Early life influences on life-long patterns of behavior and health

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 149-154

  McEwen, Bruce S ^a  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Anxiety; Depression; Early life trauma; Hippocampus; Stress

Indexed keywords

HORMONE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN; TESTOSTERONE;

AGGRESSION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHILD PARENT RELATION; COGNITION; DENDRITE; DEPRESSION; EMOTION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HIPPOCAMPUS; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHY; LIFE; MENTAL HEALTH; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRESS; SYNAPSE;

AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; ANXIETY; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONDITIONING (PSYCHOLOGY); CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; DEPRESSION; FEAR; HIPPOCAMPUS; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SEROTONIN; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 0141745017     PISSN: 10804013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.10074     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Albeck DS, McKittrick CR, Blanchard DC, et al. 1997. Chronic social stress alters levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin mRNA in rat brain. J Neurosci 17:4895-4903.
2. Barker DJP. 1997. The fetal origins of coronary heart disease. Acta Paediatr Suppl 422:78-82.
3. Blanchard DC, Sakai RR, McEwen BS, et al. 1993. Subordination stress: behavioral, brain and neuroendocrine correlates. Behav Brain Res 58:113-121.
4. Breiter HC, Etcoff NL, Whalen PJ, et al. 1996. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17:875-887.
5. Bremner JD, Licinio J, Darnell A, et al. 1997a. Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:624-629.
6. Bremner JD, Randall P, Vermetten E, et al. 1997b. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse - a preliminary report. Biol Psychiat 41:23-32.
7. Brooks-Gunn J, McCarton CM, Casey PH, et al. 1994. Early intervention in low-birth-weight premature infants. J Am Med Assoc 272:1257-1262.
8. Brown GL, Ebert MH, Goyer DC. 1982. Aggression, suicide and serotonin: relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiat 139: 741-746.
9. Cahill L, McGaugh JL. 1998. Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. TINS 21:294-299.
10. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, et al. 1994. Beta-Adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 371:702-704.
11. Carlson M, Earls F. 1997. Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequalae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania. Annals NY Acad Sci 807:419-428.
12. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, et al. 2002. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851-854.
13. Chattarji S, Vyas A, Mitra R, et al. 2000. Effects of chronic unpredictable and immobilization stress on neuronal plasticity in the rat amygdala and hippocampus. Soc Neurosci Abs 26: 571.9, p 1533.
14. Conrad CD, Magarinos AM, LeDoux JE, et al. 1999. Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy. Behav Neurosci 113:902-913.
15. Coplan JD, Andrews MW, Rosenblum LA, et al. 1996. Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: Implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1619-1623.
16. De Bellis MD, Casey BJ, Dahl RE, et al. 2000. A pilot study of amygdala volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiat 48: 51-57.
17. DeBellis MD, Baum AS, Birmaher B, et al. 1999. Developmental traumatology Part 1: biological stress systems. Biol Psych 45:1259-1270.
18. Dellu F, Mayo W, Vallee M, et al. 1994. Reactivity to novelty during youth as a predictive factor of cognitive impairment in the elderly: a longitudinal study in rats. Brain Res 653:51-56.
19. deQuervain DJF, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1998. Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. Nature 394:787-790.
20. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JP, Jr, et al. 1997. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 386:824-827.
21. Drevets WC, Videen TO, Price JL, et al. 1992. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci 12:3628-3641.
22. Eichenbaum H. 1997. How does the brain organize memories? Science 277:330-332.
23. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. 1998. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med 14:245-258.
24. Fischette C, Biegon A, McEwen BS. 1984. Sex steroid modulation of the serotonin behavioral syndrome. Life Sci 35:1197-1206.
