Management of hereditary retinal degenerations: Present status and future directions

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 43, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 427-444

  Sharma, Rajesh Kumar ^a   Sc, Lic Med ^a   Ehinger, Berndt ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Hereditary retinal degenerations; Recombinant DNA; Retinal transplants; Retinitis pigmentosa; Vitamin A

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; BETA CAROTENE; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GROWTH FACTOR; RETINOL; UBIDECARENONE;

ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET THERAPY; DRUG RESEARCH; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE TECHNOLOGY; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC DISORDER; HUMAN; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFSUM DISEASE; RETINA DEGENERATION; RETINA GYRATE ATROPHY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA;

EID: 0345161473     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00006-5     Document Type: Review

References (254)

1. Acsadi G., Dickson G., Lover D.R. Human dystrophin expression in mdx mice after intramuscular injection of DNA constructs. Nature. 352:1991;815-818.
2. Adolph A.R., Zucker C.L., Ehinger B., Bergström A. Function and structure in retinal transplants. J Neural Transplant Plast. 5:1994;147-161.
3. Al Maghtheh M., Inglehearn C.F., Keen T.J.et al. Identification of a sixth locus for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa on chromosome 19. Hum Mol Genet. 3:1994;351-354.
4. Algvere P., Berglin L., Gouras P., Sheng Y. Transplantation of fetal retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal neovascularisation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 232:1994;707-716.
5. Algvere P.V., Berglin L., Gouras P., Sheng Y. Human fetal RPE transplants in age related macular degeneration (ARMD) (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 37(Suppl):1996;S96.
6. Altshuler D., Cepko C. A temporally regulated, diffusible activity is required for rod photoreceptor development in vitro. Development. 114:1992;947-957.
7. Ammann F., Klein D., Franceschetti A. Genetic and epidemiological investigations on pigmentary degeneration of the retina and allied disorders in Switzerland. J Neurol Sci. 2:1965;1831-1896.
8. Anandakrishnan I., Musarella M.A. Genetic counseling in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 26:1989;140-145.
9. Anderson D.A., Stern W.H., Fisher S.K.et al. The onset of pigment epithelial proliferation after retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 21:1981;10.
10. Andreasson S. Electroretinographic studies of families with dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol. 69:1991;162-168.
11. Andreasson S, Ponjavic V: Full-field electroretinograms in infants with hereditary tapetoretinal degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl 19-21, 1996.
12. Andreasson S.O., Ehinger B. Electroretinographic diagnosis in families with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol. 68:1990;139-144.
13. Aramant R., Seiler M. Cryopreservation and transplantation of immature rat retina into adult rat retina. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 61:1991;151-159.
14. Aramant R., Seiler M., Ehinger B.et al. Neuronal markers in rat retinal grafts. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 53:1990;47-61.
15. Aramant R., Seiler M., Turner J.E. Donor age influences on the success of retinal grafts to adult rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 29:1988;498-503.
16. Aramant R.B., Seiler M.J. Fiber and synaptic connections between embryonic retinal transplants and host retina. Exp Neurol. 133:1995;244-255.
17. Behrens Baumann W., Konig U., Schroder K.et al. Biochemical and therapeutic studies in a case of gyrate atrophy. Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 218:1982;21-24.
18. Bennett J., Wilson J., Sun D.et al. Adenovirus vector-mediated in vivo gene transfer into adult murine retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;2535-2542.
19. Bergström A., Ehinger B., Wilke K.et al. Transplantation of embryonic retina to the subretinal space in rabbits. Exp Eye Res. 55:1992;29-37.
20. Bergström A., Ehinger B., Wilke K.et al. Development of cell markers in subretinal rabbit retinal transplants. Exp Eye Res. 58:1994;301-314.
21. Berson E.L. Light deprivation and retinitis pigmentosa. Vision Res. 20:1980;1179-1184.
22. Berson E.L. Electroretinographic findings in retinitis pigmentosa. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 31:1987;327-348.
23. Berson E.L., Rosen J.B., Simonoff E.A. Electroretinographic testing as an aid in detection of carriers of X-chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 87:1979;460-468.
24. Berson E.L., Rosner B., Sandberg M.A., Dryja T.P. Ocular findings in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and a rhodopsin gene defect (Pro-23-His). Arch Ophthalmol. 109:1991;92-101.
25. Berson E.L., Rosner B., Sandberg M.A.et al. A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 111:1993;761-772.
26. Berson E.L., Rosner B., Sandberg M.A.et al. Ocular findings in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and rhodopsin, proline-347-leucine. Am J Ophthalmol. 111:1991;614-623.
27. Berson E.L., Schmidt S.Y., Shih V.E. Ocular and biochemical abnormalities in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Ophthalmology. 85:1978;1018-1027.
28. Bieri J.G., Hoeg J.M., Schaefer E.J.et al. Vitamin A and vitamin E replacement in a betalipoproteinemia. Ann Intern Med. 100:1984;238-239.
29. Blaner W.S., Das S.R., Gouras P., Flood M.T. Hydrolysis of 11-cis-and all-trans-retinyl palmitate by homogenates of human retinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 262:1987;53-58.
30. Blanton S.H., Heckenlively J.R., Cottingham A.W.et al. Linkage mapping of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP1) to the pericentric region of human chromosome 8. Genomics. 11:1991;857-869.
31. Blomhoff R., Green M.H., Berg T., Norum K.R. Transport and storage of vitamin A. Science. 250:1990;399-404.
32. Boughman J.A., Conneally P.M., Nance W.E. Population genetic studies of retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 32:1980;223-235.
