메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 43-52

Secondary Injuries in Brain Trauma: Effects of Hypothermia

Author keywords

Hypothermia; Neuroprotection; Secondary injury; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN PROTECTION; CELL SURVIVAL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0348223799     PISSN: 08984921     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008506-200401000-00009     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (24)

References (131)
  • 1
    • 0033040283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding insult to injury: The prognostic value of early secondary insults for survival after traumatic brain injury
    • Signorini DF, Andrews PJ, Jones PA, et al. Adding insult to injury: the prognostic value of early secondary insults for survival after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66:26-31.
    • (1999) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.66 , pp. 26-31
    • Signorini, D.F.1    Andrews, P.J.2    Jones, P.A.3
  • 2
    • 0038225340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary and secondary brain injury
    • Reilly P, Bullock R, eds. London, Weinheim, New York: Chapman & Hall Medical
    • Mendelow AD, Crawford PJ. Primary and secondary brain injury. In: Reilly P, Bullock R, eds. Head Injury. London, Weinheim, New York: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1997:71-88.
    • (1997) Head Injury , pp. 71-88
    • Mendelow, A.D.1    Crawford, P.J.2
  • 3
    • 0029952158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of secondary brain injury
    • Siesjo BK, Siesjo P. Mechanisms of secondary brain injury. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1996;13:247-268.
    • (1996) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.13 , pp. 247-268
    • Siesjo, B.K.1    Siesjo, P.2
  • 4
    • 0036159019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury
    • Gabriel EJ, Ghajar J, Jagoda A, et al. Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:111-174.
    • (2002) J Neurotrauma , vol.19 , pp. 111-174
    • Gabriel, E.J.1    Ghajar, J.2    Jagoda, A.3
  • 5
    • 0027538078 scopus 로고
    • The effect of hypotension and hypoxia on children with severe head injuries
    • Pigula FA, Wald SL, Shackford SR, et al. The effect of hypotension and hypoxia on children with severe head injuries. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28: 310-314.
    • (1993) J Pediatr Surg , vol.28 , pp. 310-314
    • Pigula, F.A.1    Wald, S.L.2    Shackford, S.R.3
  • 6
    • 0032748981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury
    • Robertson CS, Valadka AB, Hannay HJ, et al. Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:2086-2095.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 2086-2095
    • Robertson, C.S.1    Valadka, A.B.2    Hannay, H.J.3
  • 7
    • 0037299536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harbingers of poor outcome the day after severe brain injury: Hypothermia, hypoxia, and hypoperfusion
    • Jeremitsky E, Omert L, Dunham CM, et al. Harbingers of poor outcome the day after severe brain injury: hypothermia, hypoxia, and hypoperfusion. J Trauma. 2003;54:312-319.
    • (2003) J Trauma , vol.54 , pp. 312-319
    • Jeremitsky, E.1    Omert, L.2    Dunham, C.M.3
  • 8
    • 0027516794 scopus 로고
    • The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury
    • Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma. 1993;34:216-222.
    • (1993) J Trauma , vol.34 , pp. 216-222
    • Chesnut, R.M.1    Marshall, L.F.2    Klauber, M.R.3
  • 9
    • 0035149274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The simple model versus the super model: Translating experimental traumatic brain injury research to the bedside
    • Statler KD, Jenkins LW, Dixon CE, et al. The simple model versus the super model: translating experimental traumatic brain injury research to the bedside. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18:1195-1206.
    • (2001) J Neurotrauma , vol.18 , pp. 1195-1206
    • Statler, K.D.1    Jenkins, L.W.2    Dixon, C.E.3
  • 10
    • 0020369485 scopus 로고
    • Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate
    • Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, et al. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12:564-574.
    • (1982) Ann Neurol , vol.12 , pp. 564-574
    • Gennarelli, T.A.1    Thibault, L.E.2    Adams, J.H.3
  • 11
    • 0029990089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertonic saline does not improve cerebral oxygen delivery after head injury and mild hemorrhage in cats
    • DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Deal DD, et al. Hypertonic saline does not improve cerebral oxygen delivery after head injury and mild hemorrhage in cats. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:109-117.
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 109-117
    • DeWitt, D.S.1    Prough, D.S.2    Deal, D.D.3
  • 12
    • 0028036732 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of fluid balance and sodium administration to cerebral edema formation and intracranial pressure in a porcine model of brain injury
    • Ramming S, Shackford SR, Zhuang J, et al. The relationship of fluid balance and sodium administration to cerebral edema formation and intracranial pressure in a porcine model of brain injury. J Trauma. 1994; 37:705-713.
    • (1994) J Trauma , vol.37 , pp. 705-713
    • Ramming, S.1    Shackford, S.R.2    Zhuang, J.3
  • 13
    • 0030957323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of small-volume resuscitation on intracranial pressure and related cerebral variables
    • Shackford SR. Effect of small-volume resuscitation on intracranial pressure and related cerebral variables. J Trauma. 1997;42:S48-S53.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.42
    • Shackford, S.R.1
  • 14
    • 0033855242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of initially limited resuscitation in a combined model of fluid-percussion brain injury and severe uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock
    • Stern SA, Zink BJ, Mertz M, et al. Effect of initially limited resuscitation in a combined model of fluid-percussion brain injury and severe uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:305-314.
    • (2000) J Neurosurg , vol.93 , pp. 305-314
    • Stern, S.A.1    Zink, B.J.2    Mertz, M.3
  • 15
    • 0032847985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary neurologic injury resulting from nonhypotensive hemorrhage combined with mild traumatic brain injury
    • Glass TF, Fabian MJ, Schweitzer JB, et al. Secondary neurologic injury resulting from nonhypotensive hemorrhage combined with mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1999;16:771-782.
    • (1999) J Neurotrauma , vol.16 , pp. 771-782
    • Glass, T.F.1    Fabian, M.J.2    Schweitzer, J.B.3
  • 16
    • 0032966466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cerebral perfusion pressure on contusion volume following impact injury
    • Kroppenstedt SN, Kern M, Thomale UW, et al. Effect of cerebral perfusion pressure on contusion volume following impact injury. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:520-526.
