Circadian Disorganization in Experimental Arthritis

NeuroSignals

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 267-282

  Cardinali, Daniel P ^a   Esquifino, Ana I ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^b UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Circadian rhythms; Cytokines; Freund's adjuvant arthritis; Hypophysiotropic hormones; Lymph nodes; Melatonin; Neuroimmune mechanisms; Pineal gland; Pituitary hormones; Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; AUTOANTIBODY; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOKINE; DOPAMINE; FREUND ADJUVANT; GAMMA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON RECEPTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; INTERFERON; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MELATONIN; MESSENGER RNA; METHOTREXATE; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PROLACTIN; PROTEIN BMAL1; SEROTONIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CLOCK; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE;

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS; AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; ANOREXIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; B LYMPHOCYTE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BODY TEMPERATURE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHRONOBIOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORTICOTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; ILLNESS BEHAVIOR; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; LATERAL GENICULATE BODY; LOCOMOTION; LUTEINIZING HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; LYMPH NODE; MELANOMA; MEMORY DISORDER; MYCOBACTERIUM; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PINEALECTOMY; PROLACTIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; ARTHRITIS, EXPERIMENTAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHRONOBIOLOGY DISORDERS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MELATONIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PITUITARY HORMONES;

EID: 0442277581     PISSN: 1424862X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000075309     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Reginster JY: The prevalence and burden of arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41(suppl 1):3-6.
2. Goodson N, Symmons D: Rheumatoid arthritis in women: Still associated with an increased mortality. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:955-956.
3. Youssef WI, Tavill AS: Connective tissue diseases and the liver. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;35:345-349.
4. Bowman SJ: Hematological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2002;31:251-259.
5. Afeltra A: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: New therapeutic approaches with biological agents. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2001;1:45-65.
6. Moreland LW, O'Dell JR: Glucocorticoids and rheumatoid arthritis: Back to the future? Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2553-2563.
7. Bendele AM: Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 2001;1:377-385.
8. Whitehouse MW: Adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats; in Greenwald RA, Diamad HS (eds): Handbook of Animal Models for the Rheumatic Diseases. New York, CRC Press, 1988, pp 3-16.
9. Calvino B, Crepon-Bernard MO, Le Bars D: Parallel clinical and behavioural studies of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat: Possible relationship with 'chronic pain'. Behav Brain Res 1987;24:11-29.
10. Pearson CM: Development of arthritis, periarthritis and periostitis in rats given adjuvant. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1956;91:95-103.
11. Holoshitz J, Matiau J, Cohen I: Arthritis induced in rats by cloned T lymphocytes responsive to mycobacteria but not to collagen type II. J Clin Invest 1984;73:211-215.
12. Knight B, Katz DR, Isenberg DA, Ibrahim MA, Le Page S, Hutchings P, Schwartz RS, Cooke A: Induction of adjuvant arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1992;90:459-465.
13. Stenzel-Poore M, Vale WW, Rivier C: Relationship between antigen-induced immune stimulation and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Endocrinology 1993;132:1313-1318.
14. Tanaka H, Ueta Y, Yamashita U, Kannan H, Yamashita H: Biphasic changes in behavioral, endocrine, and sympathetic systems in adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats. Brain Res Bull 1996;39:33-47.
15. Dantzer R: Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: Mechanisms and implications. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001;933:222-234.
16. Johnson RW: The concept of sickness behavior: A brief chronological account of four key discoveries. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002;87:443-450.
17. Larson SJ: Behavioral and motivational effects of immune-system activation. J Gen Psychol 2002;129:401-414.
18. Moore-Ede MC: Physiology of the circadian system: Predictive versus reactive homeostasis. Am J Physiol 1986;250:R737-R752.
19. Rusak B, Zucker I: Neural regulation of circadian rhythms. Physiol Rev 1979;59:449-526.
20. Hastings MH, Best JD, Ebling FJ, Maywood ES, McNulty S, Schurov I, Selvage D, Sloper P, Smith KL: Entrainment of the circadian clock. Prog Brain Res 1996;111:147-174.
