Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks

Energy Conversion and Management

Volumn 45, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 651-671

  Yaman, Serdar ^a  

^a ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Biomass; Products; Pyrolysis; Thermogravimetry; Upgrading

Indexed keywords

FEEDSTOCKS; FOOD PROCESSING; INDUSTRIAL WASTES; LIQUID FUELS; PYROLYSIS; SOLID WASTES; THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS;

CATALYTIC UPGRADING; STEAM REFORMING;

BIOMASS;

EID: 0344118181     PISSN: 01968904     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0196-8904(03)00177-8     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Lu G.Q., Toyama T., Kim H.J., Naruse I., Ohtake K. Fundamental study on combustion characteristics of biobriquette. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun. 23:1997;404-412.
2. Yaman S., Sahan M., Haykiri-Acma H., Sesen K., Kücükbayrak S. Fuel briquettes from biomass-lignite blends. Fuel Process. Technol. 72:2001;1-8.
3. Yaman S., Sahan M., Haykiri-Acma H., Sesen K., Kücükbayrak S. Production of fuel briquettes from olive refuse and paper mill waste. Fuel Process. Technol. 68:2000;23-31.
4. Demirbas A. Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification. Effect of catalyst on hydrogen yield. Energy Conv. Manage. 43:2002;897-909.
5. Demirbas A. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Conv. Manage. 42:2001;1357-1378.
6. Raveendran K., Ganesh A. Flash pyrolysis of sunflower oil cake for production of liquid fuels. Fuel. 75:1996;1715-1720.
7. Meier D., Faix O. State of the art of applied fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials - a review. Biosource Technol. 68(1):1999;71-77.
8. Klass D.L. Biomass for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals. 1998;Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
9. Gullu D., Demirbas A. Biomass to methanol via pyrolysis process. Energy Conv. Manage. 42:2001;1349-1356.
10. Zandersons J., Gravitis J., Kokorevics A., Zhurinsh A., Bikovens O., Tardenaka A., et al. Studies of the Brazilian sugarcane bagasse carbonization process and products properties. Biomass Bioenergy. 17:1999;209-219.
11. Fisher T., Hajaligol M., Waymack B., Kellogg D. Pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of biomass derived materials. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 62:2002;331-349.
12. Ahuja P., Singh P.C., Upadhyay S.N., Kumar S. Kinetics of biomass and sewage sludge pyrolysis: thermogravimetric and sealed reactor studies. Indian J. Chem. Tech. 3:1996;306-312.
13. Di Blasi C., Signorelli G., Di Russo C., Rea G. Product distribution from pyrolysis of wood and agricultural residues. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38:1999;2216-2224.
14. Zanzi R., Sjostrom K., Bjornbom E. Rapid high-temperature pyrolysis of biomass in a free-fall reactor. Fuel. 75:1996;545-550.
15. Agblevor F.A., Besler S. Inorganic compounds in biomass feedstocks. 1. Effect on the quality of fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Fuels. 10:1996;293-298.
16. Blesa M.J., Fierro V., Miranda J.L., Moliner R., Palacios J.M. Effect of the pyrolysis process on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of smokeless fuel briquettes. Fuel Process. Technol. 74:2001;1-17.
17. Savova D., Apak E., Ekinci E., Yardim F., Petrov N., Budinova T., et al. Biomass conversion to carbon adsorbents and gas. Biomass Bioenergy. 21:2001;133-142.
18. Caballero J.A., Conesa J.A., Font R., Marcilla A. Pyrolysis kinetics of almond shells and olive stones considering their organic fractions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 42:1997;159-175.
19. Rapagna S., Latif A. Steam gasification of almond shells in a fluidised bed reactor: the influence of temperature and particle size on product yield and distribution. Biomass Bioenergy. 12(4):1997;281-288.
20. Suarez-Garcia F., Martinez-Alonso A., Tascon J.M.D. Pyrolysis of apple pulp: effect of operation conditions and chemical additives. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 62:2002;93-109.
21. Suarez-Garcia F., Martinez-Alonso A., Tascon J.M.D. Pyrolysis of apple pulp: chemical activation with phosphoric acid. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 63:2002;283-301.
22. Zabaniotou A.A. Pyrolysis of forestry biomass by-products in Greece. Energy Sources. 21:1999;395-403.
23. Della Rocca P.A., Cerrella E.G., Bonelli P.R., Cukierman A.L. Pyrolysis of hardwood residues: on kinetics and chars characterization. Biomass Bioenergy. 16:1999;79-88.