    • (1999) J Neurosurg , vol.90 , pp. 520-526
    • Kroppenstedt, S.N.1    Kern, M.2    Thomale, U.W.3
  • 17
    • 0032740111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary hypoxia following moderate fluid percussion brain injury in rats exacerbates sensorimotor and cognitive deficits
    • Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, Green EJ. Secondary hypoxia following moderate fluid percussion brain injury in rats exacerbates sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. J Neurotrauma. 1999;16:1035-1047.
    • (1999) J Neurotrauma , vol.16 , pp. 1035-1047
    • Bramlett, H.M.1    Dietrich, W.D.2    Green, E.J.3
  • 18
    • 0030988395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early neuropathologic effects of mild or moderate hypoxemia after controlled cortical impact injury in rats
    • Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, et al. Early neuropathologic effects of mild or moderate hypoxemia after controlled cortical impact injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 1997;14:179-189.
    • (1997) J Neurotrauma , vol.14 , pp. 179-189
    • Clark, R.S.1    Kochanek, P.M.2    Dixon, C.E.3
  • 19
    • 0023213965 scopus 로고
    • Effect of hypoxia on traumatic brain injury in rats: Part 1. Changes in neurological function, electroencephalograms, and histopathology
    • Ishige N, Pitts LH, Hashimoto T, et al. Effect of hypoxia on traumatic brain injury in rats: Part 1. Changes in neurological function, electroencephalograms, and histopathology. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:848-853.
    • (1987) Neurosurgery , vol.20 , pp. 848-853
    • Ishige, N.1    Pitts, L.H.2    Hashimoto, T.3
  • 20
    • 0034574474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time monitoring of glutamate following fluid percussion brain injury with hypoxia in the rat
    • Matsushita Y, Shima K, Nawashiro, H, et al. Real-time monitoring of glutamate following fluid percussion brain injury with hypoxia in the rat. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000;76:207-212.
    • (2000) Acta Neurochir Suppl , vol.76 , pp. 207-212
    • Matsushita, Y.1    Shima, K.2    Nawashiro, H.3
  • 21
    • 0035169495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic hypothermia is neuroprotective in a model of traumatic brain injury complicated by a secondary hypoxic insult
    • Matsushita Y, Bramlett HM, Alonso O, et al. Posttraumatic hypothermia is neuroprotective in a model of traumatic brain injury complicated by a secondary hypoxic insult. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:2060-2066.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 2060-2066
    • Matsushita, Y.1    Bramlett, H.M.2    Alonso, O.3
  • 22
    • 0028824230 scopus 로고
    • Selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA3 neurons to hypoxia after mild concussion in the rat
    • Nawashiro H, Shima K, Chigasaki H. Selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA3 neurons to hypoxia after mild concussion in the rat. Neurol Res. 1995;17:455-460.
    • (1995) Neurol Res , vol.17 , pp. 455-460
    • Nawashiro, H.1    Shima, K.2    Chigasaki, H.3
  • 23
    • 0023870685 scopus 로고
    • The effects of hypovolemic hypotension on high-energy phosphate metabolism of traumatized brain in rats
    • Ishige N, Pitts LH, Berry I, et al. The effects of hypovolemic hypotension on high-energy phosphate metabolism of traumatized brain in rats. J Neurosurg. 1988;68:129-136.
    • (1988) J Neurosurg , vol.68 , pp. 129-136
    • Ishige, N.1    Pitts, L.H.2    Berry, I.3
  • 24
    • 0028147386 scopus 로고
    • A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part 1: Pathophysiology and biomechanics
    • Marmarou A, Foda MA, van den Brink W, et al. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part 1: Pathophysiology and biomechanics. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:291-300.
    • (1994) J Neurosurg , vol.80 , pp. 291-300
    • Marmarou, A.1    Foda, M.A.2    Van Den Brink, W.3
  • 25
    • 0024380240 scopus 로고
    • Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: Definition, diagnosis and grading
    • Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology. 1989;15:49-59.
    • (1989) Histopathology , vol.15 , pp. 49-59
    • Adams, J.H.1    Doyle, D.2    Ford, I.3
  • 26
    • 0026435098 scopus 로고
    • Traumatically induced axonal injury: Pathogenesis and pathobiological implications
    • Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol. 1992;2:1-12.
    • (1992) Brain Pathol , vol.2 , pp. 1-12
    • Povlishock, J.T.1
  • 27
    • 0031807298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurogenic hypotension in patients with severe head injuries
    • Chesnut RM, Gautille T, Blunt BA, et al. Neurogenic hypotension in patients with severe head injuries. J Trauma. 1998;44:958-963.
    • (1998) J Trauma , vol.44 , pp. 958-963
    • Chesnut, R.M.1    Gautille, T.2    Blunt, B.A.3
  • 28
    • 0030068787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of edema by diffusion-weighted imaging in experimental traumatic brain injury
    • Ito J, Marmarou A, Barzo P, et al. Characterization of edema by diffusion-weighted imaging in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:97-103.
    • (1996) J Neurosurg , vol.84 , pp. 97-103
    • Ito, J.1    Marmarou, A.2    Barzo, P.3
  • 29
    • 0033039882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia on neuronal injury in diffuse traumatic brain injury coupled with hypoxia and hypotension
    • Yamamoto M, Marmarou CR, Stiefel MF, et al. Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia on neuronal injury in diffuse traumatic brain injury coupled with hypoxia and hypotension. J Neurotrauma. 1999;16:487-500.
    • (1999) J Neurotrauma , vol.16 , pp. 487-500
    • Yamamoto, M.1    Marmarou, C.R.2    Stiefel, M.F.3
  • 30
    • 0034782504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-Acetylaspartate reduction as a measure of injury severity and mitochondrial dysfunction following diffuse traumatic brain injury
    • Signoretti S, Marmarou A, Tavazzi B, et al. N-Acetylaspartate reduction as a measure of injury severity and mitochondrial dysfunction following diffuse traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18:977-991.