21. Murphy PJ, Campbell SS: Physiology of the circadian system in animals and humans. J Clin Neurophysiol 1996;13:2-16.
22. Cardinali DP: The human body circadian: How the biologic clock influences sleep and emotion. Cienc Cult 1998;50:172-177.
23. Bünning E: Das Weiterlaufen der 'physiologischen Uhr' im Säugerdarm ohne zentrale Steuerung. Naturwissenschaften 1958;45:68.
24. Andrews RV, Folk JE: Circadian metabolic patterns in cultured hamster adrenal glands. Comp Biochem Physiol 1964;11:393-409.
25. Langner R, Rensing L: Circadian rhythms of oxygen consumption in rat liver suspension culture: Changes of pattern. Z Naturforsch 1972;27:1117-1118.
26. Richter CP: Sleep and activity: Their relation to the 24-hour clock. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1967;45:8-27.
27. Hendrickson AE, Wagoner N, Cowan WM: An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study of retino-hypothalamic connections. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1972;135:1-26.
28. Moore RY, Eichler VB: Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res 1972;42:201-206.
29. Stephan FK, Zucker I: Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and locomotor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972;69:1583-1586.
30. Inouye SIT, Kawamura H: Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic 'island' containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:5962-5966.
31. Shibata S, Oomura Y, Kita H, Hattori K: Circadian rhythmic changes of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat hypothalamic slice. Brain Res 1982;247:154-158.
32. Groos G, Mason R, Meijer J: Electrical and pharmacological properties of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Fed Proc 1983;42:2790-2795.
33. Bos NPA, Mirmiran M: Circadian rhythms in spontaneous neuronal discharges of the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res 1990;511:158-162.
34. Alonso-Gomez AL, Valenciano AI, Alonso-Bedate M, Delgado MJ: Melatonin synthesis in the greenfrog retina in culture: II. Dopaminergic and adrenergic control. Life Sci 2000;66:687-695.
35. 14C-labeled deoxyglucose uptake as a functional marker. Science 1977;197:1089-1091.
36. 14C]2- deoxyglucose uptake by suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res 1982;232:200-205.
37. Ralph MR, Foster RG, Davis FC, Menaker M: Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 1990;247:975-978.
38. Dunlap JC: Molecular bases for circadian clocks. Cell 1999;96:271-290.
39. Whitmore D, Sassone-Corsi P: Cryptic clues to clock function. Nature 1999;398:557-558.
40. Wager-Smith K, Kay SA: Circadian rhythm genetics: From flies to mice to humans. Nat Genet 2000;26:23-27.
41. Cardinali DP: Melatonin. A mammalian pineal hormone. Endoc Rev 1981;2:327-346.
42. Lewy AJ, Ahmed S, Sack RL: Phase shifting the human circadian clock using melatonin. Behav Brain Res 1996;73:131-134.
43. Petrovsky N, Harrison LC: The chronobiology of human cytokine production. Int Rev Immunol 1998;16:635-649.
44. Haus E, Smolensky MH: Biologic rhythms in the immune system. Chronobiol Int 1999;16:581-622.
45. Pelegri C, Vilaplana J, Castellote C, Rabanal M, Franch A, Castell M: Circadian rhythms in surface molecules of rat blood lymphocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003;284:C67-C76.
46. Mazzoccoli G, Balzanelli M, Giuliani A, De Cata A, La Viola M, Carella AM, Bianco G, Tarquini R: Lymphocyte subpopulations anomalies in lung cancer patients and relationship to the stage of disease. In Vivo 1999;13:205-209.
47. Undar L, Ertugrul C, Altunbas H, Akca S: Circadian variations in natural coagulation inhibitors protein C, protein S and antithrombin in healthy men: A possible association with interleukin-6. Thromb Haemost 1999;81:571-575.
48. Niehaus GD, Ervin E, Patel A, Khanna K, Vanek VW, Fagan DL: Circadian variation in cell-adhesion molecule expression by normal human leukocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002;80:935-940.