33. Boulton M.E., Marshall J., Mellerio J. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells in tissue culture. a means of studying inherited retinal diseases Birth Defects. 18:1982;101-118.
34. Bowes C., Li T., Danciger M.et al. Retinal degeneration in the rd mouse is caused by a defect in the beta subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase. Nature. 347:1990;677-680.
35. Breakefield X.O., DeLuca N.A. Herpes simplex virus for gene delivery to neurons. New Biologist. 3:1991;203-218.
36. Brody L.C., Mitchell G.A., Obie C.et al. Ornithine delta-aminotransferase mutations in gyrate atrophy. allelic heterogeneity and functional consequences J Biol Chem. 267:1992;3302-3307.
37. Bunker C.H., Berson E.L., Bromley W.C.et al. Prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa in Maine. Am J Ophthalmol. 97:1984;357-365.
38. Carter D.A., Bray G.M., Aguayo A.J. Regenerated retinal ganglion cell axons can form well-differentiated synapses in the superior colliculus of adult hamsters. J Neurosci. 9:1989;4042-4050.
39. Castillo B. Jr., del Cerro M., Breakefield X.O.et al. Retinal ganglion cell survival is promoted by genetically modified astrocytes designed to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Brain Res. 647:1994;30-36.
40. Chaib H., Kaplan J., Gerber S.et al. A newly identified locus for Usher syndrome type I, USH1E, maps to chromosome 21q21. Hum Mol Genet. 6:1997;27-31.
41. Chang G.Q., Hao Y., Wong F. Apoptosis. final common pathway of photoreceptor death in rd, rds, and rhodopsin mutant mice Neuron. 11:1993;595-605.
42. CIS vitamin A in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. a negative study Arch Ophthalmol. 80:1968;417-419.
43. Chen J., Flannery J.G., LaVail M.M.et al. bcl-2 overexpression reduces apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in three different retinal degenerations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;7042-7047.
44. Coleman M., Bhattacharya S., Lindsay S.et al. Localization of the microsatellite probe DXS426 between DXS7 and DXS255 on Xp and linkage to X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 47:1990;935-940.
45. Cummings J.L., Vinters H.V., Cole G.M., Khachaturian Z.S. Alzheimer's disease. etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities Neurology. 51:1998;S2-S17.
46. Dahl N., Sundvall M., Pettersson U.et al. Genetic mapping of loci for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Clin Genet. 40:1991;435-440.
47. Das T.P., del Cerro M., Lazar E.S.et al. Transplantation of neural retina in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 37(Suppl):1996;S96.
48. Del Cerro M., Gash D.M., Rao G.N.et al. Intraocular retinal transplants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 26:1985;1182-1185.
49. Del Cerro M., Yeh H.H., Marrero-Rodriguez A.et al. Intraocular transplantation of cell layers derived from neonatal rat retina. Brain Res. 535:1990;25-32.
50. Dowling J.E., Sidman R.L. Inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J Cell Biol. 14:1962;73-109.
51. Dryja T.P., Finn J.T., Peng Y.W.et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the rod cGMP-gated channel in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92:1995;10177-10181.
52. Dryja T.P., McGee T.L., Reichel E.et al. A point mutation of the rhodopsin gene in one form of retinitis pigmentosa. Nature. 343:1990;364-366.
53. Duke-Elder S, Dobree JH: System of Ophthalmology. London: Henry Kimpton, 1967.
54. Eagle R.C. Jr., Hedges T.R., Yanoff M. The atypical pigmentary retinopathy of Kearns-Sayre syndrome. a light and electron microscopic study Ophthalmology. 89:1982;1433-1440.
55. Eckmiller R. Learning retina implants with epiretinal contacts. Ophthalmic Res. 29:1997;281-289.
56. Edwards R.B. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured human retinal pigmented epithelium from normal postmortem donors and a postmortem donor with retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 23:1982;435-446.
57. Ehinger B., Bergström A., Seiler M.et al. Ultrastructure of human retinal cell transplants with long survival times in rats. Exp Eye Res. 53:1991;447-460.
58. Ehinger B., Juliusson B., Bergström A., Sharma R.K. Photoreceptor development in retinal cell transplants. Kato S., Osborne N.N., Tamai M. Retinal Degenerations and Regeneration. 1996;155-164 Kugler Publications, Amsterdam.
59. Ehinger B., Zucker C., Bergström A.et al. Electron microscopy of human first trimester and rat midterm retinal cell transplants with long development time. Neuroophthalmology. 12:1992;103-114.
60. Eldjarn L., Stokke O., Try K. Alpha-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids in man and its failure in patients with Refsum's disease showing phytanic acid accumulation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 18:1966;694-695.
61. Eldjarn L., Try K., Stokke O. The ability of patients with heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis to alpha-oxidize and degrade several isoprenoid branch-chained fatty structures. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 18:1966;141-150.
62. Ellis R.E., Horvitz H.R. Two C elegans genes control the programmed deaths of specific cells in the pharynx. Development. 112:1991;591-603.
63. Ellis R.E., Jacobson D.M., Horvitz H.R. Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 129:1991;79-94.
64. Evans C.H., Robbins P.D. Pathways to gene therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 8:1996;230-234.
65. Faktorovich E.G., Steinberg R.H., Yasumura D.et al. Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature. 347:1990;83-86.