25. Francis D, Meaney MJ. 1999. Variations in maternal care form the basis for non-genomic mechanism of inter-generational transmission of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. Abstracts, NY Acad Sci Conference on "Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations.", pg 59.
26. Frodl T, Meisenzahl E, Zetzsche T, et al. 2002. Enlargement of the amygdala in patients with a first episode of major depression. Biol Psychiat 51:708-714.
27. Gould E, Tanapat P, McEwen BS, et al. 1998. Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3168-3171.
28. Gray J. 1982. Precis of the neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocamal system. Behav Brain Sci 5:469-534.
29. Greenough WT, Bailey CH. 1988. The anatomy of a memory: convergence of results across a diversity of tests. TINS 11:142-147.
30. Gunnar MR, Brodersen L, Knachmias M, et al. 1996. Stress reactivity and attachment security. Develop Psychobiol 29:191-204.
31. Gunnar MR, Morison SJ, Chisholm K, et al. 2002. Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Develop Psychopathol 13:611-628.
32. Guzowski JF, McGaugh JL. 1997. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated disruption of hippocampal cAMP response element binding protein levels impairs consolidation of memory for water maze training. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:2693-2698.
33. Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, et al. 2000. Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. J Am Med Assoc 284: 592-597.
34. Herman JP, Cullinan WE. 1997. Neurocircuitry of Stress: Central Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis. Trends Neurosci 20:78-84.
35. Higley JD, Hasert MF, Suomi SJ, et al. 1991. Nonhuman primate model of alcohol abuse: Effects of early experience, personality, and stress on alcohol consumption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7261-7265.
36. Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Higley SB, et al. 1996a. Excessive mortality in young free-ranging male nonhuman primates with low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Arch Gen Psychiat 53:537-543.
37. Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Poland RE, et al. 1996b. CSF testosterone and 3-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors. Biol Psychiat 40:1067-1082.
38. Higley JD, Thompson WW, Champoux M, et al. 1993. Paternal and maternal genetic and environmental contributions to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Arch Gen Psych 50:615-623.
39. Joels M, Vreugdenhil E. 1998. Corticosteroids in the brain. Mol Neurobiol 17:87-198.
40. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Perel J, et al. 1998. Serotonergic functioning in depressed abused children: Clinical and familial correlates. Biol Psychiat 44:973-981.
41. Kessler RC, Davis CG, Kendler KS. 1997. Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med 27:1101-1119.
42. Kim JJ, Fanselow MS. 1992. Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science 256:675-677.
43. Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR, et al. 1997. Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. J Am Med Assoc 278:644-652.
44. Laugero KD, Gomez F, Manalo S, et al. 2002 Corticosterone infused intracerebroventricularly inhibits energy storage and stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in adrenalectomized rats drinking sucrose. Endocrinology 143:4552-4562.
45. LeDoux JE. 1996. The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.
46. Liu D, Diorio J, Tannenbaum B, et al. 1997. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 277:1659-1662.
47. Lupien S, Lecours AR, Lussier I, et al. 1994. Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging. J Neurosci 14:2893-2903.
48. Magarinos AM, Verdugo Garcia JM, McEwen BS. 1997. Chronic restraint stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14002-14008.
49. Mann JJ. 1998. The neurobiology of suicide. Nature Med 4:25-30.
50. Martin KC, Kandel ER. 1996. Cell Adhesion Molecules, CREB, and the Formulation of New Synaptic Connections. Neuron 17:567-570.
51. McCarton CM, Brooks-Gunn J, Wallace IF, et al. 1997. Results at age 8 years of early intervention for low-birth-weight premature infants. J Amer Med Assoc 277:126-132.
52. McEwen B. 2000. Allostasis and allostatic load: Implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:108-124.
53. McEwen BS. 1997. Possible mechanisms for atrophy of the human hippocampus. Mol Psychiat 2:255-262.
54. McEwen BS. 1998. Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators. New Engl J Med 338:171-179.
55. McEwen BS. 1999. Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:105-122.
56. McEwen BS, Stellar E. 1993. Stress and the Individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Int Med 153:2093-2101.
57. McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B. 1996. Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: interaction with other brain systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:13508-13514.
58. Meaney M, Aitken D, Berkel H, et al. 1988. Effect of neonatal handling of age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science 239:766-768.
59. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. 1998. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393:467-470.
60. Nachmias M, Gunnar MR, Mangelsdorf S, et al. 1996. Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: The moderating role of attachment security. Child Dev 67:508-522.
61. Olds DL, Eckenrode J, Henderson CR, et al. 1997. Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. JAMA 278:637-643.
62. Pavlides C, Kimura A, Magarinos AM, et al. 1995. Hippocampal homosynaptic long-term depression/depotentiation induced by adrenal steroids. Neuroscience 68:379-385.
63. Phillips R.G, LeDoux JE. 1992. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 106:274-285.
64. Pine DS, Coplan JD, Wasserman GA, et al. 1998. Neuroendocrine response to D,1-fenfluramine challenge in boys. Associations with aggressive behavior and adverse rearing. Arch Gen Psychiat 54:785-789.
65. Pugh CR, Tremblay D, Fleshner M, et al. 1997. A selective role for corticosterone in contextual-fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 111:503-511.
66. Repetti RL, Taylor SE, Seeman TE. 2002. Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol Bull 128:330-366.
67. Roozendaal B, Portillo-Marquez G, McGaugh JL. 1996. Basolateral amygdala lesions block glucocorticoid-induced modulation of memory for spatial learning. Behav Neurosci 110:1074-1083.
68. Sapolsky RM. 1996. Why Stress Is Bad for Your Brain. Science 273:749-750.
69. Schulkin J, Gold PW, McEwen BS. 1998. Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: Implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:219-243.
70. Schulkin J, McEwen BS, Gold PW. 1994. Allostasis, Amygdala, and Anticipatory Angst. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18:385-396.
71. Seeman TE, McEwen BS, Singer BH, et al. 1997. Increase in Urinary Cortisol Excretion and Memory Declines: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2458-2465.
72. Seeman TE, Singer BH, Ryff CD, et al. 2002. Social relationships, gender, and allostatic load across two age cohorts. Psychosom Med 64: 395-406.
73. Sheline YI, Gado MH, Price JL. 1998. Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression. NeuroReport 9:2023-2028.
74. Star EN, Kwiatkowski DJ, Murthy VN. 2002. Rapid turnover of actin in dendritic spines and its regulation by activity. Nature Neurosci 5:239-246.
75. Swiergiel AH, Takahashi LK, Kalin NH. 1993. Attention of stress-induced behavior by antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central amygdala in the rat. Brain Res 623:229-234.
76. Tebartz van Elst L, Woermann FG, Lemieux L, et al. 1999. Amygdala enlargement in dysthymia - A volumetric study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Biol Psychiat 46:1614-1623.
77. Thomas KM, Drevets WC, Whalen PJ, et al. 2001. Amygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults. Biol Psychiat 49:309-316.
78. Uno H, Ross T, Else J, et al. 1989. Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates. J Neurosci 9:1705-1711.
79. Vyas A, Mitra R, Rao BSS, et al. 2002. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci 22:6810-6818.
80. Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Chicz-deMet A, et al. 1997. Placental CRH modulates maternal pituitary-adrenal function in human pregnancy. Neuropeptides Dev Aging 814:276-281.
81. Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Porto M, et al. 1993. The association between prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age at birth: a prospective investigation. Am J Ob Gyn 169:858-865.
82. Wakschlak A, Weinstock M. 1990. Neonatal handling reverses behavioral abnormalities induced in rats by prenatal stress. Physiol Behav 48:289-292.
83. Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, et al. 1998. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J Neurosci 18:411-418.
84. Wiersma A, Baauw AD, Bohus B, et al. 1995. Behavioural activation produced by CRH but not α-helical CRH (CRH-receptor antagonist) when microinfused into the central nucleus of the amygdala under stress-free conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20:423-432.
85. Williams RB. 1994. Neurobiology, cellular and molecular biology, and psychosomatic medicine. Psychosom Med 56:308-315.