. J. Cancer 83, 35-39.
118. Tirkkonen, M., Johannsson, O., Agnarsson, B. A., Olsson, H., Ingvarsson, S., Karhu, R., Tanner, M., Isola, J., Barkardottir, R. B., Borg, A., and Kallioniemi, O. P. (1997). Cancer Res. 57, 1222-1227.
119. Tomlinson, I., and Bodmer, W. (1999). Nature Med. 5, 11-12.
120. Tomlinson, I., Sasieni, P., and Bodmer, W. (2002). Am. J. Pathol. 160, 755-758.
121. Tomlinson, I. P., Novelli, M. R., and Bodmer, W. F. (1996). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14800-14803.
122. Tortola, S., Steinert, R., Hantschick, M., Peinado, M. A., Gastinger, I., Stosiek, P., Lippert, H., Schlegel, W., and Reymond, M. A. (2001). J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 2837-2843.
123. Tsao, J., Zhao, Y., Lukas, J., Yang, X., Shah, A., Press, M., and Shibata, D. (1997). Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 627-631.
124. van de Vijver, M. J., He, Y. D., van't Veer, L. J., Dai, H., Hart, A. A., Voskuil, D. W., Schreiber, G. J., Peterse, J. L., Roberts, C., Marton, M. J., Parrish, M., Atsma, D., Witteveen, A., Glas, A., Delahaye, L., van der Velde, T., Bartelink, H., Rodenhuis, S., Rutgers, E. T., Friend, S. H., and Bernards, R. (2002). N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1999-2009.
125. van't Veer, L. J., Dai, H., van de Vijver, M. J., He, Y. D., Hart, A. A., Mao, M., Peterse, H. L., van der Kooy, K., Marton, M. J., Witteveen, A. T., Schreiber, G. J., Kerkhoven, R. M., Roberts, C., Linsley, P. S., Bernards, R., and Friend, S. H. (2002). Nature 415, 530-536.
126. Vogelstein, B., Fearon, E. R., Hamilton, S. R., Kern, S. E., Preisinger, A. C., Leppert, M., Nakamura, Y., White, R., Smits, A. M., and Bos, J. L. (1988). N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 525-532.
127. Weckermann, D., Muller, P., Wawroschek, F., Harzmann, R., Riethmuller, G., and Schlimok, G. (2001). J. Urol. 166, 699-703.
128. Weckermann, D., Muller, P., Wawroschek, F., Krawczak, G., Riethmuller, G., and Schlimok, G. (1999). J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 3438-3443.
129. Weihrauch, M. R., Skibowski, E., Koslowsky, T. C., Voiss, W., Re, D., Kuhn-Regnier, F., Bannwarth, C., Siedek, M., Diehl, V., and Bohlen, H. (2002). J. Curr. Oncol. 20, 4338-4343.
130. Wessels, L. F., van Weisem, T., Hart, A. A., van't Veer, L. J., Reinders, M. J., and Nederlof, P. M. (2002). Cancer Res. 62, 7110-7117.
131. Willis, R. A. (1952). "The Spread of Tumours in the Human Body." Buttenvorths, London.
132. Willis, R. A. (1973). "The Spread of Tumours in the Human Body." Buttenvorths, London.
133. Wistuba, I. I., Tomlinson, G. E., Behrens, C., Virmani, A., Geradts, J., Blum, J. L., Minna, J. D., and Gazdar, A. F. (2000). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28, 359-369.
134. Zheng, L., and Lee, W. H. (2002). Adv. Cancer Res. 85, 13-50.