    • (2001) J Neurotrauma , vol.18 , pp. 977-991
    • Signoretti, S.1    Marmarou, A.2    Tavazzi, B.3
  • 31
    • 0034888854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoxia-hypotension decreases pressor responsiveness to exogenous catecholamines after severe traumatic brain injury in rats
    • Holtzer S, Vigue B, Ract C, et al. Hypoxia-hypotension decreases pressor responsiveness to exogenous catecholamines after severe traumatic brain injury in rats. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1609-1614.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 1609-1614
    • Holtzer, S.1    Vigue, B.2    Ract, C.3
  • 32
    • 0033795488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced brain edema after traumatic brain injury in mice deficient in P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1
    • Whalen MJ, Carlos TM, Dixon CE, et al. Reduced brain edema after traumatic brain injury in mice deficient in P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;67:160-168.
    • (2000) J Leukoc Biol , vol.67 , pp. 160-168
    • Whalen, M.J.1    Carlos, T.M.2    Dixon, C.E.3
  • 33
    • 0036675515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved recovery and delayed cytokine induction after closed head injury in mice with central overexpression of the secreted isoform of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
    • Tehranian R, Andell-Jonsson S, Beni SM, et al. Improved recovery and delayed cytokine induction after closed head injury in mice with central overexpression of the secreted isoform of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:939-951.
    • (2002) J Neurotrauma , vol.19 , pp. 939-951
    • Tehranian, R.1    Andell-Jonsson, S.2    Beni, S.M.3
  • 34
    • 1842367340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid percussion brain injury in rats: Effects of post traumatic hypothermia
    • Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, Green EJ, et al. Chronic histopathological consequences of fluid percussion brain injury in rats: effects of post traumatic hypothermia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1997;93:190-199.
    • (1997) Acta Neuropathol (Berl) , vol.93 , pp. 190-199
    • Bramlett, H.M.1    Dietrich, W.D.2    Green, E.J.3
  • 35
    • 0034111834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods to induce primary and secondary traumatic damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures
    • Adamchik Y, Frantseva MV, Weisspapir M, et al. Methods to induce primary and secondary traumatic damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2000;5:153-158.
    • (2000) Brain Res Brain Res Protoc , vol.5 , pp. 153-158
    • Adamchik, Y.1    Frantseva, M.V.2    Weisspapir, M.3
  • 36
    • 0036637271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal models of neurological deficits: How relevant is the rat?
    • Cenci MA, Whishaw IQ, Schallert T. Animal models of neurological deficits: how relevant is the rat? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:574-579.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 574-579
    • Cenci, M.A.1    Whishaw, I.Q.2    Schallert, T.3
  • 37
    • 0031914497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The problem of assessing effective neuroprotection in experimental cerebral ischemia
    • Corbett D, Nurse S. The problem of assessing effective neuroprotection in experimental cerebral ischemia. Prog Neurobiol. 1998;54:531-548.
    • (1998) Prog Neurobiol , vol.54 , pp. 531-548
    • Corbett, D.1    Nurse, S.2
  • 38
    • 0034883444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free radical scavenger post-treatment improves functional and morphological outcome after fluid percussion injury in the rat
    • Marklund N, Clausen F, McIntosh TK, et al. Free radical scavenger post-treatment improves functional and morphological outcome after fluid percussion injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18:821-832.
    • (2001) J Neurotrauma , vol.18 , pp. 821-832
    • Marklund, N.1    Clausen, F.2    McIntosh, T.K.3
  • 39
    • 0028973275 scopus 로고
    • Metabotropic glutamate antagonist, MCPG, treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats
    • Gong QZ, Delahunty TM, Hamm RJ, et al. Metabotropic glutamate antagonist, MCPG, treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res. 1995;700:299-302.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.700 , pp. 299-302
    • Gong, Q.Z.1    Delahunty, T.M.2    Hamm, R.J.3
  • 40
    • 0034433476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobehavioral protection by the neuronal calcium channel blocker ziconotide in a model of traumatic diffuse brain injury in rats
    • Berman RF, Verweij BH, Muizelaar JP. Neurobehavioral protection by the neuronal calcium channel blocker ziconotide in a model of traumatic diffuse brain injury in rats. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:821-828.
    • (2000) J Neurosurg , vol.93 , pp. 821-828
    • Berman, R.F.1    Verweij, B.H.2    Muizelaar, J.P.3
  • 41
    • 0032742613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an N-type calcium channel antagonist (SNX 111; Ziconotide) on calcium-45 accumulation following fluid-percussion injury
    • Samii A, Badie H, Fu K, et al. Effects of an N-type calcium channel antagonist (SNX 111; Ziconotide) on calcium-45 accumulation following fluid-percussion injury. J Neurotrauma. 1999;16:879-892.
    • (1999) J Neurotrauma , vol.16 , pp. 879-892
    • Samii, A.1    Badie, H.2    Fu, K.3
  • 43
    • 76549208357 scopus 로고
    • Hypothermia its possible role in cardiac surgery: An investigation of factors governing survival of dogs at low body temperatures
    • Bigelow WG, Lindsay WK, Greenwood WF. Hypothermia. its possible role in cardiac surgery: an investigation of factors governing survival of dogs at low body temperatures. Ann Surg. 1950;132:849-866.
    • (1950) Ann Surg , vol.132 , pp. 849-866
    • Bigelow, W.G.1    Lindsay, W.K.2    Greenwood, W.F.3
  • 44
    • 0002826605 scopus 로고
    • Observations on generalized refrigeration in cases of severe cerebral trauma
    • Fay T. Observations on generalized refrigeration in cases of severe cerebral trauma. Assoc Res Nerv Men Dis Proc 1945;24:611-619.
    • (1945) Assoc Res Nerv Men Dis Proc , vol.24 , pp. 611-619
    • Fay, T.1
  • 45
    • 0000147674 scopus 로고
    • Harley experiences with local and generalized refrigeration of the human brain
    • Fay T. Harley experiences with local and generalized refrigeration of the human brain. J Neurosurg. 1959;16:239-260.
    • (1959) J Neurosurg , vol.16 , pp. 239-260
    • Fay, T.1
  • 46
    • 0001107086 scopus 로고
    • The use of extracorporal circulation and profound hypothermia in the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysm
    • Drake CG, Barr WK, Coles JC, et al. The use of extracorporal circulation and profound hypothermia in the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Neurosurg. 1964;21:575-581.
    • (1964) J Neurosurg , vol.21 , pp. 575-581
    • Drake, C.G.1    Barr, W.K.2    Coles, J.C.3
  • 47
    • 0027979691 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat
    • Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R, et al. Post-traumatic brain hypothermia reduces histopathological damage following concussive brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 1994;87:250-258.
