메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1033-1087

Racial Meanings and Scientific Methods: Changing Policies for NIH-Sponsored Publications Reporting Human Variation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENETIC DIFFERENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; POPULATION GENETICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0347511822     PISSN: 03616878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/03616878-28-6-1033     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (48)

References (142)
  • 2
    • 26544446174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What's in a Name'? Today, Not Much
    • 23 August
    • Altman, D. 2001. What's in a Name'? Today, Not Much. New York Times, 23 August, A18.
    • (2001) New York Times
    • Altman, D.1
  • 4
    • 26544466911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assailing News Media, Judge Closes Trial Record
    • 16 August
    • Associated Press. 1999. Assailing News Media, Judge Closes Trial Record. New York Times, 16 August, B6.
    • (1999) New York Times
  • 6
    • 0031984229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast Cancer and CYPIa1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 Polymorphisms: Evidence of a Lack of Association in Caucasians and African Americans
    • Bailey, L. R., N. Roodi, C. Verrier, C. Yee, W. Dupont, and F. Parl. 1998. Breast Cancer and CYPIa1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 Polymorphisms: Evidence of a Lack of Association in Caucasians and African Americans. Cancer Research 58:65-70.
    • (1998) Cancer Research , vol.58 , pp. 65-70
    • Bailey, L.R.1    Roodi, N.2    Verrier, C.3    Yee, C.4    Dupont, W.5    Parl, F.6
  • 7
    • 0035224023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making Clinical Trials Safer for Human Subjects
    • Available through the AJLM Web site at aslme.org/pub_ajlm
    • Baram, M. 2001. Making Clinical Trials Safer for Human Subjects. American Journal of Law and Medicine 27:253-282. Available through the AJLM Web site at aslme. org/pub_ajlm.
    • (2001) American Journal of Law and Medicine , vol.27 , pp. 253-282
    • Baram, M.1
  • 9
    • 0004194310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Bates, R. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (1998) Analytic Narratives
    • Bates, R.1
  • 10
    • 0348170971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Researchers Suspected of Hiding Deaths in Gene Tests
    • 1 February
    • Borger, Julian. 2000. Researchers Suspected of Hiding Deaths in Gene Tests. Guardian Unlimited, 1 February. Available online at www.guardian.co.uk/genes/article/ 0,2763,191898,00.html.
    • (2000) Guardian Unlimited
    • Borger, J.1
  • 11
    • 0020863307 scopus 로고
    • Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community
    • Bullard, R. 1983. Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community. Sociological Inquiry 53:273-288.
    • (1983) Sociological Inquiry , vol.53 , pp. 273-288
    • Bullard, R.1
  • 12
    • 0023163377 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution
    • Cann, R. L., M. Stoneking, and A. C. Wilson. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution. Nature 325:31-36.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.325 , pp. 31-36
    • Cann, R.L.1    Stoneking, M.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 14
    • 0026092912 scopus 로고
    • Genetic Analysis of Breast Cancer in the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study
    • Claus, E., N. Risch, and W. D. Thompson. 1991. Genetic Analysis of Breast Cancer in the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. American Journal of Human Genetics 48:232-242.
    • (1991) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.48 , pp. 232-242
    • Claus, E.1    Risch, N.2    Thompson, W.D.3
  • 15
    • 0027177195 scopus 로고
    • Family History, Age, and Risk of Breast Cancer: Prospective Data from the Nurses' Health Study
    • Colditz, G. A., et al. 1993. Family History, Age, and Risk of Breast Cancer: Prospective Data from the Nurses' Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 270:805-812.
    • (1993) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.270 , pp. 805-812
    • Colditz, G.A.1
  • 16
    • 0033196859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism?
    • Collins, C., and D. R. Williams. 1999. Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism? Sociological Forum 14:493-521.