49. Cardinali D, Della Maggiore V, Selgas L, Esquifino A: Diurnal rhythm in ornithine decarboxylase activity and noradrenergic and cholinergic markers in rat submaxillary lymph nodes. Brain Res 1996;711:153-162.
50. Esquifino A, Selgas L, Arce A, Della Maggiore V, Cardinali D: Twenty-four hour rhythms in immune responses in rat submaxillary lymph nodes and spleen. Effect of cyclosporine. Brain Behav Immun 1996;10:92-102.
51. Cardinali DP, Cutrera RA, Garcia Bonacho M, Esquifino AI: Effect of pinealectomy, superior cervical ganglionectomy and melatonin treatment on 24-hour rhythms in ornithine decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activities of rat spleen. J Pineal Res 1997;22:210-220.
52. Cardinali DP, Brusco LI, Selgas L, Esquifino AI: Diurnal rhythms in ornithine decarboxylase activity and norepinephrine and acetylcholine synthesis in submaxillary lymph nodes and spleen of young and aged rats during Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. Brain Res 1998;789:283-292.
53. Cardinali DP, Brusco LI, Garcia BM, Esquifino AI: Effect of melatonin on 24-hour rhythms of ornithine decarboxylase activity and norepinephrine and acetylcholine synthesis in submaxillary lymph nodes and spleen of young and aged rats. Neuroendocrinology 1998;67:349-362.
54. Castrillón PO, Esquifino AI, Varas A, Zapata A, Cutrera RA, Cardinali DP: Effect of melatonin treatment on 24-h variations in responses to mitogens and lymphocyte subset populations in rat submaxillary lymph nodes. J Neuroendocrinol 2000;12:758-765.
55. Esquifino AI, Castrillón P, Chacon F, Cutrera RA, Cardinali DP: Effect of local sympathectomy on 24-hour changes in mitogenic responses and lymphocyte subset populations in rat submaxillary lymph nodes during the preclinical phase of Freund's adjuvant arthritis. Brain Res 2001;888:227-234.
56. Garcia Bonacho M, Cardinali DP, Castrillón P, Cutrera RA, Esquifino AI: Aging-induced changes in 24-h rhythms of mitogenic responses, lymphocyte subset populations and neurotransmitter and amino acid content in rat submaxillary lymph nodes during Freund's adjuvant arthritis. Exp Gerontol 2001;36:267-282.
57. Neidhart M, Larson D: Freund's complete adjuvant induces ornithine decarboxylase activity in the central nervous system of male rats and triggers the release of pituitary hormones. J Neuroimmunol 1990;26:97-105.
58. Scalabrino G, Ferioli ME, Modena D, Fraschini F: Enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat adenohypophysis after pinealectomy. Endocrinology 1982;111:2132-2134.
59. Cardinali DP, Esquifino AI: Neuroimmunoendocrinology of the cervical autonomic nervous system. Biomed Rev 1998;9:47-59.
60. Cardinali DP, Brusco LI, Cutrera RA, Castrillón P, Esquifino AI: Melatonin as a time-meaningful signal in circadian organization of immune response. Biol Signals Recept 1999;8:41-48.
61. Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Foxwell BM, Maini RN: The role of TNF alpha and IL-1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Dir Autoimmun 2001;3:188-199.
62. Kastin AJ, Pan W, Maness LM, Banks WA: Peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier: Some unusual observations. Brain Res 1999;848:96-100.
63. McCann SM, Kimura M, Karanth S, Yu WH, Rettori V: Role of nitric oxide in the neuroendocrine response to cytokines. Front Horm Res 2002;29:117-129.
64. Bluthe RM, Walter V, Parnet P, Laye S, Lestage J, Verrier D, Poole S, Stenning BE, Kelley KW, Dantzer R: Lipopolysaccharide induces sickness behaviour in rats by a vagal mediated mechanism. CR Acad Sci III 1994;317:499-503.
65. Licinio J, Kling MA, Hauser P: Cytokines and brain function: Relevance to interferon-alpha-induced mood and cognitive changes. Semin Oncol 1998;25:30-38.