66. Farrar G.J., Kenna P., Jordan S.A.et al. A three-base-pair deletion in the peripherin-RDS gene in one form of retinitis pigmentosa. Nature. 354:1991;478-480.
67. Farrar G.J., McWilliam P., Bradley D.G.et al. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. linkage to rhodopsin and evidence for genetic heterogeneity Genomics. 8:1990;35-40.
68. Feeney L., Mixon R.M. An in vitro model of phagocytosis in bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 22:1976;533-548.
69. Fishman G.A., Stone E.M., Gilbert L.D.et al. Ocular findings associated with a rhodopsin gene codon 58 transversion mutation in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 109:1991;1387-1393.
70. Fishman G.A., Stone E.M., Gilbert L.D., Sheffield V.C. Ocular findings associated with a rhodopsin gene codon 106 mutation. glycine-to-arginine change in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa Arch Ophthalmol. 110:1992;646-653.
71. Fishman G.A., Stone E.M., Sheffield V.C.et al. Ocular findings associated with rhodopsin gene codon 17 and codon 182 transition mutation in dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 110:1992;54-62.
72. Flannery JG, Drenser K, Lewin A, et al: Ribozyme rescue of photoreceptor cells in a transgenic model of P23H autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Proceedings of the Second International EU Meeting on New Therapeutic Approaches in Hereditary Eye Diseases. Munster, Institute of Human Genetics, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität, 1997, p 48.
73. Flood M.T., Bridges C.D.B., Alvarez R.A.et al. Vitamin A utilization in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 24:1983;1227-1235.
74. Flood M.T., Gouras P., Kjeldbye H. Growth characteristics and ultrastructure of human retinal pigment epithelium in vivo. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 19:1980;1309-1320.
75. Fredj Reygrobellet D., Elena P.P., Moenner M.et al. Pharmacokinetic and autoradiographic studies of basic fibroblast growth factor on de-epithelialized and intact rabbit eye. Curr Eye Res. 8:1989;1141-1152.
76. Gal A., Artlich A., Ludwig M.et al. Pro-347-Arg mutation of the rhodopsin gene in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Genomics. 11:1991;468-470.
77. Gaur V., Agarwal N., Li L., Turner J.E. Maintenance of opsin and S-antigen gene expression in RCS dystrophic rats following RPE transplantation. Exp Eye Res. 54:1992;91-101.
78. Goodman D.S. Vitamin A and retinoids in health and disease. N Engl J Med. 310:1984;1023-1031.
79. Gotz M.E., Kunig G., Riederer P., Youdim M.B. Oxidative stress. free radical production in neural degeneration Pharmacol Ther. 63:1994;37-122.
80. Gouras P., Carr R.E., Gunkel R.D. Retinitis pigmentosa in abetalipoproteinemia. effects of vitamin A Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 10:1971;784-793.
81. Gouras P., Du J., Gelanze M.et al. Transplantation of photoreceptors labeled with tritiated thymidine into RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 32:1991;1704-1707.
82. Gouras P., Du J., Kjeldbye H.et al. Reconstruction of degenerate rd mouse retina by transplantation of transgenic photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 33:1992;2579-2586.
83. Gouras P., Flood M.T., Kjeldbye H.et al. Transplantation of cultured human retinal epithelium to Bruch's membrane of the owl monkey's eye. Curr Eye Res. 4:1985;253-265.
84. Gu S., Thompson D.A., Srikumari C.R.S.et al. Mutations in RPE65 cause autosomal recessive childhood-onset severe retinal dystrophy. Nat Genet. 17:1997;194.
85. Haim M., Holm N.V., Rosenberg T. Prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders in Denmark. I. Main results Acta Ophthalmol. 70:1992;178-186.
86. Haley J.E., Flood M.T., Gouras P., Kjeldbye H.M. Proteins from human retinal pigment epithelial cells. evidence that a major protein is actin Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 24:1983;803-811.
87. Haley J.E., Flood M.T., Kjeldbye H.et al. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. identification of cytoskeletal proteins Electrophoresis. 4:1983;133-137.
88. Hammes H.P., Federoff H.J., Brownlee M. Nerve growth factor prevents both neuroretinal programmed cell death and capillary pathology in experimental diabetes. Mol Med. 1:1995;527-534.
89. Hathcock J.N., Hattan D.G., Jenkins M.Y.et al. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 52:1990;183-202.
90. Heckenlively J.R., Rodriguez J.A., Daiger S.P. Autosomal dominant sectoral retinitis pigmentosa. two families with transversion mutation in codon 23 of rhodopsin Arch Ophthalmol. 109:1991;84-91.
91. Heckenlively JR, Yoser SL, Pearlman JT, Nusinowitz S: Treatment trial of beta-carotene and vitamin E or retinitis pigmentosa. Proceedings of the Second International EU Meeting on New Therapeutic Approaches in Hereditary Eye Diseases. Munster, Institute of Human Genetics, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität, 1997, p 51.
92. Hengartner M.O., Ellis R.E., Horvitz H.R. Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature. 356:1992;494-499.
93. Hetland J.G. [Management of retinitis pigmentosa. 8 patients treated for retinitis pigmentosa/Usher syndrome in Cuba.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 114:1994;1515-1516.