    • (1994) Acta Neuropathol , vol.87 , pp. 250-258
    • Dietrich, W.D.1    Alonso, O.2    Busto, R.3
  • 48
    • 0031843505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic hypothermia in the treatment of axonal damage in an animal model of traumatic axonal injury
    • Koizumi H, Povlishock JT. Posttraumatic hypothermia in the treatment of axonal damage in an animal model of traumatic axonal injury. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:303-309.
    • (1998) J Neurosurg , vol.89 , pp. 303-309
    • Koizumi, H.1    Povlishock, J.T.2
  • 49
    • 0027759679 scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic hypothermia is cytoprotective without attenuating the traumatic brain injury-induced elevations in interstitial concentrations of aspartate and glutamate
    • Palmer AM, Marion DW, Botscheller ML, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia is cytoprotective without attenuating the traumatic brain injury-induced elevations in interstitial concentrations of aspartate and glutamate. J Neurotrauma. 1993;10:363-372.
    • (1993) J Neurotrauma , vol.10 , pp. 363-372
    • Palmer, A.M.1    Marion, D.W.2    Botscheller, M.L.3
  • 50
    • 0029100471 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic brain hypothermia provides protection from sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits
    • Bramlett HM, Green EJ, Dietrich WD, et al. Posttraumatic brain hypothermia provides protection from sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12:289-298.
    • (1995) J Neurotrauma , vol.12 , pp. 289-298
    • Bramlett, H.M.1    Green, E.J.2    Dietrich, W.D.3
  • 51
    • 0031933403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of moderate hypothermia on behavioral deficits but not necrotic cavitation following cortical impact injury in the rat
    • Dixon CE, Markgraf CG, Angileri F, et al. Protective effects of moderate hypothermia on behavioral deficits but not necrotic cavitation following cortical impact injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15:95-103.
    • (1998) J Neurotrauma , vol.15 , pp. 95-103
    • Dixon, C.E.1    Markgraf, C.G.2    Angileri, F.3
  • 52
    • 0030025525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats
    • Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Marion DW, et al. Mild posttraumatic hypothermia reduces mortality after severe controlled cortical impact in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996;16:253-261.
    • (1996) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.16 , pp. 253-261
    • Clark, R.S.1    Kochanek, P.M.2    Marion, D.W.3
  • 53
    • 0032193235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild hypothermia - A revived countermeasure against ischemic neuronal damages
    • Kataoka K, Yanase H. Mild hypothermia - a revived countermeasure against ischemic neuronal damages. Neurosci Res. 1998;32:103-117.
    • (1998) Neurosci Res , vol.32 , pp. 103-117
    • Kataoka, K.1    Yanase, H.2
  • 54
    • 0037247573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promising strategies to minimize secondary brain injury after head trauma
    • Bayir H, Clark RS, Kochanek PM. Promising strategies to minimize secondary brain injury after head trauma. Crit Care Med. 2003;31: S112-S117.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31
    • Bayir, H.1    Clark, R.S.2    Kochanek, P.M.3
  • 55
    • 0030000985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild hypothermia reduces penumbral glutamate levels in the rat permanent focal cerebral ischemia model
    • Winfree CJ, Baker CJ, Connolly ES Jr, et al. Mild hypothermia reduces penumbral glutamate levels in the rat permanent focal cerebral ischemia model. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:1216-1222.
    • (1996) Neurosurgery , vol.38 , pp. 1216-1222
    • Winfree, C.J.1    Baker, C.J.2    Connolly Jr., E.S.3
  • 56
    • 0013694986 scopus 로고
    • Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain
    • Busto R, Globus MY, Dietrich WD. Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke. 1989;20:904-910.
    • (1989) Stroke , vol.20 , pp. 904-910
    • Busto, R.1    Globus, M.Y.2    Dietrich, W.D.3
  • 57
    • 0028353946 scopus 로고
    • Effects of hypothermic metabolic suppression on hippocampal glutamate concentrations after transient global cerebral ischemia
    • Illievich UM, Zornow MH, Choi KT, et al. Effects of hypothermic metabolic suppression on hippocampal glutamate concentrations after transient global cerebral ischemia. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:905-911.
    • (1994) Anesth Analg , vol.78 , pp. 905-911
    • Illievich, U.M.1    Zornow, M.H.2    Choi, K.T.3
  • 58
    • 0029130550 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: Effects of posttraumatic hypothermia
    • Globus MY, Alonso O, Dietrich WD, et al. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem. 1995;65:1704-1711.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.65 , pp. 1704-1711
    • Globus, M.Y.1    Alonso, O.2    Dietrich, W.D.3
  • 59
    • 0031046699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral blood flow-independent changes in cortical extracellular levels of amino acids following contusion trauma in the rat
    • Koizumi H, Fujisawa H, Ito H, et al. Effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral blood flow-independent changes in cortical extracellular levels of amino acids following contusion trauma in the rat. Brain Res. 1997; 747:304-312.
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.747 , pp. 304-312
    • Koizumi, H.1    Fujisawa, H.2    Ito, H.3
  • 60
    • 0025138196 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous glutamate enhances edema formation after a freezing lesion
    • Kempski O, von Andrian U, Schurer L, et al. Intravenous glutamate enhances edema formation after a freezing lesion. Adv Neurol. 1990;52: 219-223.
    • (1990) Adv Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 219-223
    • Kempski, O.1    Von Andrian, U.2    Schurer, L.3
  • 61
    • 0002655207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonpharmacological strategies: Moderate hypothermia
    • Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT, eds. McGraw-Hill Book Co
    • Dietrich WD. Nonpharmacological strategies: Moderate hypothermia. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT, eds. Neurotrauma. McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1996:1491-1506.
    • (1996) Neurotrauma , pp. 1491-1506
    • Dietrich, W.D.1
  • 62
    • 0023188158 scopus 로고
    • Moderate hypothermia reduces postischemic edema development and leukotriene production
    • Dempsey RJ, Combs DJ, Maley ME, et al. Moderate hypothermia reduces postischemic edema development and leukotriene production. Neurosurgery. 1987;21:177-181.