66. Caraceni A, Gangeri L, Martini C, Belli F, Brunelli C, Baldini M, Mascheroni L, Lenisa L, Cascinelli N: Neurotoxicity of interferon-alpha in melanoma therapy: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 1998;83:482-489.
67. Campbell IL: Structural and functional impact of the transgenic expression of cytokines in the CNS. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;840:83-96.
68. Nelson TE, Campbell IL, Gruol DL: Altered physiology of Purkinje neurons in cerebellar slices from transgenic mice with chronic central nervous system expression of interleukin-6. Neuroscience 1999;89:127-136.
69. Lundkvist GB, Robertson B, Mhlanga JD, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K: Expression of an oscillating interferon-gamma receptor in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neuroreport 1998;9:1059-1063.
70. Lundkvist GB, Andersson A, Robertson B, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K: Light-dependent regulation and postnatal development of the interferon-gamma receptor in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res 1999;849:231-234.
71. Ohdo S, Koyanagi S, Suyama H, Higuchi S, Aramaki H: Changing the dosing schedule minimizes the disruptive effects of interferon on clock function. Nat Med 2001;7:356-360.
72. Boggio VI, Castrillón PO, Perez Lloret S, Riccio P, Esquifino AI, Cardinali DP, Cutrera RA: Cerebroventricular administration of interferon-gamma modifies locomotor activity in the golden hamster. Neurosignals 2003;12:89-94.
73. Koyanagi S, Ohdo S: Alteration of intrinsic biological rhythms during interferon treatment and its possible mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2002;62:1393-1399.
74. Lundkvist GB, Hill RH, Kristensson K: Disruption of circadian rhythms in synaptic activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei by African trypanosomes and cytokines. Neurobiol Dis 2002;11:20-27.
75. Selgas L, Pazo D, Arce A, Esquifino AI, Cardinali DP: Circadian rhythms in adenohypophysial hormone levels and hypothalamic monoamine turnover in mycobacterial-adjuvant-injected rats. Biol Signals Recept 1998;7:15-24.
76. Esquifino AI, Castrillón P, Garcia-Bonacho M, Vara E, Cardinali DP: Effect of melatonin treatment on 24-hour rhythms of serum ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone and insulin in rats injected with Freund's adjuvant. J Pineal Res 1999;27:15-23.
77. Pazo D, Cardinali DP, Garcia Bonacho M, Reyes Toso C, Esquifino AI: Effect of melatonin treatment on 24-hour variations in hypothalamic serotonin and dopamine turnover during the preclinical phase of Freund's adjuvant arthritis in rats. Biol Rhythm Res 2000;32:202-211.
78. Agrasal C, Esquifino AI, Garcia Bonacho M, Reyes Toso C, Cardinali DP: Effect of melatonin on 24-hour changes in plasma protein levels during the preclinical phase of Freund's adjuvant arthritis in rats. Chronobiol Int 2001;18:435-446.
79. Castrillón P, Cardinali DP, Pazo D, Cutrera RA, Esquifino AI: Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on 24-h variations in hormone secretion from anterior hypophysis and in hypothalamic monoamine turnover, during the preclinical phase of Freund's adjuvant arthritis in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2001;13:288-295.
80. Neidhart M: Effect of Freund's complete adjuvant on the diurnal rhythms of neuroendocrine processes and ornithine decarboxylase activity in various tissues of male rats. Experientia 1996;52:900-908.
81. Esquifino AI, Selgas L, Vara E, Arce A, Cardinali DP: Twenty-four hour rhythms of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin in rats injected with Freund's adjuvant. Biol Signals Recept 1999;8:178-190.
82. Scheving LE, Pauly JE, Tsai TH: Circadian fluctuation in plasma proteins of the rat. Am J Physiol 1968;215:1096-1101.
83. Schade R, Rex H, Kastner D, Friedrich A, Sprang C: Biorhythms of four serum proteins of the laboratory rat: IgG transferrin alpha 2-acute phase protein and a VLD lipoprotein. Acta Biol Med Ger 1980;39:1183-1188.
84. Hsu BR, Kuhn RW: The role of the adrenal in generating the diurnal variation in circulating levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the rat. Endocrinology 1988;122:421-426.