94. Hicks D., Bugra K., Faucheux B.et al. Fibroblast growth factors in the retina. Prog Retinal Res. 11:1991;333-374.
95. Hochner I., Blickle J.F., Brogard J.M. [Refsum disease]. Rev Med Interne. 17:1996;391-398.
96. Holtzman D.M., Mobley W.C. Neurotrophic factors and neurologic disease. West J Med. 161:1994;246-254.
97. Hu D., Del Monte M.A., Liu S., Maumenee I.H. Morphology, phagocytosis, and vitamin A metabolism of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Cotlier E., Maumenee I.H., Berman E.R. Genetic Eye Diseases. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Other Inherited Eye Disorders:1982;67-79 Alan R Liss, New York.
98. Hu D.N. Genetic aspects of retinitis pigmentosa in China. Am J Med Genet. 12:1982;51-56.
99. Huang P.C., Gaitan A.E., Rao Y.et al. Cellular interactions implicated in the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice expressing a mutant rhodopsin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90:1993;8484-8488.
100. Huang S.H., Pittler S.J., Huang X.et al. Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in the alpha subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase. Nat Genet. 11:1995;468-471.
101. Hyvarinen L., Rovamo J., Laurinen P., Peltomaa A. Contrast sensitivity function in evaluation of visual impairment due to retinitis pigmentosa. Acta Ophthalmol. 59:1981;763-773.
102. Inana G., Chambers C., Hotta Y.et al. Point mutation affecting processing of the ornithine aminotransferase precursor protein in gyrate atrophy. J Biol Chem. 264:1989;17432-17436.
103. Inglehearn C.F., Carter S.A., Keen T.J.et al. A new locus for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa on chromosome 7p [see comments]. Nat Genet. 4:1993;51-53.
104. Inglehearn C.F., Keen T.J., al Maghtheh M.et al. Further refinement of the location for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa on chromosome 7p (RP9). Am J Hum Genet. 54:1994;675-680.
105. Jacobson S.G., Cideciyan A.V., Regunath G.et al. Night blindness in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy reversed by vitamin. Nat Genet. 11:1995;27-32.
106. Jaffe R.A., Danel C., Longenecker G.et al. Adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer and expression in normal rat liver. Nat Genet. 1:1992;372-378.
107. James W., al Shamkhani A. RNA enzymes as tools for gene ablation. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 6:1995;44-49.
108. Janicke R.U., Walker P.A., Lin X.Y., Porter A.G. Specific cleavage of the retinoblastoma protein by an ICE-like protease in apoptosis. EMBO J. 15:1996;6969-6978.
109. Jay M. On the heredity of retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 66:1982;405-416.
110. Johnson P.A., Yoshida K., Gage F.R., Friedmann T. Effects of gene transfer into cultured CNS neurons with a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 vector. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 12:1992;95-102.
111. Jordan S.A., Farrar G.J., Kenna P.et al. Localization of an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa gene to chromosome 7q [comment]. Nat Genet. 4:1993;54-58.
112. Justice M.J., Zheng B., Woychik R.P., Bradley A. Using targeted large deletions and high-efficiency N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis for functional analyses of the mammalian genome. Methods. 13:1997;423-436.
113. Kaiser Kupfer M.I., de Monasterio F.M., Valle D.et al. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. improved visual function following reduction of plasma ornithine by diet Science. 210:1980;1128-1131.
114. Kaiser-Kupfer M.I., Caruso R.C., Valle D. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 109:1991;1539-1548.
115. Kajiwara K., Berson E.L., Dryja T.P. Digenic retinitis pigmentosa due to mutations at the unlinked peripherin/RDS and ROM1 loci. Science. 264:1994;1604-1608.
116. Kajiwara K., Hahn L.B., Mukai S.et al. Mutations in the human retinal degeneration slow gene in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Nature. 354:1991;480-483.
117. Kajiwara K., Sandberg M.A., Berson E.L., Dryja T.P. A null mutation in the human peripherin/RDS gene in a family with autosomal dominant retinitis punctata albescens [see comments]. Nat Genet. 3:1993;208-212.
118. Kaplan H.J., Tezel T.R., Berger A.S.et al. Adult human photoreceptor transplantation in retinitis pigmentosa (abstract). Exp Eye Res. 67(Suppl):1998;S257.
119. Kaplan J., Gerber S., Bonneau D.et al. A gene for Usher syndrome type I (USH1A) maps to chromosome 14q. Genomics. 14:1992;979-987.
120. Kim R.Y., Dollfus H., Keen T.J.et al. Autosomal dominant pattern dystrophy of the retina associated with a 4-base pair insertion at codon 140 in the peripherin/RDS gene. Arch Ophthalmol. 113:1995;451-455.
121. Kimberling W.J., Moller C.G., Davenport S.et al. Linkage of Usher syndrome type I gene (USH1B) to the long arm of chromosome 11. Genomics. 14:1992;988-994.
122. Kimberling W.J., Weston M.D., Moller C.et al. Localization of Usher syndrome type II to chromosome 1q. Genomics. 7:1990;245-249.
123. Klassen H., Lund R.D. Retinal transplants can drive a pupillary reflex in host rat brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84:1987;6958-6960.
124. Klassen H., Lund R.D. Retinal graft-mediated pupillary responses in rats. restoration of a reflex function in the mature mammalian brain J Neurosci. 10:1990;578-587.
125. Korsching S. The neurotrophic factor concept. a reexamination J Neurosci. 13:1993;2739-2748.
126. Kranich H., Bartkowski S., Denton M.J.et al. Autosomal dominant 'sector' retinitis pigmentosa due to a point mutation predicting an Asn-15-Ser substitution of rhodopsin. Hum Mol Genet. 2:1993;813-814.
127. Krastel H., Jaeger W., Huber J., Braun S. [Computerized perimetry of color stimuli]. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 83:1986;690-701.