24. Antal M.J., Varhegyi G., Jakab E. Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics: revisited. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37:1998;1267-1275.
25. Ingemarsson A., Nilsson U., Nilsson M., Pedersen J.R., Olsson J.O. Slow pyrolysis of spruce and pine samples studied with GC/MS and GC/FTIR/FID. Chemosphere. 36:1998;2879-2889.
26. Shen Z., Day M., Cooney J.D., Lu G., Briens C.L., Bergougnou M.A. Ultrapyrolysis of automobile shredder residue. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 73:1995;357-366.
27. Morris K.W. Fast pyrolysis of bagasse to produce bio-oil fuel for power generation. Int. Sugar J. 103:2001;259-263.
28. Minkova V., Marinov S.P., Zanzi R., Bjornbom E., Budinova T., Stefanova M., et al. Thermochemical treatment of biomass in a flow of steam or in a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide. Fuel Process. Technol. 62:2000;45-52.
29. Agblevor F.A., Besler S., Wiselogel A.E. Production of oxygenated fuels from biomass: impact of feedstock storage. Fuel Sci. Tech. Int. 14:1996;589-612.
30. Di Blasi C., Hernandez E.G., Santoro A. Radiative pyrolysis of single moist wood particles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39:2000;873-882.
31. Murwanashyaka J.N., Pakdel H., Roy C. Step-wise and one-step vacuum pyrolysis of birch-derived biomass to monitor the evolution of phenols. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 60:2001;219-231.
32. Demirbas A. Pyrolysis and steam gasification processes of black liquor. Energy Conv. Manage. 43(7):2002;877-884.
33. Demirbas A. Utilization of urban and pulping wastes to produce synthetic fuel via pyrolysis. Energy Sources. 24:2002;205-213.
34. Boutin O., Ferrer M., Lede J. Flash pyrolysis of cellulose pellets submitted to a concentrated radiation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 57:2002;15-25.
35. Yoshida T., Matsumura Y. Gasification of cellulose, xylan, and lignin mixtures in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40:2001;5469-5474.
36. Bassilakis R., Carangelo R.M., Wojtowicz M.A. TG-FTIR analysis of biomass pyrolysis. Fuel. 80:2001;1765-1786.
37. Raveendran K., Ganesh A., Khilar K.C. Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics. Fuel. 74:1995;1812-1822.
38. Antal M.J., Allen S.G., Schulman D., Xu X.D., Divilio R.J. Biomass gasification in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39:2000;4040-4053.
39. Kim H.J., Naruse I., Lu G.Q., Ohtake K., Kamide M. Self denitrification behavior of biobriquette added with pulp black liquid. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun. 24:1998;779-783.
40. Lanzetta M., Di Blasi C. Pyrolysis kinetics of wheat and corn straw. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 44:1998;181-192.
41. Caglar A., Demirbas A. Conversion of cotton cocoon shell to hydrogen rich gaseous products by pyrolysis. Energy Conv. Manage. 43:2002;489-497.
42. Demirbas A. Yields of hydrogen-rich gaseous products via pyrolysis from selected biomass samples. Fuel. 80:2001;1885-1891.
43. Caglar A., Demirbas A. Conversion of cotton cocoon shell to liquid products by pyrolysis. Energy Conv. Manage. 41:2000;1749-1756.
44. Zabaniotou A.A., Roussos A.I., Koroneos C.J. A laboratory study of cotton gin waste pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 56:2000;47-59.
45. Putun A.E. Biomass to bio-oil via fast pyrolysis of cotton straw and stalk. Energy Sources. 24:2002;275-285.
46. Ozbay N., Putun A.E., Uzun B.B., Putun E. Biocrude from biomass: pyrolysis of cotton seed cake. Renew. Energy. 24:2001;615-625.
47. Putun A.E., Ozbay N., Kockar O.M., Putun E. Fixed-bed pyrolysis of cottonseed cake: product yields and compositions. Energy Sources. 19:1997;905-915.
48. Encinar J.M., Gonzalez J.F., Gonzalez J. Steam gasification of Cynara cardunculus L.: influence of variables. Fuel Process. Technol. 75:2002;27-43.