85. Soulban G, Labrecque G: Circadian rhythms of blood clotting time and coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X in rats. Life Sci 1989;45:2485-2489.
86. Minematsu S, Watanabe M, Tsuchiya N, Watanabe M, Amagaya S: Diurnal variations in blood chemical items in Sprague-Dawley rats. Exp Anim 1995;44:223-232.
87. Doughty JR, Goldberg RL, Schenkelaars EJ, Singh HN, Peppard J, Haston W, Blancuzzi VJ, Di Pasquale G: Relationship of blood markers to disease severity and drug efficacy in rat adjuvant arthritis. Agents Actions 1991;34:129-131.
88. Garcia Bonacho M, Esquifino AI, Castrillón P, Reyes Toso C, Cardinali DP: Age-dependent effect of Freund's adjuvant on 24-hour rhythms in plasma prolactin, growth hormone, thyrotropin, insulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone in rats. Life Sci 1999;66:1969-1977.
89. Cano P, Cardinali DP, Chacon F, Castrillón P, Reyes Toso C, Esquifino AI: Age-dependent changes in 24-hour rhythms of catecholamine content and turnover in hypothalamus, corpus striatum and pituitary gland of rats injected with Freund's adjuvant. BMC Physiol 2001;1:14.
90. Cano P, Cardinali DP, Chacon F, Reyes Toso C, Esquifino AI: Nighttime changes in norepinephrine and melatonin content and serotonin turnover in pineal glands of young and old rats injected with Freund's adjuvant. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002;23:49-53.
91. Cardinali DP, Pevet P: Basic aspects of melatonin action. Sleep Med Rev 1998;2:175-190.
92. Arendt J, Middleton B, Stone B, Skene D: Complex effects of melatonin: Evidence for photoperiodic responses in humans? Sleep 1999;22:625-635.
93. Cardinali DP, Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE, Cutrera RA, Esquifino AI: Melatonin site and mechanism of action: Single or multiple? J Pineal Res 1997;23:32-39.
94. Moller M: Introduction to mammalian pineal innervation. Microsc Res Tech 1999;46:235-238.
95. Cardinali DP, Lynch HJ, Wurtman RJ: Binding of melatonin to human and rat plasma proteins. Endocrinology 1972;91:1213-1218.
96. Brydon L, Petit L, de Coppet P, Barrett P, Morgan PJ, Strosberg AD, Jockers R: Polymorphism and signalling of melatonin receptors. Reprod Nutr Dev 1999;39:315-324.
97. Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Ebisawa T: Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Neuron 1994;13:1177-1185.
98. Dubocovich ML, Cardinali DP, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Strosberg D, Sugden D, Yocca FD: Melatonin receptors; in IUPHAR (ed): The IUPHAR Compendium of Receptor Characterization and Classification, ed 2. London, IUPHAR Media, 2000, pp 271-277.
99. Acuna-Castroviejo D, Reiter RJ, Menendez-Pelaez A, Pablos MI, Burgos A: Characterization of high-affinity melatonin binding sites in purified cell nuclei of rat liver. J Pineal Res 1994;16:100-112.
100. Missbach M, Jagher B, Sigg I, Nayeri S, Carlberg C, Wiesenberg I: Thiazolidine diones, specific ligands of the nuclear receptor retinoid Z receptor/retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha with potent antiarthritic activity. J Biol Chem 1996;271:13515-13522.
101. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Burkhardt S: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and cellular and organismal decline: Amelioration with melatonin. Mech Ageing Dev 2002;123:1007-1019.
102. Liebmann PM, Wolfler A, Felsner P, Hofer D, Schauenstein K: Melatonin and the immune system. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;112:203-211.
103. Fraschini F, Demartini G, Esposti D, Scaglione F: Melatonin involvement in immunity and cancer. Biol Signals 1998;7:61-72.
104. Beskonakli E, Palaoglu S, Aksaray S, Alanoglu G, Turhan T, Taskin Y: Effect of pinealectomy on immune parameters in rats with Staphylococcus aureus infection. Neurosurg Rev 2001;24:26-30.