128. Kwitek Black A.E., Carmi R., Duyk G.M.et al. Linkage of Bardet-Biedl syndrome to chromosome 16q and evidence for non-allelic genetic heterogeneity. Nat Genet. 5:1993;392-396.
129. Laqua H., Machemer R. Repair and adhesion mechanisms of the cryotherapy lesion in experimental retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. 81:1976;833-846.
130. LaVail M.M. Photoreceptor characteristics in congenic strains of RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 20:1981;671-675.
131. LaVail M.M. Outer segment disc shedding and phagocytosis in the outer retina. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 103:1983;397-404.
132. LaVail M.M., Li L., Turner J.E., Yasumura D. Retinal pigment epithelial cell transplantation in RCS rats. normal metabolism in rescued photoreceptors Exp Eye Res. 55:1992;555-562.
133. LaVail M.M., Unoki K., Yasumura D.et al. Multiple growth factors, cytokines, and neurotrophins rescue photoreceptors from the damaging effects of constant light. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 89:1992;11249-11253.
134. LaVail M.M., Yasumura D., Matthes M.T.et al. Protection of mouse photoreceptors by survival factors in retinal degenerations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 39:1998;592-602.
135. Lazarous D.F., Scheinowitz M., Shou M.et al. Effects of chronic systemic administration of basic fibroblast growth factor on collateral development in the canine heart. Circulation. 91:1995;145-153.
136. Lem J., Flannery J.G., Li T.et al. Retinal degeneration is rescued in transgenic rd mice by expression of the cGMP phosphodiesterase beta subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;4422-4426.
137. Lewis R.A., Otterud B., Stauffer D.et al. Mapping recessive ophthalmic diseases. linkage of the locus for Usher syndrome type II to a DNA marker on chromosome 1q Genomics. 7:1990;250-256.
138. Li L., Turner J.E. Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells to immature and adult hosts. short- and long-term survival characteristics Exp Eye Res. 47:1988;771-785.
139. Li L.X., Sheedlo H.J., Turner J.E. Long-term rescue of photoreceptor cells in the retinas of RCS dystrophic rats by RPE transplants. Prog Brain Res. 82:1990;179-185.
140. Li T., Adamian M., Roof D.J.et al. In vivo transfer of a reporter gene to the retina mediated by an adenoviral vector. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;2543-2549.
141. Lindsay R.M., Wiegand S.J., Altar C.A., DiStefano P.S. Neurotrophic factors. from molecule to man Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;182-190.
142. Lopez R., Gouras P., Brittis M., Kjeldbye H. Transplantation of cultured rabbit retinal epithelium to rabbit retina using a closed-eye method. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 28:1987;1131-1137.
143. Lopez R., Gouras P., Kjeldbye H.et al. Transplanted retinal pigment epithelium modifies the retinal degeneration in the RCS rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 30:1989;586-588.
144. Machemer R., Laqua H. Pigment epithelial proliferation in retinal detachment (massive periretinal proliferation). Am J Ophthalmol. 80:1975;1-23.
145. Mansour-Robaey S., Clarke D.B., Wang Y.C.et al. Effects of ocular injury and administration of brain derived neurotrophic factor on survival and regrowth of axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91:1994;1632-1636.
146. Marak G.E., de Kozak Y., Faure J.P. Free radicals and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 264:1990;513-527.
147. Marshall J., Mellerio J. Disappearance of retino-epithelial scar tissue from ruby laser photocoagulation. Exp Eye Res. 12:1971;173-174.
148. Martinou J.C., Dubois Dauphin M., Staple J.K.et al. Overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia. Neuron. 13:1994;1017-1030.
149. Maw M.A., Kennedy B., Knight A.et al. Mutation of the gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. 17:1997;198-200.
150. McClatchey A.I., Kaufman D.L., Berson E.L.et al. Splicing defect at the ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) locus in gyrate atrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 47:1990;790-794.
151. McGee T.L., Lin D., Berson E.L., Dryja T.P. Defects in the rod cGMP-gated channel gene in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;1716.
152. Mclnnes R.R., Bascom R.A. Retinal genetics. a nullifying effect for rhodopsin (news) Nat Genet. 1:1992;155-157.
153. McKusick V.A. Current trends in mapping human genes. FASEB J. 5:1991;12-20.
154. McKusick V.A., Amberger J.S. The morbid anatomy of the human genome. chromosomal location of mutations causing disease J Med Genet. 30:1993;1-26.
155. McLaughlin M.E., Sandberg M.A., Berson E.L., Dryja T.P. Recessive mutations in the gene encoding the beta subunit of rod phosphodiesterase in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. 4:1993;130-134.
156. McWilliam P., Farrar G.J., Kenna P.et al. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). localization of an ADRP gene to the long arm of chromosome 3 Genomics. 5:1989;619-622.
157. Mehr E.B., Quillman R.D. Field "expansion" by use of binocular full-field reversed 1.3X telescopic spectacles. a case report Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 56:1979;446-450.
158. Meindl A., Dry K., Herrmann K.et al. A gene (RPGR) with homology to the RCC1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor is mutated in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP3). Nat Genet. 13:1996;35-42.
159. Mey J., Thanos S. Intravitreal injections of neurotrophic factors support the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult rats in vivo. Brain Res. 602:1993;304-317.
160. Mitchell G.A., Brody L.C., Looney J.et al. An initiator codon mutation in ornithine-delta-aminotransferase causing gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. J Clin Invest. 81:1988;630-633.