    • (1999) Sociological Forum , vol.14 , pp. 493-521
    • Collins, C.1    Williams, D.R.2
  • 17
    • 0032429154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A DNA Polymorphism Discovery Resource for Research on Human Genetic Variation
    • Collins, F., L. Brooks, and A. Chakravarti. 1998. A DNA Polymorphism Discovery Resource for Research on Human Genetic Variation. Genome Research 8:1229.
    • (1998) Genome Research , vol.8 , pp. 1229
    • Collins, F.1    Brooks, L.2    Chakravarti, A.3
  • 18
    • 0030688004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations on a Theme: Cataloguing Human DNA Variation
    • Collins, F., M. Guyer, and A. Chakravarti. 1997. Variations on a Theme: Cataloguing Human DNA Variation. Science 278:1580.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1580
    • Collins, F.1    Guyer, M.2    Chakravarti, A.3
  • 21
    • 0346910471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in the African Diaspora: Genes and the Environment
    • ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press
    • Cooper, R. 1997. Hypertension in the African Diaspora: Genes and the Environment. In Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project, ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press.
    • (1997) Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project
    • Cooper, R.1
  • 22
    • 0028201682 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in Populations of Western African Origin: Is There a Genetic Predisposition?
    • Cooper, R., and C. Rotimi. 1994. Hypertension in Populations of Western African Origin: Is There a Genetic Predisposition? Journal of Hypertension 12:215-227.
    • (1994) Journal of Hypertension , vol.12 , pp. 215-227
    • Cooper, R.1    Rotimi, C.2
  • 23
    • 0005485529 scopus 로고
    • Genetic Technology and Reproductive Choice: An Ethics for Autonomy
    • ed. D. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Cowan, R. S. 1992. Genetic Technology and Reproductive Choice: An Ethics for Autonomy. In The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project, ed. D. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    • (1992) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project
    • Cowan, R.S.1
  • 24
    • 0027024922 scopus 로고
    • The Slavery Hypothesis for Hypertension among African Americans: The Historical Evidence
    • Curtin, P. D. 1992. The Slavery Hypothesis for Hypertension among African Americans: The Historical Evidence. American Journal of Public Health 82:1681-1686.
    • (1992) American Journal of Public Health , vol.82 , pp. 1681-1686
    • Curtin, P.D.1
  • 26
    • 0030667982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differing Birth Weights among Infants of U.S.-born Blacks, African-born Blacks and U.S.-born Whites
    • David, R., and J. Collins Jr. 1997. Differing Birth Weights among Infants of U.S.-born Blacks, African-born Blacks and U.S.-born Whites. New England Journal of Medicine 337:1209-1214.
    • (1997) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.337 , pp. 1209-1214
    • David, R.1    Collins Jr., J.2
  • 27
    • 0004201898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon and Schuster
    • Drosnin, M. 1997. The Bible Code. New York: Simon and Schuster.
    • (1997) The Bible Code
    • Drosnin, M.1
  • 28
    • 0029939505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of BRCA1 Polymorphisms, Rare Sequence Variants and/or Missense Mutations in Unaffected and Breast/Ovarian Cancer Populations
    • Durocher, F., D. Shattuck-Eidens, M. McClure, F. Labrie, M. Skolnick, D. Goldgar, and J. Simard. 1996. Comparison of BRCA1 Polymorphisms, Rare Sequence Variants and/or Missense Mutations in Unaffected and Breast/Ovarian Cancer Populations. Human Molecular Genetics 5:835-842.
    • (1996) Human Molecular Genetics , vol.5 , pp. 835-842
    • Durocher, F.1    Shattuck-Eidens, D.2    McClure, M.3    Labrie, F.4    Skolnick, M.5    Goldgar, D.6    Simard, J.7
  • 30
    • 0346280188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal communication (e-mail). 20 February
    • Easton, D. F. 2002. Personal communication (e-mail). 20 February.
    • (2002)
    • Easton, D.F.1
  • 31
    • 0027433563 scopus 로고
    • Genetic Linkage Analysis in Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Results from 214 Families
    • Easton, D. F., D. T. Bishop, D. Ford, and G. P. Crockford. 1993. Genetic Linkage Analysis in Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Results from 214 Families. American Journal of Human Genetics 52:678-701.