105. Maestroni GJ: The immunotherapeutic potential of melatonin. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2001;10:467-476.
106. Martins E, Ligeiro De Oliveira AP, Fialho De Araujo AM, Tavares DL, Cipolla-Neto J, Costa Rosa LF: Melatonin modulates allergic lung inflammation. J Pineal Res 2001;31:363-369.
107. Skwarlo-Sonta K: Melatonin in immunity: Comparative aspects. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002;23(suppl 1):61-66.
108. Pioli C, Caroleo MC, Nistico G, Doria G: Melatonin increases antigen presentation and amplifies specific and non specific signals for T-cell proliferation. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993;15:463-468.
109. Konakchieva R, Kyurkchiev S, Kehayov I, Taushanova P, Kanchev L: Selective effect of methoxyindoles on the lymphocyte proliferation and melatonin binding to activated human lymphoid cells. J Neuroimmunol 1995;63:125-132.
110. Wajs E, Kutoh E, Gupta D: Melatonin affects proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the immune organs of the rat. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:754-760.
111. Drazen DL, Bilu D, Bilbo SD, Nelson RJ: Melatonin enhancement of splenocyte proliferation is attenuated by luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001;280:R1476-R1482.
112. Giordano M, Palermo MS: Melatonin-induced enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. J Pineal Res 1991;10:117-121.
113. Poon AM, Liu ZM, Pang CS, Brown GM, Pang SF: Evidence for a direct action of melatonin on the immune system. Biol Signals 1994;3:107-117.
114. Bonilla E, Rodon C, Valero N, Pons H, Chacin-Bonilla L, Garcia TJ, Rodriguez Z, Medina-Leendertz S, Anez F: Melatonin prolongs survival of immunodepressed mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95:207-210.
115. Negrette B, Bonilla E, Valero N, Pons H, Garcia TJ, Chacin-Bonilla L, Medina-Leendertz S, Anez F: Melatonin treatment enhances the efficiency of mice immunization with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus TC-83. Neurochem Res 2001;26:767-770.
116. del Gobbo V, Libri V, Villani N, Calio R, Nistico G: Pinealectomy inhibits interleukin-2 production and natural killer activity in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1989;11:567-573.
117. Currier NL, Sun LZ, Miller SC: Exogenous melatonin: Quantitative enhancement in vivo of cells mediating non-specific immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2000;104:101-108.
118. Morrey KM, McLachlan JA, Serkin CD, Bakouche O: Activation of human monocytes by the pineal hormone melatonin. J Immunol 1994;153:2671-2680.
119. Lissoni P, Barni S, Brivio F, Rossini F, Fumagalli L, Ardizzoia A, Tancini G: A biological study on the efficacy of low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin in the treatment of cancer-related thrombocytopenia. Oncology 1995;52:360-362.
120. Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Pierpaoli W: Pineal melatonin, its fundamental immunoregulatory role in aging and cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;521:140-148.
121. Maestroni GJ: T-helper-2 lymphocytes as a peripheral target of melatonin. J Pineal Res 1995;18:84-89.
122. Akbulut KG, Gonul B, Akbulut H: The effects of melatonin on humoral immune responses of young and aged rats. Immunol Invest 2001;30:17-20.
123. Yu Q, Miller SC, Osmond DG: Melatonin inhibits apoptosis during early B-cell development in mouse bone marrow. J Pineal Res 2000;29:86-93.
124. Raghavendra V, Singh V, Kulkarni SK, Agrewala JN: Melatonin enhances Th2 cell mediated immune responses: Lack of sensitivity to reversal by naltrexone or benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;221:57-62.
125. Raghavendra V, Singh V, Shaji AV, Vohra H, Kulkarni SK, Agrewala JN: Melatonin provides signal 3 to unprimed CD4+ T cells but failed to stimulate LPS primed B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2001;124:414-422.
126. Arzt ES, Fernandez-Castelo S, Finocchiaro LM, Criscuolo ME, Diaz A, Finkielman S, Nahmod VE: Immunomodulation by indoleamines: Serotonin and melatonin action on DNA and interferon-gamma synthesis by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Immunol 1988;8:513-520.