161. Mitchell G.A., Brody L.C., Sipila I.et al. At least two mutant alleles of ornithine delta-aminotransferase cause gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina in Finns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;197-201.
162. Mosinger Ogilvie J., Landgraf M., Lett J.M.et al. Synaptic connectivity of transplanted photoreceptors in rd mice expressing the transgenic marker gene lacZ (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;1523.
163. Mullen H.J., LaVail M.M. Inherited retinal dystrophy. primary defect in pigment epithelium determined with experimental rat chimeras Science. 192:1976;799-801.
164. Murata T., Kimura H., Sakamoto T.et al. Ocular gene therapy. experimental studies and clinical possibilities Ophthalmic Res. 29:1997;242-251.
165. Musarella M.A., Anson Cartwright L., Leal S.M.et al. Multipoint linkage analysis and heterogeneity testing in 20 X-linked retinitis pigmentosa families. Genomics. 8:1990;286-296.
166. Naash M.I., Ripps H., Li S.et al. Polygenic disease and retinitis pigmentosa. albinism exacerbates photoreceptor degeneration induced by the expression of a mutant opsin in transgenic mice J Neurosci. 16:1996;7853-7858.
167. Naash M.L., Peachey N.S., Li Z.Y.et al. Light-induced acceleration of photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant rhodopsin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 37:1996;775-782.
168. Nass S.J., Li M., Amundadottir L.T.et al. Role for Bcl-xL in the regulation of apoptosis by EGF and TGF beta I in c-myc overexpressing mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 227:1996;248-256.
169. Newsome D.A., Fishman G.A. Research update. report on retinitis pigmentosa and the immune system workshop 7-8 November 1985 Exp Eye Res. 43:1986;1-5.
170. Nichols B.E., Drack A.V., Vandenburgh K.et al. A 2 base pair deletion in the RDS gene associated with butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea. Hum Mol Genet. 2:1993;1347.
171. Nichols B.E., Sheffield V.C., Vandenburgh K.et al. Butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy of the fovea caused by a point mutation in codon 167 of the RDS gene [see comments]. Nat Genet. 3:1993;202-207.
172. O'Donnell J.J., Vannas Sulonen K., Shows T.B., Cox D.R. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. assignment of the ornithine aminotransferase structural gene to human chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 7 Am J Hum Genet. 43:1988;922-928.
173. Ott J., Bhattacharya S., Chen J.D.et al. Localizing multiple X chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa loci using multilocus homogeneity tests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87:1990;701-704.
174. Panni M.K., Atkinson J., Lund R.D. BDNF producing fibroblasts grafted with embryonic mouse retinae into the rat cortex (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;1524.
175. Pearson P., Francomano C., Foster P.et al. The status of online mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) medio 1994. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1994;3470-3473.
176. Perez M.T., Caminos E. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and of its functional receptor in neonatal and adult rat retina. Neurosci Lett. 183:1995;96-99.
177. Perriman H.J., Gerlach W.L. Manipulating gene expression by ribozyme technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1:1990;86-91.
178. Phillips H.S., Rains J.M., Laramee G.R.et al. Widespread expression of BDNF but not NT3 by target areas of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Science. 250:1990;290-294.
179. Pieke Dahl S., Kimberling W.J., Gorin M.B.et al. Genetic heterogeneity of Usher syndrome type II. J Med Genet. 30:1993;843-848.
180. Ponjavic V., Abrahamson M., Andreasson S.et al. Phenotype variations within a choroideremia family lacking the entire CHM gene. Ophthalmic Genet. 16:1995;143-150.
181. Ponjavic V., Abrahamson M., Andréasson S.et al. A mild phenotype of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa is associated with the rhodopsin mutation Pro-267-Leu. Ophthalmic Genet. 18:1997;63-70.
182. Ponjavic V., Andreasson S., Ehinger B. Full-field electroretinograms in patients with central areolar choroidal dystrophy. Acta Ophthalmol. 72:1994;537-544.
183. Portera Cailliau C., Sung C.H., Nathans J., Adler R. Apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;974-978.
184. Rabizadeh S., Oh J., Zhong L.T.et al. Induction of apoptosis by the low-affinity NGF receptor. Science. 261:1993;345-348.
185. Ramesh V., McClatchey Al Ramesh N.et al. Molecular basis of ornithine aminotransferase deficiency in B-6-responsive and -nonresponsive forms of gyrate atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:1988;3777-3780.
186. Refsum S. Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis. a familial syndrome not hitherto described. A contribution to the clinical study of the hereditary diseases of the nervous system Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 38:1946;1-303.
187. Refsum S. Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis phytanic-acid storage disease, Refsum's disease. a biochemically well-defined disease with a specific dietary treatment Arch Neurol. 38:1981;605-606.
188. Reid D.M., Campbell A.M., Forrester J.V. EB-virus transformed human lymphocytes from uveitis and retinitis pigmentosa patients secrete antibodies to retinal antigens. J Clin Lab Immunol. 26:1988;107-111.
189. Roepman R., van Duijnhoven G., Rosenberg T.et al. Positional cloning of the gene for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa 3. homology with the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor RCC1 Hum Mol Genet. 5:1996;1035-1041.
190. Rosenfeld M.A., Siegfried W., Yoshimura K.et al. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin gene to the lung epithelium in vivo [see comments]. Science. 252:1991;431-434.
191. Rosenfeld P.J., Cowley G.S., McGee T.L.et al. A null mutation in the rhodopsin gene causes rod photoreceptor dysfunction and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. 1:1992;209-213.