    • (1993) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.52 , pp. 678-701
    • Easton, D.F.1    Bishop, D.T.2    Ford, D.3    Crockford, G.P.4
  • 32
    • 0023407941 scopus 로고
    • Inappropriate Use of Genetic Terminology in Medical Research: A Public Health Issue
    • Edlin, G. 1987. Inappropriate Use of Genetic Terminology in Medical Research: A Public Health Issue. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 31:47-56.
    • (1987) Perspectives in Biology and Medicine , vol.31 , pp. 47-56
    • Edlin, G.1
  • 37
    • 0028330276 scopus 로고
    • Risks of Cancer in BRCA-1 Mutation Carriers
    • Ford, D., D. Easton, D. Bishop, S. Narod, and D. Goldgar. 1994. Risks of Cancer in BRCA-1 Mutation Carriers. Lancet 343:692-695.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 692-695
    • Ford, D.1    Easton, D.2    Bishop, D.3    Narod, S.4    Goldgar, D.5
  • 38
    • 0028826709 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of the Gene Frequency of BRCA1 and Its Contribution to Breast and Ovarian Cancer Incidence
    • Ford, D., D. F. Easton, and J. Peto. 1995. Estimates of the Gene Frequency of BRCA1 and Its Contribution to Breast and Ovarian Cancer Incidence. American Journal of Human Genetics 57:1457-1462.
    • (1995) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.57 , pp. 1457-1462
    • Ford, D.1    Easton, D.F.2    Peto, J.3
  • 40
    • 0032231760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Model Agreement for Genetic Research in Socially Identifiable Populations
    • Foster, M., D. Bernstein, and T. Carter. 1998. A Model Agreement for Genetic Research in Socially Identifiable Populations. American Journal of Human Genetics 63:696-702.
    • (1998) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.63 , pp. 696-702
    • Foster, M.1    Bernstein, D.2    Carter, T.3
  • 41
    • 0031937260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Meaning of Race in Science - Considerations for Cancer Research: Concerns of Special Populations in the National Cancer Program
    • Freeman, H. 2000. The Meaning of Race in Science - Considerations for Cancer Research: Concerns of Special Populations in the National Cancer Program. Cancer 82:219-225.
    • (2000) Cancer , vol.82 , pp. 219-225
    • Freeman, H.1
  • 42
    • 0013034192 scopus 로고
    • Health Insurance, Employment Discrimination, and the Genetics Revolution
    • ed. D. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Greely, H. 1992. Health Insurance, Employment Discrimination, and the Genetics Revolution. In The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project, ed. D. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    • (1992) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project
    • Greely, H.1
  • 43
    • 0002960138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues in Human Genome Research
    • -. 1998. Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues in Human Genome Research. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 27:473-502.
    • (1998) Annual Reviews in Anthropology , vol.27 , pp. 473-502
  • 45
    • 0030966828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BRCA Genes-Bookmaking, Fortune-telling, and Medical Care. Editorial
    • Healy, B. 1997. BRCA Genes-Bookmaking, Fortune-telling, and Medical Care. Editorial. New England Journal of Medicine 336:1448-1449.
    • (1997) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.336 , pp. 1448-1449
    • Healy, B.1
  • 48
    • 0033362079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the Probability that Ashkenazi Jewish Women Carry a Founder Mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Comment
    • Hopper, J., and M. Jenkins. 1999. Modelling the Probability that Ashkenazi Jewish Women Carry a Founder Mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. Comment. American Journal of Human Genetics 65:1771-1776.
    • (1999) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.65 , pp. 1771-1776
    • Hopper, J.1    Jenkins, M.2
  • 49
    • 0028911843 scopus 로고
    • With Environmental Control, the Effects of Race and Sex on Blood Pressure Regulatory Mechanisms Appear Diminished
    • Horodyski, M. B., R. E. DeMeersman, P. M. Wanderburg, and D. Gallagher. 1995. With Environmental Control, the Effects of Race and Sex on Blood Pressure Regulatory Mechanisms Appear Diminished. Journal of Human Hypertension 9(2):107-111.