49. Rocha J.D., Luengo C.A., Snape C.E. The scope for generating bio-oils with relatively low oxygen contents via hydropyrolysis. Org. Geochem. 30:1999;1527-1534.
50. Putun A.E., Ozcan A., Gercel H.F., Putun E. Production of biocrudes from biomass in a fixed-bed tubular reactor: product yields and compositions. Fuel. 80:2001;1371-1378.
51. Ozcan A., Putun A.E., Bartle K.D., Putun E. Structural analysis of bio-oils from fixed-bed pyrolysis of Euphorbia rigida and sunflower pressed bagasse. Energy Sources. 22:2000;809-824.
52. Putun A.E., Gercel H.F., Kockar O.M., Ege O., Snape C.E., Putun E. Oil production from an arid plant: fixed-bed pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of Euphorbia rigida. Fuel. 75:1996;1307-1312.
53. Guo J., Lua A.C. Kinetic study on pyrolysis of extracted oil palm fiber - Isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 59:2000;763-774.
54. Jakab E., Liu K., Meuzelaar H.L.C. Thermal decomposition of wood and cellulose in the presence of solvent vapours. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36:1997;2087-2095.
55. Reina J., Velo E., Puigjaner L. Thermogravimetric study of the pyrolysis of waste wood. Thermochim. Acta. 320:1998;161-167.
56. Encinar J.M., Beltran F.J., Gonzalez J.F., Moreno M.J. Pyrolysis of maize, sunflower, grape and tobacco residues. J. Chem. Tech. Biot. 70:1997;400-410.
57. Piskorz J., Majerski P., Radlein D., Scott D.S., Bridgwater A.V. Fast pyrolysis of sweet sorghum bagasse. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 46:1998;15-29.
58. Sipila K., Kuoppala E., Fagernas L., Oasmaa A. Characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis oil. Biomass Bioenergy. 14:1998;103-113.
59. Di Blasi C., Branca C., Santoro A., Hernandez E.G. Pyrolytic behavior and products of some wood varieties. Combust. Flame. 124:2001;165-177.
60. Demirbas A. Biomass and the other renewable and sustainable energy options for Turkey in 21st century. Energy Sources. 23:2001;177-187.
61. Kockar O.M., Onay O., Putun A.E., Putun E. Fixed-bed pyrolysis of hazelnut shell: a study on fixed-bed pyrolysis of hazelnut shell: a study on mass transfer limitations on product yields and characterization of the pyrolysis oil, mass transfer limitations. Energy Sources. 22:2000;913-924.
62. Putun A.E., Ozcan A., Putun E. Pyrolysis of hazelnut shells in a fixed-bed tubular reactor: yields and structural analysis of bio-oil. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 52:1999;33-49.
63. Rao T.R., Sharma A. Pyrolysis rates of biomass materials. Energy. 23:1998;973-978.
64. Demirbas A. Kinetics for non-isothermal flash pyrolysis of hazelnut shell. Biosource Technol. 66:1998;247-252.
65. Demirbas A., Akdeniz F., Erdogan Y., Pamuk V. Kinetics for fast pyrolysis of hazelnut shell. Fuel Sci. Tech. Int. 14:1996;405-415.
66. 2 and medium Btu gas via pyrolysis of lignins in a fixed bed reactor. Fuel Process. Technol. 70:2001;9-26.
67. Bjorkman E., Stromberg B. Release of chlorine from biomass at pyrolysis and gasification conditions. Energy Fuels. 11:1997;1026-1032.
68. Williams P.T., Horne P.A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in catalytically upgraded biomass pyrolysis oils. J. Inst. Energy. 69:1996;176-191.
69. Horne P.A., Williams P.T. Influences of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel. 75:1996;1051-1059.
70. Sebghati J.M., Eley M.H. Preliminary study of the pyrolysis of steam classified municipal solid waste. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 63:1997;35-44.
71. Garcia A.N., Font R., Marcilla A. Gas production by pyrolysis of municipal solid-waste at high temperature in a fluidised bed reactor. Energy Fuels. 9:1995;648-658.
72. Garcia A.N., Marcilla A., Font R. Thermogravimetric kinetic study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste. Thermochim. Acta. 254:1995;277-304.
73. Gharieb H.K., Faramawy S., Zaki N.N. Liquefaction of cellulosic waste-5-water formation and evaluation of pyrolytic char as a by-product of pyrolysis reaction. Fuel Sci. Tech. Int. 13:1995;895-909.