192. Rosenfeld P.J., McKusick V.A., Amberger J.S., Dryja T.P. Recent advances in the gene map of inherited eye disorders. primary hereditary diseases of the retina, choroid, and vitreous J Med Genet. 31:1994;903-915.
193. Rosner M., Hefetz L., Abraham F.A. The prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness in Israel (letter). Am J Ophthalmol. 116:1993;373-374.
194. Rubin L.L., Gatchalian C.L., Rimon G., Brooks S.F. The molecular mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 4:1994;696-702.
195. Runge P., Muller D.P., McAllister J.et al. Oral vitamin E supplements can prevent the retinopathy of abetalipoproteinaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 70:1986;166-173.
196. Ryan S.J. The pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and its management. Am J Ophthalmol. 100:1985;188-193.
197. Schorderet D.F. Using OMIM (On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man) as an expert system in medical genetics. Am J Med Genet. 39:1991;278-284.
198. Seaton A.D., Turner J.E. RPE transplants stabilize retinal vasculature and prevent neovascularization in the RCS rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 33:1992;83-91.
199. Sharma R.K., Bergström A., Ehinger B. Retinal cell transplants. Prog Retinal Eye Res. 15:1995;197-230.
200. Sharma R.K., Bergström A., Ehinger B. Influence of technique and transplantation site on rosette formation in rabbit retinal transplants. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 75:1997;3-10.
201. Sharma R.K., Ehinger B. Cell proliferation in retinal transplants. Cell Transplant. 6:1997;141-148.
202. Sharma R.K., Ehinger B. Mitosis in developing rabbit retina. an immunohistochemical study Exp Eye Res. 64:1997;97-106.
203. Sharma R.K., Ehinger B. Retinal transplants. how close to clinical application? Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 75:1997;355-363.
204. Sharma RK, Ghosh F, Bruun A, et al: Development in retinal cell transplants. Digital J Ophthalmol (http// www.djo . harvard.edu) 1999 (In press).
205. Sharma R.K., Perez M.T.R., Ehinger B. Immunocytochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in developing and transplanted rabbit retinas. Histochem Cell Biol. 107:1997;449-458.
206. Sheedlo H.J., Li L., Turner J.E. Functional and structural characteristics of photoreceptor cell rescued in RPE-cell grafted retinas of RCS dystrophic rats. Exp Eye Res. 48:1989;841-854.
207. Sheffield V.C., Carmi R., Kwitek Black A.et al. Identification of a Bardet-Biedl syndrome locus on chromosome 3 and evaluation of an efficient approach to homozygosity mapping. Hum Mol Genet. 3:1994;1331-1335.
208. Shoffner J.M., Lott M.T., Voljavec A.S.et al. Spontaneous Kearns-Sayre/chronic external ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome associated with a mitochondrial DNA deletion. a slip-replication model and metabolic therapy Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86:1989;7952-7956.
209. Sieving P.A., Niffenegger J.R., Berson E.L. Electroretinographic findings in selected pedigrees with choroideremia. Am J Ophthalmol. 101:1986;361-367.
210. Silos Santiago I., Greenlund U., Johnson E.M. Jr., Snider W.D. Molecular genetics of neuronal survival. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 5:1995;42-49.
211. Silverman M.S., Hughes S.E. Transplantation of photoreceptors to light-damaged retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 30:1989;1684-1690.
212. Silverman M.S., Hughes S.E., Valentino T.L., Liu Y. Photoreceptor transplantation. anatomic, electrophysiologic, and behavioral evidence for the functional reconstruction of retinas lacking photoreceptors Exp Neurol. 115:1992;87-94.
213. Silverman M.S., Ogilvie J.M., Lett J.et al. Photoreceptor transplantation. potential for recovery of visual function Christen Y., Doly M., Droy-Lefaix M.T. Retine, Vieillissement et Transplantation. 1994;43-59 Elsevier, Paris.
214. Sipillä I., Rapola J., Simell O., Vannas A. Supplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. N Engl J Med. 304:1981;867-870.
215. Smith M.A., Kutty R.K., Richey P.L.et al. Heme oxygenase-1 is associated with the neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 145:1994;42-47.
216. So K.F., Aguayo A.J. Lengthy regrowth of cut axons from ganglion cells after peripheral nerve transplantation into the retina of adult rats. Brain Res. 328:1985;349-354.
217. Steinberg R.H. Survival factors in retinal degenerations. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 4:1994;515-524.
218. Stephens J.C., Cavanaugh M.L., Gradie M.I.et al. Mapping the human genome. current status Science. 250:1990;237-244.
219. Stokke O., Skjeldal O.H., Hoie K. Disorders related to the metabolism of phytanic acid. Scand J Clin Lab Invest (Suppl). 184:1986;3-10.
220. Stone E.M., Kimura A.E., Nichols B.E.et al. Regional distribution of retinal degeneration in patients with the proline to histidine mutation in codon 23 of the rhodopsin gene. Ophthalmology. 98:1991;1806-1813.
221. Stramm L.E., Wolfe J.H., Schuchman E.H.et al. β-Glucuronidase mediated pathway essential for retinal pigment epithelial degradation of glycosaminoglycans. disease expression and in vitro disease correction using retroviral mediated cDNA transfer Exp Eye Res. 50:1990;521-532.
222. Subcommittee of the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation, in Zrenner E, Krastel H, Goebel HH Summary statement on the review of the Samuel Kratz Foundation, Argentina. 1987;Pergamon Journals Ltd, Great Britain.