    • (1995) Journal of Human Hypertension , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-111
    • Horodyski, M.B.1    DeMeersman, R.E.2    Wanderburg, P.M.3    Gallagher, D.4
  • 51
    • 0346280186 scopus 로고
    • Fair Housing Testing - Uncovering Discriminatory Practices
    • Hunter, T. 1995. Fair Housing Testing - Uncovering Discriminatory Practices. Creighton Law Review 28:1127-1142.
    • (1995) Creighton Law Review , vol.28 , pp. 1127-1142
    • Hunter, T.1
  • 52
    • 0002561799 scopus 로고
    • A Critique of the Literature on the Genetics of Schizophrenia
    • ed. D. Jackson. New York: Basic
    • Jackson, D. 1960. A Critique of the Literature on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. In The Etiology of Schizophrenia, ed. D. Jackson. New York: Basic.
    • (1960) The Etiology of Schizophrenia
    • Jackson, D.1
  • 53
    • 0346910470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the Human Genome Project: An African American and Bioanthropological Critique
    • ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press
    • Jackson, F. 1997. Assessing the Human Genome Project: An African American and Bioanthropological Critique. In Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project, ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press.
    • (1997) Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project
    • Jackson, F.1
  • 54
    • 0035257953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Don Jackson's "A Critique of the Literature on the Genetics of Schizophrenia - A Reappraisal after 40 Years"
    • Joseph, J. 2001. Don Jackson's "A Critique of the Literature on the Genetics of Schizophrenia - A Reappraisal after 40 Years." Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs 127:27-57.
    • (2001) Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs , vol.127 , pp. 27-57
    • Joseph, J.1
  • 55
    • 0036517826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twin Studies in Psychiatry and Psychology: Science or Pseudoscience?
    • -. 2002. Twin Studies in Psychiatry and Psychology: Science or Pseudoscience? Psychiatric Quarterly 73:71-82.
    • (2002) Psychiatric Quarterly , vol.73 , pp. 71-82
  • 56
    • 0032231948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity and Human Diversity: Keeping Biology Straight from Culture
    • Juengst, E. 1998. Identity and Human Diversity: Keeping Biology Straight from Culture. American Journal of Human Genetics 63:673-677.
    • (1998) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.63 , pp. 673-677
    • Juengst, E.1
  • 58
    • 0036311977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia: Challenges and Insights. Review Article
    • Kato, C., et al. 2002. Molecular Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia: Challenges and Insights. Review Article. Neuroscience Research 43:295-304.
    • (2002) Neuroscience Research , vol.43 , pp. 295-304
    • Kato, C.1
  • 59
    • 0037209054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Slavery Hypertension Hypothesis: Dissemination and Appeal of a Modern Race Theory
    • Kaufman, J., and S. Hall. 2003. The Slavery Hypertension Hypothesis: Dissemination and Appeal of a Modern Race Theory. Epidemiology and Society 14:111-118.
    • (2003) Epidemiology and Society , vol.14 , pp. 111-118
    • Kaufman, J.1    Hall, S.2
  • 61
    • 0346910459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 January. Available online at geneletter.com/01-02-01/features/medicine.html
    • Khoury, M. J., and R. Thornburg. 2001. Will Genetics Revolutionize Medicine? 2 January. Available online at geneletter.com/01-02-01/features/medicine.html.
    • (2001) Will Genetics Revolutionize Medicine?
    • Khoury, M.J.1    Thornburg, R.2
  • 62
    • 0032067789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Future of Genetic Studies of Complex Human Diseases: An Epidemiologic Perspective
    • Khoury, M. J., and Q. Yang. 1998. The Future of Genetic Studies of Complex Human Diseases: An Epidemiologic Perspective. Epidemiology 9:350-354. Available online at www.cdc.gov/genetics/info/reports/research/future2.htm.