127. Lewinski A, Zelazowski P, Sewerynek E, Zerek-Melen G, Szkudlinski M, Zelazowska E: Melatonin-induced suppression of human lymphocyte natural killer activity in vitro. J Pineal Res 1989;7:153-164.
128. Persengiev SP, Kyurkchiev S: Selective effect of melatonin on the proliferation of lymphoid cells. Int J Biochem 1993;25:441-444.
129. Cuzzocrea S, Reiter RJ: Pharmacological actions of melatonin in acute and chronic inflammation. Curr Top Med Chem 2002;2:153-165.
130. Guerrero JM, Reiter RJ: Melatonin-immune system relationships. Curr Top Med Chem 2002;2:167-179.
131. Sasaki M, Jordan P, Joh T, Itoh M, Jenkins M, Pavlick K, Minagar A, Alexander SJ: Melatonin reduces TNF-a induced expression of MAdCAM-1 via inhibition of NF-kappaB. BMC Gastroenterol 2002;2:9.
132. Garcia-Maurino S, Gonzalez-Haba MG, Calvo JR, Rafii-el-Idrissi M, Sanchez-Margalet V, Goberna R, Guerrero JM: Melatonin enhances IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma production by human circulating CD4+ cells: A possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes. J Immunol 1997;159:574-581.
133. Pozo D, Delgado M, Fernandez-Santos JM, Calvo JR, Gomariz RP, Martin-Lacave I, Ortiz GG, Guerrero JM: Expression of the Mel1a-melatonin receptor mRNA in T and B subsets of lymphocytes from rat thymus and spleen. FASEB J 1997;11:466-473.
134. Reiter RJ: Cytoprotective properties of melatonin: Presumed association with oxidative damage and aging. Nutrition 1998;14:691-696.
135. Reiter RJ, Tan D, Cabrera J, D'Arpa D, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Ramos S: The oxidant/antioxidant network: Role of melatonin. Biol Signals Recept 1999;8:56-63.
136. Brusco LI, Garcia-Bonacho M, Esquifino AI, Cardinali DP: Diurnal rhythms in norepinephrine and acetylcholine synthesis of sympathetic ganglia, heart and adrenals of aging rats: Effect of melatonin. J Auton Nerv Syst 1998;74:49-61.
137. Cardinali DP, Cutrera RA, Castrillon P, Esquifino AI: Diurnal rhythms in ornithine decarboxylase activity and norepinephrine and acetylcholine synthesis of rat submaxillary lymph nodes: Effect of pinealectomy, superior cervical ganglionectomy and melatonin replacement. Neuroimmunomodulation 1996;3:102-111.
138. Chan MY, Pang SF, Tang PL, Brown GM: Studies on the kinetics of melatonin and N-acetylserotonin in the rat at mid-light and mid-dark. J Pineal Res 1984;1:227-236.
139. Raynaud F, Mauviard F, Geoffriau M, Claustrat B, Pevet P: Plasma 6-hydroxymelatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and melatonin kinetics after melatonin administration to rats. Biol Signals 1993;2:358-366.
140. Rasmussen DD, Boldt BM, Wilkinson CW, Yellon SM, Matsumoto AM: Daily melatonin administration at middle age suppresses male rat visceral fat, plasma leptin, and plasma insulin to youthful levels. Endocrinology 1999;140:1009-1012.
141. Hansson I, Holmdahl R, Mattsson R: Pinealectomy ameliorates collagen II-induced arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1993;92:432-436.
142. Hansson I, Holmdahl R, Mattsson R: The pineal hormone melatonin exaggerates development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Neuroimmunol 1992;39:23-30.
143. Maestroni GJ, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Villaggio B, Cutolo M: Melatonin in rheumatoid arthritis: Synovial macrophages show melatonin receptors. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002;966:271-275.
144. Sulli A, Maestroni GJ, Villaggio B, Hertens E, Craviotto C, Pizzorni C, Briata M, Seriolo B, Cutolo M: Melatonin serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002;966:276-283.