    • (1987) Neurosurgery , vol.21 , pp. 177-181
    • Dempsey, R.J.1    Combs, D.J.2    Maley, M.E.3
  • 63
    • 0026728590 scopus 로고
    • The importance of brain temperature in cerebral injury
    • Dietrich WD. The importance of brain temperature in cerebral injury. J Neurotrauma. 1992;9(Suppl 2):S475-S485.
    • (1992) J Neurotrauma , vol.9 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Dietrich, W.D.1
  • 64
    • 0032238475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on cerebral metabolism and glutamate in an experimental head injury
    • Mori K, Maeda M, Miyazaki M, et al. Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on cerebral metabolism and glutamate in an experimental head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998;71:222-224.
    • (1998) Acta Neurochir Suppl , vol.71 , pp. 222-224
    • Mori, K.1    Maeda, M.2    Miyazaki, M.3
  • 65
    • 0031058784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological effects and brain protection by hypothermia and cerebrolysin after moderate forebrain ischemia in rats
    • Schwab M, Bauer R, Zwiener U. Physiological effects and brain protection by hypothermia and cerebrolysin after moderate forebrain ischemia in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 1997;49:105-116.
    • (1997) Exp Toxicol Pathol , vol.49 , pp. 105-116
    • Schwab, M.1    Bauer, R.2    Zwiener, U.3
  • 66
    • 0011866821 scopus 로고
    • The blood-brain barrier in brain injury
    • Globus MY, Dietrich WD, eds. New York: Plenum Publishing
    • Povlishock JT, Dietrich WD. The blood-brain barrier in brain injury. In: Globus MY, Dietrich WD, eds. The Role of Neurotransmitters in Brain Injury. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1992:265-269.
    • (1992) The Role of Neurotransmitters in Brain Injury , pp. 265-269
    • Povlishock, J.T.1    Dietrich, W.D.2
  • 67
    • 0034570501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The permissive nature of blood brain barrier (BBB) opening in edema formation following traumatic brain injury
    • Beaumont A, Marmarou A, Hayasaki K, et al. The permissive nature of blood brain barrier (BBB) opening in edema formation following traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000;76:125-129.
    • (2000) Acta Neurochir Suppl , vol.76 , pp. 125-129
    • Beaumont, A.1    Marmarou, A.2    Hayasaki, K.3
  • 68
    • 0343247794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the cortex and hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats
    • Baskaya MK, Rao AM, Dogan A, et al. The biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the cortex and hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci Lett. 1997;226:33-36.
    • (1997) Neurosci Lett , vol.226 , pp. 33-36
    • Baskaya, M.K.1    Rao, A.M.2    Dogan, A.3
  • 69
    • 0031300157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of brain edema following controlled cortical impact injury in rats
    • Unterberg AW, Stroop R, Thomale UW, et al. Characterisation of brain edema following controlled cortical impact injury in rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997;70:106-108.
    • (1997) Acta Neurochir Suppl , vol.70 , pp. 106-108
    • Unterberg, A.W.1    Stroop, R.2    Thomale, U.W.3
  • 70
    • 0035989214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary insults worsen blood-brain barrier dysfunction assessed by MRI in cerebral contusion
    • Beaumont A, Marmarou A, Fatouros P, et al. Secondary insults worsen blood-brain barrier dysfunction assessed by MRI in cerebral contusion. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002;81:217-219.
    • (2002) Acta Neurochir Suppl , vol.81 , pp. 217-219
    • Beaumont, A.1    Marmarou, A.2    Fatouros, P.3
  • 71
    • 0026728202 scopus 로고
    • Moderate hypothermia reduces blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury in the rat
    • Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, Kapasi MZ, et al. Moderate hypothermia reduces blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84:495-500.
    • (1992) Acta Neuropathol , vol.84 , pp. 495-500
    • Jiang, J.Y.1    Lyeth, B.G.2    Kapasi, M.Z.3
  • 72
    • 0036311062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mild hypothermia and alkalizing agents on brain injuries in rats with acute subdural hematomas
    • Okauchi M, Kawai N, Nakamura T, et al. Effects of mild hypothermia and alkalizing agents on brain injuries in rats with acute subdural hematomas. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:741-751.
    • (2002) J Neurotrauma , vol.19 , pp. 741-751
    • Okauchi, M.1    Kawai, N.2    Nakamura, T.3
  • 73
    • 0030027456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild pre- and posttraumatic hypothermia attenuates blood-brain barrier damage following controlled cortical impact injury in the rat
    • Smith SL, Hall ED. Mild pre- and posttraumatic hypothermia attenuates blood-brain barrier damage following controlled cortical impact injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma. 1996;13:1-9.
    • (1996) J Neurotrauma , vol.13 , pp. 1-9
    • Smith, S.L.1    Hall, E.D.2
  • 74
    • 0025616475 scopus 로고
    • The increase in local cerebral glucose utilization following fluid percussion brain injury is prevented with kynurenic acid and is associated with an increase in calcium
    • Hovda DA, Yoshino A, Kawamata T, et al. The increase in local cerebral glucose utilization following fluid percussion brain injury is prevented with kynurenic acid and is associated with an increase in calcium. Acta Neurochir. 1990;51:331-333.
    • (1990) Acta Neurochir , vol.51 , pp. 331-333
    • Hovda, D.A.1    Yoshino, A.2    Kawamata, T.3
  • 75
    • 0014748731 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism following experimental head injury
    • Meyer JS, Kondo A, Nomura F, et al. Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism following experimental head injury. J Neurosurg. 1970;32: 304-319.
    • (1970) J Neurosurg , vol.32 , pp. 304-319
    • Meyer, J.S.1    Kondo, A.2    Nomura, F.3
  • 76
    • 0019263956 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral metabolism following brain injury. II. Lactic acid changes
    • Sood SC, Gulati SC, Kumar M, et al. Cerebral metabolism following brain injury. II. Lactic acid changes. Acta Neurochir. 1980;53:47-51.
    • (1980) Acta Neurochir , vol.53 , pp. 47-51
    • Sood, S.C.1    Gulati, S.C.2    Kumar, M.3
  • 77
    • 0025938478 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: The elusive role of ischemia
    • Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Choi SC, et al. Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:685-693.