    • (1998) Epidemiology , vol.9 , pp. 350-354
    • Khoury, M.J.1    Yang, Q.2
  • 64
    • 0346280178 scopus 로고
    • Environment, Health, and Economics - The Case of Cancer
    • Kneese, A., and W. Schulze. 1977. Environment, Health, and Economics - The Case of Cancer. American Economic Review 67:326-332.
    • (1977) American Economic Review , vol.67 , pp. 326-332
    • Kneese, A.1    Schulze, W.2
  • 65
    • 0030003909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical Issues in International Collaborative Research on the Human Genome: HGP and the HGDP
    • Knoppers, B. M., M. Hirtle, and S. Lormeau. 1996. Ethical Issues in International Collaborative Research on the Human Genome: HGP and the HGDP. Genomics 34:272-282.
    • (1996) Genomics , vol.34 , pp. 272-282
    • Knoppers, B.M.1    Hirtle, M.2    Lormeau, S.3
  • 66
    • 0025370170 scopus 로고
    • Racial and Gender Discrimination: Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure?
    • Krieger, N. 1990. Racial and Gender Discrimination: Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure? Social Science Medicine 30:1273-1281.
    • (1990) Social Science Medicine , vol.30 , pp. 1273-1281
    • Krieger, N.1
  • 67
    • 0029958092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study of Young Black and White Adults
    • Krieger, N., and S. Sidney. 1996. Racial Discrimination and Blood Pressure: The CARDIA Study of Young Black and White Adults. American Journal of Public Health 86:1370-1378.
    • (1996) American Journal of Public Health , vol.86 , pp. 1370-1378
    • Krieger, N.1    Sidney, S.2
  • 68
    • 0040264648 scopus 로고
    • DNA Fingerprinting: Science, Law, and the Ultimate Identifier
    • ed. D. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
    • Lander, E. 1992. DNA Fingerprinting: Science, Law, and the Ultimate Identifier. In The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project, ed. D. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    • (1992) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project
    • Lander, E.1
  • 69
    • 0027354285 scopus 로고
    • Segregation, Poverty and Empowerment: Health Consequences for African Americans
    • LaVeist, T. 1993. Segregation, Poverty and Empowerment: Health Consequences for African Americans. Milbank Quarterly 71:41-64.
    • (1993) Milbank Quarterly , vol.71 , pp. 41-64
    • LaVeist, T.1
  • 71
  • 72
    • 0032986563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic Factors and Asthma Hospitalization Rates in New York City
    • Luz, C. 1999. Socioeconomic Factors and Asthma Hospitalization Rates in New York City. Journal of Asthma 36:343-350.
    • (1999) Journal of Asthma , vol.36 , pp. 343-350
    • Luz, C.1
  • 73
    • 84973990061 scopus 로고
    • A Biochemical Property Relating to Power Seeking in Humans
    • Madsen, D. 1985. A Biochemical Property Relating to Power Seeking in Humans. American Political Science Review 79:448-457.
    • (1985) American Political Science Review , vol.79 , pp. 448-457
    • Madsen, D.1
  • 74
    • 84973944242 scopus 로고
    • Power Seekers Are Different: Further Biochemical Evidence
    • -. 1986. Power Seekers Are Different: Further Biochemical Evidence (research note). American Political Science Review 80:261-270.
    • (1986) American Political Science Review , vol.80 , pp. 261-270
  • 75
    • 0032565074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BRCA1 Mutations and Breast Cancer in the General Population: Analyses in Women before Age 35 Years and in Women before Age 45 Years with First-Degree Family History
    • Malone, K., J. Daling, J. Thompson, C. O'Brien, L. Francisco, and E. Ostrander. 1998. BRCA1 Mutations and Breast Cancer in the General Population: Analyses in Women before Age 35 Years and in Women before Age 45 Years with First-Degree Family History. Journal of the American Medical Association 279:922-929.