74. Kawser M.J., Farid N.A. Characterisation of natural rubber waste for pyrolysis. Plast Rubber Compos. 29:2000;427-432.
75. Islam M.N., Zailani R., Ani F.N. Pyrolytic oil from fluidised bed pyrolysis of oil palm shell and its characterisation. Renew. Energy. 17:1999;73-84.
76. Caglar A., Demirbas A. Hydrogen rich gas mixture from olive husk via pyrolysis. Energy Conv. Manage. 43:2002;109-117.
77. Demirbas A., Caglar A., Akdeniz F., Gullu D. Conversion of olive husk to liquid fuel by pyrolysis and catalytic liquefaction. Energy Sources. 22:2000;631-639.
78. Zabaniotou A.A., Kalogiannis G., Kappas E., Karabelas A.J. Olive residues (cuttings and kernels) rapid pyrolysis product yields and kinetics. Biomass Bioenergy. 18:2000;411-420.
79. Caballero J.A., Marcilla A., Conesa J.A. Thermogravimetric analysis of olive stones with sulphuric acid treatment. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 44:1997;75-88.
80. Garcia-Perez M., Chaala A., Yang J., Roy C. Co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse with petroleum residue. Fuel. 80:2001;1245-1258.
81. Garcia L., Salvador M.L., Arauzo J., Bilbao R. Catalytic steam gasification of pine sawdust. Effect of catalyst weight/biomass flow rate and steam/biomass ratios on gas production and composition. Energy Fuels. 13:1999;851-859.
82. Williams P.T., Besler S. The influence of temperature and heating rate on the pyrolysis of biomass. Renew. Energy. 7:1996;233-250.
83. Olazar M., Aguado R., San Jose M.J., Bilbao J. Kinetic study of fast pyrolysis of sawdust in a conical spouted bed reactor in the range 400-500 °C. J. Chem. Tech. Biot. 76:2001;469-476.
84. Aguado R., Olazar M., Barona A., Bilbao J. Char formation kinetics in the pyrolysis of sawdust in a conical spouted reactor. J. Chem. Tech. Biot. 75:2000;583-588.
85. Wang D.N., Czernik S., Chornet E. Production of hydrogen from biomass by catalytic steam reforming of fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Fuels. 12:1998;19-24.
86. Karaosmanoglu F., Tetik E. Fuel properties of pyrolytic oil of the straw and stalk of rape plant. Renew. Energy. 16:1999;1090-1093.
87. Sensoz S., Yorgun S., Angin D., Culcuoglu E., Ozcimen D., Karaosmanoglu F. Fixed bed pyrolysis of the rapeseed cake. Energy Sources. 23:2001;873-876.
88. Karaosmanoglu F., Culcuoglu E. Pyrolysis of rapeseed cake. Energy Sources. 23:2001;377-382.
89. Onay O., Beis S.H., Kockar O.M. Fast pyrolysis of rape seed in a well-swept fixed bed reactor. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 58:2001;995-1007.
90. Sensoz S., Angin D., Yorgun S., Kockar O.M. Biooil production from an oilseed crop: fixed-bed pyrolysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Energy Sources. 22:2000;891-899.
91. Predel M., Kaminsky W. Pyrolysis of rape-seed in a fluidised-bed reactor. Biosource Technol. 66:1998;113-117.
92. Williams P.T., Nugranad N. Comparison of products from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks. Energy. 25:2000;493-513.
93. Islam M.N., Ani F.N. Techno-economics of rice husk pyrolysis, conversion with catalytic treatment to produce liquid fuel. Biosource Technol. 73:2000;67-75.
94. Mansaray K.G., Ghaly A.E. Kinetics of the thermal degradation of rice husks in nitrogen atmosphere. Energy Sources. 21:1999;773-784.
95. Islam M.N., Ani F.N. Liquid oil from fluidised bed pyrolysis of rice husk waste and its characterization. Reric. Int. Energy J. 20:1998;55-65.
96. Mansaray K.G., Ghaly A.E. Thermal degradation of rice husks in nitrogen atmosphere. Biosource Technol. 65:1998;13-20.
97. Teng H.S., Lin H.C., Ho J.A. Thermogravimetric analysis on global mass loss kinetics of rice hull pyrolysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36:1997;3974-3977.