    • (1991) J Neurosurg , vol.75 , pp. 685-693
    • Bouma, G.J.1    Muizelaar, J.P.2    Choi, S.C.3
  • 78
    • 0025980244 scopus 로고
    • Acute regional cerebral blood flow changes caused by severe head injuries
    • Marion DW, Darby J, Yonas H. Acute regional cerebral blood flow changes caused by severe head injuries. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:407-414.
    • (1991) J Neurosurg , vol.74 , pp. 407-414
    • Marion, D.W.1    Darby, J.2    Yonas, H.3
  • 79
    • 0029092362 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow in severe clinical head injury
    • Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP. Cerebral blood flow in severe clinical head injury. New Horiz. 1995;3:384-394.
    • (1995) New Horiz , vol.3 , pp. 384-394
    • Bouma, G.J.1    Muizelaar, J.P.2
  • 80
    • 0021262623 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. Relationship to intracranial hypertension
    • Obrist WD, Langfitt TW, Jaggi JL, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. Relationship to intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:241-253.
    • (1984) J Neurosurg , vol.61 , pp. 241-253
    • Obrist, W.D.1    Langfitt, T.W.2    Jaggi, J.L.3
  • 81
    • 0026772490 scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhagic hypotension after brain injury causes an early and sustained reduction in cerebral oxygen delivery despite normalization of systemic oxygen delivery
    • Schmoker JD, Zhuang J, Shackford SR. Hemorrhagic hypotension after brain injury causes an early and sustained reduction in cerebral oxygen delivery despite normalization of systemic oxygen delivery. J Trauma. 1992;32:714-720.
    • (1992) J Trauma , vol.32 , pp. 714-720
    • Schmoker, J.D.1    Zhuang, J.2    Shackford, S.R.3
  • 82
    • 0034054121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between local cerebral blood flow and metabolism during mild and moderate hypothermia in rats
    • Frietsch T, Krafft P, Piepgras A, et al. Relationship between local cerebral blood flow and metabolism during mild and moderate hypothermia in rats. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:754-763.
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.92 , pp. 754-763
    • Frietsch, T.1    Krafft, P.2    Piepgras, A.3
  • 83
    • 0033870575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in infant pigs during selective brain hypothermia
    • Walter B, Bauer R, Kuhnen G, et al. Coupling of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in infant pigs during selective brain hypothermia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20:1215-1224.
    • (2000) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.20 , pp. 1215-1224
    • Walter, B.1    Bauer, R.2    Kuhnen, G.3
  • 84
    • 0034951284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomorphological sequelae of severe brain injury induced by fluid-percussion in juvenile pigs-effects of mild hypothermia
    • Brodhun M, Fritz H, Walter B, et al. Immunomorphological sequelae of severe brain injury induced by fluid-percussion in juvenile pigs-effects of mild hypothermia. Acta Neuropathol. 2001;101:424-434.
    • (2001) Acta Neuropathol , vol.101 , pp. 424-434
    • Brodhun, M.1    Fritz, H.2    Walter, B.3
  • 85
    • 0022645930 scopus 로고
    • The effect of isoflurane on neuronal necrosis following near-complete forebrain ischemia in the rat
    • Warner DS, Deshpande JK, Wieloch T. The effect of isoflurane on neuronal necrosis following near-complete forebrain ischemia in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:19-23.
    • (1986) Anesthesiology , vol.64 , pp. 19-23
    • Warner, D.S.1    Deshpande, J.K.2    Wieloch, T.3
  • 86
    • 0035931948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury
    • Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:556-563.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 556-563
    • Clifton, G.L.1    Miller, E.R.2    Choi, S.C.3
  • 87
    • 0000778663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary injury after head trauma: Subacute and long-term mechanisms
    • DeKosky ST, Kochanek PM, Clark RS, et al. Secondary injury after head trauma: subacute and long-term mechanisms. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1998;3:176-185.
    • (1998) Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry , vol.3 , pp. 176-185
    • DeKosky, S.T.1    Kochanek, P.M.2    Clark, R.S.3
  • 88
    • 0035696441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury
    • Lenzlinger PM, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Laurer HL, et al. The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurobiol. 2001;24:169-181.
    • (2001) Mol Neurobiol , vol.24 , pp. 169-181
    • Lenzlinger, P.M.1    Morganti-Kossmann, M.C.2    Laurer, H.L.3
  • 89
    • 0029071410 scopus 로고
    • Hypothermia attenuates the normal increase in interleukin 1 beta RNA and nerve growth factor following traumatic brain injury in the rat
    • Goss JR, Styren SD, Miller PD, et al. Hypothermia attenuates the normal increase in interleukin 1 beta RNA and nerve growth factor following traumatic brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12:159-167.
    • (1995) J Neurotrauma , vol.12 , pp. 159-167
    • Goss, J.R.1    Styren, S.D.2    Miller, P.D.3
  • 90
    • 0031310082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between brain temperature and neutrophil accumulation after traumatic brain injury in rats
    • Whalen MJ, Carlos TM, Clark RS, et al. The relationship between brain temperature and neutrophil accumulation after traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1997;70:260-261.
    • (1997) Acta Neurochir Suppl , vol.70 , pp. 260-261
    • Whalen, M.J.1    Carlos, T.M.2    Clark, R.S.3
  • 91
    • 0037165892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute systemic administration of interleukin-10 suppresses the beneficial effects of moderate hypothermia following traumatic brain injury in rats
    • Kline AE, Bolinger BD, Kochanek PM, et al. Acute systemic administration of interleukin-10 suppresses the beneficial effects of moderate hypothermia following traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res. 2002; 937:22-31.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.937 , pp. 22-31
    • Kline, A.E.1    Bolinger, B.D.2    Kochanek, P.M.3
  • 92
    • 0035157320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobehavioral assessment of outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats: An evaluation of selected measures
    • Hamm RJ. Neurobehavioral assessment of outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats: an evaluation of selected measures. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18:1207-1216.
    • (2001) J Neurotrauma , vol.18 , pp. 1207-1216
    • Hamm, R.J.1
  • 93
    • 0026018681 scopus 로고
    • Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury
    • Clifton GL, Jiang JY, Lyeth BG, et al. Marked protection by moderate hypothermia after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991;11:114-121.