    • (1998) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.279 , pp. 922-929
    • Malone, K.1    Daling, J.2    Thompson, J.3    O'Brien, C.4    Francisco, L.5    Ostrander, E.6
  • 76
    • 0032231759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chinese Ethicists' Views of Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing and Screening: Evidence of Eugenics in China
    • Mao, X. 1998. Chinese Ethicists' Views of Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing and Screening: Evidence of Eugenics in China. American Journal of Human Genetics 63:688-695..
    • (1998) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.63 , pp. 688-695
    • Mao, X.1
  • 77
    • 0031444527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing "Chicken" over Gene Markers
    • Marshall, E. 1997. Playing "Chicken" over Gene Markers. Science 278:2096.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 2096
    • Marshall, E.1
  • 78
    • 0032561370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA Studies Challenge the Meaning of Race
    • -. 1998. DNA Studies Challenge the Meaning of Race. Science 282:654.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 654
  • 79
    • 0033580721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A High Stakes Gamble on Genome Sequencing
    • -. 1999. A High Stakes Gamble on Genome Sequencing. Science 284:1906.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 1906
  • 82
    • 0031947453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast Cancer in Australian Women under the Age of 40
    • McCreddie, M. R. E., et al. 1998. Breast Cancer in Australian Women under the Age of 40. Cancer Cause Control 9:189-198.
    • (1998) Cancer Cause Control , vol.9 , pp. 189-198
    • McCreddie, M.R.E.1
  • 83
    • 0034328691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engineering American Society: The Lesson of Eugenics
    • Micklos, D., and E. Carlson. 2000. Engineering American Society: The Lesson of Eugenics. Nature Reviews 1:153-158.
    • (2000) Nature Reviews , vol.1 , pp. 153-158
    • Micklos, D.1    Carlson, E.2
  • 84
    • 0346910458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Dawn for Flag That Was Still There
    • 16 May
    • Molotsky, I. 1999. New Dawn for Flag That Was Still There. New York Times, 16 May.
    • (1999) New York Times
    • Molotsky, I.1
  • 87
    • 0346280177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic Discrimination in Health Insurance and Why It Is Wrong
    • ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press
    • Murray, T. 1997. Genetic Discrimination in Health Insurance and Why It Is Wrong. In Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project, ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press.
    • (1997) Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project
    • Murray, T.1
  • 88
    • 0033042477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Movements as Catalysts for Policy Change
    • Nathanson, C. 1999. Social Movements as Catalysts for Policy Change. Journal of Health, Policy and Law 24:421-488.
    • (1999) Journal of Health, Policy and Law , vol.24 , pp. 421-488
    • Nathanson, C.1
  • 89
    • 0347541183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal communication (e-mail), 21 January
    • Newman, B. 2002. Personal communication (e-mail), 21 January.
    • (2002)
    • Newman, B.1
  • 90
    • 2742525287 scopus 로고
    • Inheritance of Human Breast Cancer: Evidence for Autosomal Dominant Transmissions in High-Risk Families
    • Newman, B., M. Austin, M. Lee, and M. King. 1988. Inheritance of Human Breast Cancer: Evidence for Autosomal Dominant Transmissions in High-Risk Families. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85:3044-3048.
    • (1988) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.85 , pp. 3044-3048
    • Newman, B.1    Austin, M.2    Lee, M.3    King, M.4
  • 92
    • 0007109055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Disparities in the Delivery of Health Care
    • Noah, B. 1998. Racial Disparities in the Delivery of Health Care. San Diego Law Review 35:135-177.
    • (1998) San Diego Law Review , vol.35 , pp. 135-177
    • Noah, B.1
  • 93
    • 0018343641 scopus 로고
    • Sickle Cell Anemia in Two White American Children: Essential Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis
    • Noronha, P. A. 1979. Sickle Cell Anemia in Two White American Children: Essential Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis. Pediatrics 63:242-246.