223. Sullivan D.M., Jensen T.G., Taichman L.B., Csaky K.G. Ornithine-delta-aminotransferase expression and ornithine metabolism in cultured epidermal keratinocytes. toward metabolic sink therapy for gyrate atrophy Gene Ther. 4:1997;1036-1044.
224. Sung C.R., Schneider B.G., Agarwal N.et al. Functional heterogeneity of mutant rhodopsins responsible for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;8840-8844.
225. Takahashi A., Earnshaw W.C. ICE-related proteases in apoptosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 6:1996;50-55.
226. Takki K., Simell O. Genetic aspects in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina with hyperornithinaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 58:1974;907-916.
227. Toussaint D., Danis P. An ocular pathologic study of Refsum's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 72:1971;342-347.
228. Travis G.H., Christerson L., Danielson P.E.et al. The human retinal degeneration slow (RDS) gene. chromosome assignment and structure of the mRNA Genomics. 10:1991;733-739.
229. Travis G.R., Groshan K.R., Lloyd M.B., Bok D. Complete rescue of photoreceptor dysplasia and degeneration in transgenic retinal degeneration slow (rds) mice. Neuron. 9:1992;113-119.
230. Tso M.O., Zhang C., Abler A.S.et al. Apoptosis leads to photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy of RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:1994;2693-2699.
231. Tso M.O.M. Photic maculopathy in the rhesus monkey. a light and electron microscopic study Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 12:1973;17.
232. Tso M.O.M., Albert D.M. Pathological conditions of the retinal pigment epithelium. neoplasm and nodular non-neoplastic lesions Arch Ophthalmol. 88:1972;27-38.
233. Turner J.E., Blair J.R. Newborn rat retinal cells transplanted into a retinal lesion site in adult host eyes. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 391:1986;91-104.
234. Valle D., Walser M., Brusilow S.W., Kaiser Kupfer M. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. amino acid metabolism and correction of hyperornithinemia with an arginine-deficient diet J Clin Invest. 65:1980;371-378.
235. Vannas-Sulonen K., Sipilä I., Vannas A.et al. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. a five-year follow-up of creatinine supplementation Ophthalmology. 92:1985;1719-1727.
236. Vaux D.L. Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90:1993;786-789.
237. Vaux D.L., Cory S., Adams J.M. Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature. 335:1988;440-442.
238. Vidal-Sanz M., Bray G.M., Villegas-Përez M.P.et al. Axonal regeneration and synapse formation in the superior colliculus by retinal ganglion cells in the adult rat. J Neurosci. 7:1987;2894-2909.
239. Wallow I.H.L., Tso M.O.M. Proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium over malignant choroidal tumors. a light and electron microscopic study Am J Ophthalmol. 73:1973;914-926.
240. Wallow I.H.L., Tso M.O.M. Repair after xenon arc photocoagulation. 2. A clinical and light microscopic study of the evolution of retinal lesions in the rhesus monkey Am J Ophthalmol. 75:1973;610-626.
241. Wang M., Lam T.T., Tso M.O., Naash M.I. Expression of a mutant opsin gene increases the susceptibility of the retina to light damage. Vis Neurosci. 14:1997;55-62.
242. Weiss N.J. Low vision management of retinitis pigmentosa. J Am Optom Assoc Adv Biosci. 62:1991;42-52.
243. Weissbrod P., Rosas D.J., Libhaber N.N., Weissbrod E.P. Long-term treatment with immunomodulation therapy in retinitis pigmentosa. Adv Biosci. 62:1987;599.
244. Weleber R.G., Carr R.E., Murphey W.H.et al. Phenotypic variation including retinitis pigmentosa, pattern dystrophy, and fundus flavimaculatus in a single family with a deletion of codon 153 or 154 of the peripherin/RDS gene. Arch Ophthalmol. 111:1993;1531-1542.
245. Weleber R.G., Kennaway N.G. Clinical trial of vitamin B6 for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Ophthalmology. 88:1981;316-324.
246. Weleber R.G., Kennaway N.G., Buist N.R. Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. approaches to therapy Int Ophthalmol. 4:1981;23-32.
247. Wells J., Wroblewski J., Keen J.et al. Mutations in the human retinal degeneration slow (RDS) gene can cause either retinitis pigmentosa or macular dystrophy [see comments]. Nat Genet. 3:1993;213-218.
248. Wolff J.A., Malone R.W., Williams P.et al. Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science. 247:1990;1465-1468.
249. Wrona M.Z., Dryhurst G. Oxidation of serotonin by superoxide radical. implications to neurodegenerative brain disorders Chem Res Toxicol. 11:1998;639-650.
250. Young R.W., Bok D. Participation of the retinal pigment epithelium in the rod outer segment renewal process. J Cell Biol. 42:1969;392-403.
251. Zhong L.T., Sarafian T., Kane D.J.et al. bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90:1993;4533-4537.
252. Zrenner E., Kohen L., Krastel H. [Limitation of retinal function in carriers of choroideremia]. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 83:1986;602-608.
253. Zucker C.L., Ehinger B., Seiler M.et al. Ultrastructural circuitry in retinal cell transplants to rat retina. J Neural Transplant Plast. 5:1994;17-29.
254. Zwimpfer T.J., Aguayo A.J., Bray G.M. Synapse formation and preferential distribution in the granule cell layer by regenerating retinal ganglion cell axons guided to the cerebellum of adult hamsters. J Neurosci. 12:1992;1144-1159.