    • (1991) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.11 , pp. 114-121
    • Clifton, G.L.1    Jiang, J.Y.2    Lyeth, B.G.3
  • 94
    • 0027319790 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral protection by moderate hypothermia initiated after experimental traumatic brain injury
    • Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Liu S. Behavioral protection by moderate hypothermia initiated after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1993;10:57-64.
    • (1993) J Neurotrauma , vol.10 , pp. 57-64
    • Lyeth, B.G.1    Jiang, J.Y.2    Liu, S.3
  • 95
    • 0033806192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No long-term benefit from hypothermia after severe traumatic brain injury with secondary insult in rats
    • Robertson CL, Clark RS, Dixon CE, et al. No long-term benefit from hypothermia after severe traumatic brain injury with secondary insult in rats. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3218-3223.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 3218-3223
    • Robertson, C.L.1    Clark, R.S.2    Dixon, C.E.3
  • 96
    • 0029915626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of experimental brain injury with moderate hypothermia and 21-aminosteroids
    • Marion DW, White MJ. Treatment of experimental brain injury with moderate hypothermia and 21-aminosteroids. J Neurotrauma. 1996;13: 139-147.
    • (1996) J Neurotrauma , vol.13 , pp. 139-147
    • Marion, D.W.1    White, M.J.2
  • 98
    • 0023554153 scopus 로고
    • Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury
    • Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MY, et al. Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:729-738.
    • (1987) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.7 , pp. 729-738
    • Busto, R.1    Dietrich, W.D.2    Globus, M.Y.3
  • 99
    • 0035200176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment window for hypothermia in brain injury
    • Markgraf CG, Clifton GL, Moody MR. Treatment window for hypothermia in brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2001;95:979-983.
    • (2001) J Neurosurg , vol.95 , pp. 979-983
    • Markgraf, C.G.1    Clifton, G.L.2    Moody, M.R.3
  • 100
    • 12244312157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on intracranial pressure and outcome in patients with severe head injury
    • Polderman KH, Tjong Tjin JR, Peerdeman SM, et al. Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on intracranial pressure and outcome in patients with severe head injury. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1563-1573.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 1563-1573
    • Polderman, K.H.1    Tjong Tjin, J.R.2    Peerdeman, S.M.3
  • 101
    • 0036139651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild hypothermia reduces apoptosis of mouse neurons in vitro early in the cascade
    • Xu L, Yenari MA, Steinberg GK, et al. Mild hypothermia reduces apoptosis of mouse neurons in vitro early in the cascade. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22:21-28.
    • (2002) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.22 , pp. 21-28
    • Xu, L.1    Yenari, M.A.2    Steinberg, G.K.3
  • 102
    • 0345563285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal depth and duration of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: Effects on neurologic outcome, infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation
    • Maier CM, Ahern K, Cheng ML, et al. Optimal depth and duration of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: effects on neurologic outcome, infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation. Stroke. 1998;29:2171-2180.
    • (1998) Stroke , vol.29 , pp. 2171-2180
    • Maier, C.M.1    Ahern, K.2    Cheng, M.L.3
  • 103
    • 0036137197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild hypothermia attenuates cytochrome c release but does not alter Bcl-2 expression or caspase activation after experimental stroke
    • Yenari MA, Iwayarna S, Cheng D, et al. Mild hypothermia attenuates cytochrome c release but does not alter Bcl-2 expression or caspase activation after experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22: 29-38.
    • (2002) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.22 , pp. 29-38
    • Yenari, M.A.1    Iwayarna, S.2    Cheng, D.3
  • 104
    • 0033508013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indefatigable CA1 sector neuroprotection with mild hypothermia induced 6 hours after severe forebrain ischemia in rats
    • Colbourne F, Li H, Buchan AM. Indefatigable CA1 sector neuroprotection with mild hypothermia induced 6 hours after severe forebrain ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19:742-749.
    • (1999) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.19 , pp. 742-749
    • Colbourne, F.1    Li, H.2    Buchan, A.M.3
  • 105
    • 0036310401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effect of delayed moderate hypothermia after focal cerebral ischemia: An MRI study
    • Kollmar R, Schabitz WR, Heiland S, et al. Neuroprotective effect of delayed moderate hypothermia after focal cerebral ischemia: an MRI study. Stroke. 2002;33:1899-1904.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 1899-1904
    • Kollmar, R.1    Schabitz, W.R.2    Heiland, S.3
  • 106
    • 0034859356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed induction and long-term effects of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: Neurological outcome and infarct size
    • Maier CM, Sun GH, Kunis D, et al. Delayed induction and long-term effects of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia: neurological outcome and infarct size. J Neurosurg. 2001;94:90-96.
    • (2001) J Neurosurg , vol.94 , pp. 90-96
    • Maier, C.M.1    Sun, G.H.2    Kunis, D.3
  • 107
    • 0031045652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia
    • Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:540-546.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 540-546
    • Marion, D.W.1    Penrod, L.E.2    Kelsey, S.F.3
  • 108
    • 0038745703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic hypothermia followed by slow rewarming protects the cerebral microcirculation
    • Suehiro F, Ueda Y, Wei EP, et al. Posttraumatic hypothermia followed by slow rewarming protects the cerebral microcirculation. J Neurotrauma. 2003;20:381-390.
    • (2003) J Neurotrauma , vol.20 , pp. 381-390
    • Suehiro, F.1    Ueda, Y.2    Wei, E.P.3
  • 109
    • 0038611568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothermic cerebrovascular protection is related to the rate of post hypothermic rewarming
    • Wei EP, Ueda Y, Suehiro E, et al. Hypothermic cerebrovascular protection is related to the rate of post hypothermic rewarming. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:1358.
    • (2002) J Neurotrauma , vol.19 , pp. 1358
    • Wei, E.P.1    Ueda, Y.2    Suehiro, E.3
  • 110
    • 0032698931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of rewarming conditions after hypothermia in gerbils with transient forebrain ischemia
    • Nakamura T, Miyamoto O, Yamagami S, et al. Influence of rewarming conditions after hypothermia in gerbils with transient forebrain ischemia. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:114-120.