    • (1979) Pediatrics , vol.63 , pp. 242-246
    • Noronha, P.A.1
  • 96
    • 0030708832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NRC OKs Long-Delayed Survey of Human Genome Diversity
    • Pennisi, E. 1997. NRC OKs Long-Delayed Survey of Human Genome Diversity. Science 278:568.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 568
    • Pennisi, E.1
  • 100
    • 0036381531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease
    • Risch, N., E. Burchard, E. Ziv, and H. Tang. 2002. Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease." Genome Biology 3(7):2007.1-2007.12.
    • (2002) Genome Biology , vol.3 , Issue.7 , pp. 20071-200712
    • Risch, N.1    Burchard, E.2    Ziv, E.3    Tang, H.4
  • 101
    • 0348170958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Genetic Privacy Act: A Proposal for National Legislation
    • ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press
    • Roche, P., L. Glantz, and G. Annas. 1997. The Genetic Privacy Act: A Proposal for National Legislation. In Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project, ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press.
    • (1997) Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project
    • Roche, P.1    Glantz, L.2    Annas, G.3
  • 102
    • 0025126719 scopus 로고
    • Levels and Correlates of Blood Pressure in Recent and Earlier Ethiopian Immigrants to Israel
    • Rosenthal, T., E. Grossman, A. Knecht, and U. Goldbourt. 1990. Levels and Correlates of Blood Pressure in Recent and Earlier Ethiopian Immigrants to Israel. Journal of Human Hypertension 4:425-430.
    • (1990) Journal of Human Hypertension , vol.4 , pp. 425-430
    • Rosenthal, T.1    Grossman, E.2    Knecht, A.3    Goldbourt, U.4
  • 103
    • 0033552342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacogenomics (interview by Clare Thompson)
    • Sadee, W. 1999. Pharmacogenomics (interview by Clare Thompson). British Journal of Medicine 319:1-4.
    • (1999) British Journal of Medicine , vol.319 , pp. 1-4
    • Sadee, W.1
  • 105
    • 0027369824 scopus 로고
    • A Comprehensive Evaluation of Family History and Breast Cancer Risk: The Utah Population Database
    • Slattery, M. L., and R. Kerber. 1993. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Family History and Breast Cancer Risk: The Utah Population Database. Journal of the American Medical Association 270:1563-1568.
    • (1993) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.270 , pp. 1563-1568
    • Slattery, M.L.1    Kerber, R.2
  • 107
    • 0004144345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Stevens, J. 1999. Reproducing the State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (1999) Reproducing the State
    • Stevens, J.1
  • 108
    • 0346910457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symbolic Matter: DNA and Other Linguistic Stuff
    • -. 2002. Symbolic Matter: DNA and Other Linguistic Stuff. Social Text 20:106-140.
    • (2002) Social Text , vol.20 , pp. 106-140
  • 110
  • 111
    • 0038823350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic Mapping of Mendelian Characteristics
    • ed. T. Strachan and A. P. Read. Oxford: BIOS Scientific
    • Strachan, T., and A. P. Read. 1999. Genetic Mapping of Mendelian Characteristics. In Human Molecular Genetics, ed. T. Strachan and A. P. Read. Vol. 2. Oxford: BIOS Scientific.
    • (1999) Human Molecular Genetics , vol.2
    • Strachan, T.1    Read, A.P.2
  • 112
    • 0029083814 scopus 로고
    • The Carrier Frequency of the BRCA1 185de1AG Mutation Is Approximately 1 Percent in Ashkenazi Jewish Individuals
    • Struewing, J., D. Abeliovich, T. Peretz, N. Avishai, M. M. Kaback, F. S. Collins, and L. C. Brody. 1995. The Carrier Frequency of the BRCA1 185de1AG Mutation Is Approximately 1 Percent in Ashkenazi Jewish Individuals. Nature Genetics 11:198-200.
    • (1995) Nature Genetics , vol.11 , pp. 198-200
    • Struewing, J.1    Abeliovich, D.2    Peretz, T.3    Avishai, N.4    Kaback, M.M.5    Collins, F.S.6    Brody, L.C.7
  • 114
    • 0038745599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems and Progress with the Use of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
    • Thomas, C., A. Ehrhardt, and M. Kay. 2003. Problems and Progress with the Use of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy. Nature Review Genetics 415:346-58.