98. Wang C., Machida H., Nakagawa N., Takarada T., Kato K. Catalytic pyrolysis of plant - biomass in a powder particle fluidised bed. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun. 21:1995;531-539.
99. Beis S.H., Onay O., Kockar O.M. Fixed bed pyrolysis of safflower seed: influence of pyrolysis parameters on product yields and compositions. Renew. Energy. 26:2002;21-32.
100. Koullas D.P., Nikolaou N., Koukios E.G. Modelling non-isothermal kinetics of biomass prepyrolysis at low pressure. Biosource Technol. 63:1998;261-266.
101. Dai X.W., Wu C.Z., Li H.B., Chen Y. The fast pyrolysis of biomass in CFB reactor. Energy Fuels. 14:2000;552-557.
102. Aguado R., Olazar M., Jose M.J.S., Aguirre G., Bilbao J. Pyrolysis of saw dust in a conical spouted bed reactor. Yields and product composition. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39:2000;1925-1933.
103. Drummond A.R.F., Drummond I.W. Pyrolysis of sugar cane bagasse in a wire-mesh reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35:1996;1263-1268.
104. Boucher M.E., Chaala A., Roy C. Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines. Part II: Stability and ageing of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase. Biomass Bioenergy. 19:2000;337-350.
105. Karaosmanoglu F., Isigigur-Ergundenler A., Sever A. Biochar from the straw-stalk of rapeseed plant. Energy Fuels. 14:2000;336-339.
106. Di Blasi C., Branca C., D'Errico G. Degradation characteristics of straw and washed straw. Thermochim. Acta. 364:2000;133-142.
107. Pindoria R.V., Chatzakis I.N., Lim J.Y., Herod A.A., Dugwell D.R., Kandiyoti R. Hydropyrolysis of sugar cane bagasse: effect of sample configuration on bio-oil yields and structures from two bench-scale reactors. Fuel. 78:1999;55-63.
108. Bilba K., Ouensanga A. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of thermal degradation of sugar cane bagasse. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 38:1996;61-73.
109. Yorgun S., Sensoz S., Kockar O.M. Characterization of the pyrolysis oil produced in the slow pyrolysis of sunflower-extracted bagasse. Biomass Bioenergy. 20:2001;141-148.
110. Yorgun S., Sensoz S., Kockar O.M. Flash pyrolysis of sunflower oil cake for production of liquid fuels. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 60:2001;1-12.
111. Marquevich M., Coll R., Montane D. Steam reforming of sunflower oil for hydrogen production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39:2000;2140-2147.
112. He B.J., Zhang Y., Yin Y., Funk T.L., Riskowski G.L. Preliminary characterization of raw oil products from the thermochemical conversion of swine manure. Trans. ASAE. 44:2001;1865-1871.
113. Caglar A., Demirbas A. Hydrogen-rich gaseous products from tea waste by pyrolysis. Energy Sources. 23:2001;739-746.
114. Sharma R.K., Wooten J.B., Baliga V.L., Martoglio-Smith P.A., Hajaligol M.R. Characterization of char from the pyrolysis of tobacco. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50:2002;771-783.
115. Valverde J.L., Curbelo C., Mayo O., Molina C.B. Pyrolysis kinetics of tobacco dust. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 78:2000;921-924.
116. Horne P.A., Williams P.T. Upgrading of biomass-derived pyrolytic vapours over zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst: effect of catalyst dilution on product yields. Fuel. 75:1996;1043-1050.
117. Stenseng M., Jensen A., Dam-Johansen K. Investigation of biomass pyrolysis by TG analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 58:2001;765-780.
118. Olsson J.G., Jaglid U., Pettersson J.B.C., Hald P. Alkali metal emission during pyrolysis of biomass. Energy Fuels. 11:1997;779-784.
119. Rustamov V.R., Abdullayev K.M., Samedov E.A. Biomass conversion to liquid fuel by two-stage thermochemical cycle. Energy Conv. Manage. 39:1998;869-875.
120. Yu Q.Z., Brage C., Chen G.X., Sjostrom K. Temperature impact on the formation of tar from biomass pyrolysis in a free-fall reactor. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 40:1997;481-489.
121. Miller R.S., Bellan J. Analysis of reaction products and conversion time in the pyrolysis of cellulose and wood particles. Combust. Sci. Tech. 119:1996;331-373.