    • (1999) J Neurosurg , vol.91 , pp. 114-120
    • Nakamura, T.1    Miyamoto, O.2    Yamagami, S.3
  • 111
    • 0027440467 scopus 로고
    • A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury
    • Clifton GL, Allen S, Barrodale P, et al. A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1993;10:263-271.
    • (1993) J Neurotrauma , vol.10 , pp. 263-271
    • Clifton, G.L.1    Allen, S.2    Barrodale, P.3
  • 112
    • 0029814532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate hypothermia in patients with severe head injury: Cerebral and extracerebral effects
    • Metz C, Holzschuh M, Bein T, et al. Moderate hypothermia in patients with severe head injury: cerebral and extracerebral effects. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:533-541.
    • (1996) J Neurosurg , vol.85 , pp. 533-541
    • Metz, C.1    Holzschuh, M.2    Bein, T.3
  • 113
    • 0027223871 scopus 로고
    • Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury
    • Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, et al. Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:363-368.
    • (1993) J Neurosurg , vol.79 , pp. 363-368
    • Shiozaki, T.1    Sugimoto, H.2    Taneda, M.3
  • 114
    • 18044394194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury
    • Safar P, Kochanek P. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:66.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 66
    • Safar, P.1    Kochanek, P.2
  • 115
    • 0035811776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury
    • Sakas DE, Dimopoulou I. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:66.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 66
    • Sakas, D.E.1    Dimopoulou, I.2
  • 116
    • 0036130194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothermia on admission in patients with severe brain injury
    • Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, et al. Hypothermia on admission in patients with severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19:293-301.
    • (2002) J Neurotrauma , vol.19 , pp. 293-301
    • Clifton, G.L.1    Miller, E.R.2    Choi, S.C.3
  • 117
    • 0037236483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal temperature for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: Effect of hypothermia on intracranial pressure, systemic and intracranial hemodynamics, and metabolism
    • Tokutomi T, Morimoto K, Miyagi T, et al. Optimal temperature for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hypothermia on intracranial pressure, systemic and intracranial hemodynamics, and metabolism. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:102-111.
    • (2003) Neurosurgery , vol.52 , pp. 102-111
    • Tokutomi, T.1    Morimoto, K.2    Miyagi, T.3
  • 118
    • 0032929640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild hypothermia as a protective therapy during intracranial aneurysm surgery: A randomized prospective pilot trial
    • Hindman BJ, Todd MM, Gelb AW, et al. Mild hypothermia as a protective therapy during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a randomized prospective pilot trial. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:23-32.
    • (1999) Neurosurgery , vol.44 , pp. 23-32
    • Hindman, B.J.1    Todd, M.M.2    Gelb, A.W.3
  • 119
    • 0347310280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraoperative hypothermia and rewarming during aneurysm surgery: Progress of IHAST 2
    • Hindman BJ, Todd MM, Tomer JC, et al. Intraoperative hypothermia and rewarming during aneurysm surgery: progress of IHAST 2. J Neurosurg Anesth. 2002;14:344.
    • (2002) J Neurosurg Anesth , vol.14 , pp. 344
    • Hindman, B.J.1    Todd, M.M.2    Tomer, J.C.3
  • 120
    • 0037148926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest
    • Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549-556.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 549-556
  • 121
    • 0037148929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia
    • Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:557-563.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 557-563
    • Bernard, S.A.1    Gray, T.W.2    Buist, M.D.3
  • 122
    • 0031756859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction
    • Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, et al. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 1998;29:2461-2466.
    • (1998) Stroke , vol.29 , pp. 2461-2466
    • Schwab, S.1    Schwarz, S.2    Spranger, M.3
  • 123
    • 0034859173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of mild hypothermia for severely head injured patients with low intracranial pressure
    • Shiozaki T, Hayakata T, Taneda M, et al. A multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of mild hypothermia for severely head injured patients with low intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 2001; 94:50-54.
    • (2001) J Neurosurg , vol.94 , pp. 50-54
    • Shiozaki, T.1    Hayakata, T.2    Taneda, M.3
  • 124
    • 0029003875 scopus 로고
    • Side effects of mild hypothermia
    • Schubert A. Side effects of mild hypothermia. J Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 1995;7:139-147.
    • (1995) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol , vol.7 , pp. 139-147
    • Schubert, A.1
  • 125
    • 0038045172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term hypothermia in patients with severe brain edema after poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • Gasser S, Khan N, Yonekawa Y, et al. Long-term hypothermia in patients with severe brain edema after poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesth. 2003;15:240-248.
    • (2003) J Neurosurg Anesth , vol.15 , pp. 240-248
    • Gasser, S.1    Khan, N.2    Yonekawa, Y.3
  • 126
    • 0036314346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury: A meta-analysis
    • Harris OA, Colford JM, Good MC, et al. The role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol. 2002; 59:1077-1083.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 1077-1083
    • Harris, O.A.1    Colford, J.M.2    Good, M.C.3
  • 127
    • 0030941106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical neuroprotection trials in severe traumatic brain injury: Lessons from previous studies
    • Doppenberg EMR, Bullock R. Clinical neuroprotection trials in severe traumatic brain injury: lessons from previous studies. J Neurotrauma. 1997;14:71-80.
    • (1997) J Neurotrauma , vol.14 , pp. 71-80
    • Doppenberg, E.M.R.1    Bullock, R.2
  • 128
    • 0002388871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of brain injury models
    • Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT, eds. McGraw-Hill Book Co
    • Povlishock JT. An overview of brain injury models. In: Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT, eds. Neurotrauma. McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1996:1325-1336.
    • (1996) Neurotrauma , pp. 1325-1336
    • Povlishock, J.T.1
  • 130
    • 0037387487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate hypothermia may be detrimental after traumatic brain injury in fentanyl-anesthetized rats
    • Statler KD, Alexander HL, Vagni VA, et al. Moderate hypothermia may be detrimental after traumatic brain injury in fentanyl-anesthetized rats. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1134-1139.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1134-1139
    • Statler, K.D.1    Alexander, H.L.2    Vagni, V.A.3
  • 131
    • 0036141160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection in unlikely to be effective in humans using current trial designs
    • Grotta J. Neuroprotection in unlikely to be effective in humans using current trial designs. Stroke. 2002;33:306-307.
    • (2002) Stroke , vol.33 , pp. 306-307
    • Grotta, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.