    • (2003) Nature Review Genetics , vol.415 , pp. 346-358
    • Thomas, C.1    Ehrhardt, A.2    Kay, M.3
  • 118
    • 0003864799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
    • U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1997. National Health Interview Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
    • (1997) National Health Interview Survey
  • 119
    • 0347541179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January
    • U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). 1998. Human Genome News, January. Published online at www.orn1.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/hgn/v9n1/ 20ednote.html.
    • (1998) Human Genome News
  • 120
    • 0348170957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -. 2000. Long-term Stewardship Study. Available online at www.em.doe.gov/ ftplink/1ts/1tsdraft.pdf.
    • (2000) Long-Term Stewardship Study
  • 121
    • 0348170952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2001. FDA Approves Gleevec for Leukemia Treatment. FDA news release available online at www.fda.gov/bbs/ topics/NEWS/2001/NEW00759.html.
    • (2001) FDA Approves Gleevec for Leukemia Treatment
  • 126
    • 0346910444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. National Human Genomics Research Institute (NHGRI). 1996. Prostate Cancer Gene Location Found on Chromosome 1. Available online at www.nhgri.nih.gov/ DIR/LCG/PROSTATE/pros_media_tel.html.
    • (1996) Prostate Cancer Gene Location Found on Chromosome 1
  • 128
  • 132
    • 0004299909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • U.S. National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Human Genome Diversity. 1997. Evaluating Human Genetic Diversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (1997) Evaluating Human Genetic Diversity
  • 133
    • 26544436122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whose DNA Is It? In a Way, Nobody's
    • 27 June
    • Wade, N. 2000. Whose DNA Is It? In a Way, Nobody's. New York Times, 27 June, F2.
    • (2000) New York Times
    • Wade, N.1
  • 134
    • 0037181884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientist Reveals Secret of Genome: It's His
    • 27 April
    • -. 2002. Scientist Reveals Secret of Genome: It's His. New York Times, 27 April, A1.
    • (2002) New York Times
  • 136
    • 0031025322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and Contributions of BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer: Results from Three U.S. Population-Based Case-Control Studies of Ovarian Cancer
    • Whittemore, A., G. Gong, and J. Itnyre. 1996. Prevalence and Contributions of BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer: Results from Three U.S. Population-Based Case-Control Studies of Ovarian Cancer. American Journal of Human Genetics 60:496-504.
    • (1996) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.60 , pp. 496-504
    • Whittemore, A.1    Gong, G.2    Itnyre, J.3
  • 139
    • 0025971473 scopus 로고
    • Biohistory of Slavery and Blood Pressure Differences in Blacks Today: A Hypothesis
    • Wilson, T. W., and C. E. Grim. 1991. Biohistory of Slavery and Blood Pressure Differences in Blacks Today: A Hypothesis. Hypertension 17(supp. 1): 122-128.
    • (1991) Hypertension , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 122-128
    • Wilson, T.W.1    Grim, C.E.2
  • 141
    • 0029913561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mitochondrial DNA Molecule of Sumatran and a Molecular Proposal for Two (Bornean and Sumatran) Species of Orangutan
    • Xu, X., and U. Arnason. 1996. The Mitochondrial DNA Molecule of Sumatran and a Molecular Proposal for Two (Bornean and Sumatran) Species of Orangutan. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43:431-437.
    • (1996) Journal of Molecular Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 431-437
    • Xu, X.1    Arnason, U.2
  • 142
    • 0347541176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Perspectives on the Human Genome Project
    • ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press
    • Zilinskas, R. 1997. Global Perspectives on the Human Genome Project. In Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project, ed. E. Smith and W. Sapp. Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee University Press.
    • (1997) Plain Talk about the Human Genome Project
    • Zilinskas, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.