122. Ahuja P., Kumar S., Singh P.C. A model for primary and heterogeneous secondary reactions of wood pyrolysis. Chem. Eng. Tech. 19:1996;272-282.
123. Brage C., Yu Q.H., Sjostrom K. Characterization of evolution of tar from wood pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor. Fuel. 75:1996;213-219.
124. Horne P.A., Nugranad N., Williams P.T. Catalytic coprocessing of biomass derived pyrolysis vapors and methanol. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 34:1995;87-108.
125. 2 pressure and sample configuration. Fuel. 76:1997;1013-1023.
126. Arai K. Conversion of polymers and biomass to chemical intermediates with supercritical water. Macromol. Symp. 135:1998;205-214.
127. Boutin O., Ferrer M., Lede J. Radiant flash pyrolysis of cellulose - evidence for the formation of short life time intermediate liquid species. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 47:1998;13-31.
128. Caballero J.A., Front R., Marcilla A., Conesa J.A. Characterization of sewage sludges by primary and secondary pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 40:1997;433-450.
129. Pindoria R.V., Megaritis A., Messenbock R.C., Dugwell D.R., Kandiyoti R. Comparison of the pyrolysis and gasification of biomass: effect of reacting gas atmosphere and pressure on eucalyptus wood. Fuel. 77:1998;1247-1251.
130. Ozturk Z., Merklin J.F. Rapid pyrolysis of cellulose with reactive hydrogen gas in a single-pulse shock tube. Fuel. 74:1995;1658-1663.
131. Di Blasi C. Influences of physical properties on biomass devolatilization characteristics. Fuel. 76:1997;957-964.
132. Graham R.G., Bergougnou M.A., Freel B.A. The kinetics of vapor-phase cellulose fast pyrolysis reactions. Biomass Bioenergy. 7:1994;33-47.
133. Oasmaa A., Czernik S. Fuel oil quality of biomass pyrolysis oils - state of the art for the end user. Energy Fuels. 13:1999;914-921.
134. Shihadeh A., Hochgreb S. Diesel engine combustion of biomass pyrolysis oils. Energy Fuels. 14:2000;260-274.
135. Samolada M.C., Baldauf W., Vasalos I.A. Production of a bio-gasoline by upgrading biomass flash pyrolysis liquids via hydrogen processing and catalytic cracking. Fuel. 77:1998;1667-1675.
136. Grange P., Laurent E., Maggi R., Centeno A., Delmon B. Hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oils from biomass: reactivity of the various categories of oxygenated compounds and preliminary techno-economical study. Catal. Today. 29:1996;297-301.
137. Wang D., Montane D., Chornet E. Catalytic steam reforming of biomass-derived oxygenates: acetic acid and hydroxyacetaldehyde. Appl. Catal. A - Gen. 143:1996;245-270.
138. Marquevich M., Czernik S., Chornet E., Montane D. Hydrogen from biomass: steam reforming of model compounds of fast-pyrolysis oils. Energy Fuels. 13:1999;1160-1166.
139. Demirbas A. Hydrogen production from biomass by the gasification process. Energy Sources. 24:2002;59-68.
140. Wang D., Czernik S., Montane D., Mann M., Chornet E. Biomass to hydrogen via fast pyrolysis and catalytic steam reforming of the pyrolysis oil or its fractions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36:1997;1507-1518.
141. Adjaye J.D., Bakhshi N.N. Catalytic conversion of a biomass-derived oil to fuels and chemicals. 2. Chemical kinetics parameter estimation and model predictions. Biomass Bioenergy. 8:1995;265-277.
142. Bridgwater A.V. Production of high grade fuels and chemicals from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. Catal. Today. 29:1996;285-295.
143. Sutton D., Kelleher B., Ross J.R.H. Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification. Fuel Process. Technol. 73:2001;155-173.
144. Delgado J., Aznar M.P., Corella J. Biomass gasification with steam in steam in fluidised bed: effectiveness of CaO, MgO, and CaO-MgO for hot raw gas cleaning. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36:1997;1535-1543.
145. Raveendran K., Ganesh A., Khilar K.C. Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components. Fuel. 75:1996;987-998.
146. Ghetti P., Ricca L., Angelini L. Thermal analysis of biomass and corresponding pyrolysis products. Fuel. 75:1996;565-573.
147. Cozzani V., Lucchesi A., Stoppato G., Maschio G. A new method to determine the composition of biomass by TGA. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 75:1997;127-133.