Transposable Elements in Filamentous Fungi

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 57, Issue , 2003, Pages 275-299

  Daboussi, Marie Josée ^a   Capy, Pierre ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Epigenetic regulation; Genetic tools; Genome evolution; Mobile elements; Mutagenic effects

Indexed keywords

DNA; GENOMIC DNA;

DNA METHYLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FUNGUS; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENE SILENCING; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME; GENOMICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRESS; TRANSPOSON;

DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FUNGI; GENE SILENCING; GENOME, FUNGAL; MUTAGENESIS, INSERTIONAL; RETROELEMENTS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EUKARYOTA; FUNGI; ILEX COOKII; TRANSPOSONS;

EID: 0141468761     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.091029     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Amutan M, Nyyssönen E, Stubbs J, Diaz-Torres MR, Dunn-Coleman N. 1996. Identification and cloning of a mobile transposon from Aspergillus niger var. awamori. Curr. Genet. 29:468-73
2. Anaya N, Roncero MI. 1995. skippy, a retrotransposon from the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 249:637-47
3. Anaya N, Roncero MI. 1996. Stress-induced rearrangement of Fusarium retrotransposon sequences. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:89-94
4. Anderson C, Tang Q, Kinsey JA. 2001. Elimination of active Tad elements during the sexual phase of the Neurospora crassa life cycle. Fungal Genet. Biol. 33:49-57
5. Bennetzen JL. 1996. The Mutator transposable element system of maize. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 204:195-229
6. Berg DE, Howe MH, eds. 1989. Mobile DNA. Washington, DC: ASM. 972 pp.
7. Bibbins M, Cummings NJ, Connerton IF. 1998. DAB1: a degenerate retrotransposon-like element from Neurospora crassa. Mol. Gen. Genet. 258:431-36
8. Brocard-Masson C. 2001. Transposition hétérologue chez Aspergillus nidulans. PhD thesis. Univ. Paris, France. 244 pp.
9. Calvi BR, Hong TJ, Findley SD, Gelbart WM. 1991. Evidence for a common evolutionary origin of inverted repeat transposons in Drosophila and plants: hobo, Activator, and Tam3. Cell 66:465-71
10. Cambareri EB, Aisner R, Carbon J. 1998. Structure of the chromosome VII centromere region in Neurospora crassa: degenerate transposons and simple repeats. Mol. Cell Biol. 18:5465-77
11. Cambareri EB, Foss HM, Rountree MR, Selker EU, Kinsey JA. 1996. Epigenetic control of a transposon-inactivated gene in Neurospora is dependent on DNA methylation. Genetics 143:137-46
12. Capy P, Anxolabéhère D, Langin T. 1994. The strange phylogenies of transposable elements: Are horizontal transfers the only explanation? Trends Genet. 10:7-12
13. Capy P, Bazin C, Higuet D, Langin T. 1997. Dynamic and Evolution of Transposable Elements. Austin, TX: RG Landes Biosci. 197 pp.
14. Capy P, Gasperi G, Biemont C, Bazin C. 2000. Stress and transposable elements: co-evolution or useful parasites? Heredity 85:101-6
15. Chalvet F, Grimaldi C, Kaper F, Langin T, Daboussi MJ. 2003. Hop, an active Mutator-like element in the genome of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Biol. Evol. In press
16. Chiocchetti A, Bernardo I, Daboussi MJ, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, et al. 1999. Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in carnation tissue by PCR amplification of transposon insertions. Phytopathology 89:1169-75
17. Cogoni C. 2001. Homology-dependent gene silencing mechanisms in fungi. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:381-406
18. Cogoni C, Macino G. 1999. Homology-dependent gene silencing in plants and fungi: a number of variations on the same theme. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:657-62
19. Colot V, Haedens V, Rossignol JL. 1998. Extensive, nonrandom diversity of excision footprints generated by Ds-like transposon Ascot-1 suggests new parallels with V(D)J recombination. Mol. Cell Biol. 18:4337-46
20. Colot V, Rossignol JL. 1995. Isolation of the Ascobolus immersus spore color gene b2 and study in single cells of gene silencing by methylation induced premeiotically. Genetics 141:1299-314
21. Craig NL, Craigie R, Gellert M, Lambowitz AM, eds. 2002. Mobile DNA II. Washington, DC: ASM. 1204 pp.
22. Daboussi MJ. 1996. Fungal transposable elements: generators of diversity and genetic tools. J. Genet. 75:325-39
23. Daboussi MJ. 1997. Fungal transposable elements and genome evolution. Genetica 100:253-60
24. Daboussi MJ, Davière JM, Graziani S, Langin T. 2002. Evolution of the Fot1 transposons in the genus Fusarium: discontinuous distribution and epigenetic inactivation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:510-20
25. Daboussi MJ, Langin T. 1994. Transposable elements in the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Genetica 93:49-59
26. Daboussi MJ, Langin T, Brygoo Y. 1992. Fot1, a new family of fungal transposable elements. Mol. Gen. Genet. 232:12-16
27. Davière JM, Langin T, Daboussi MJ. 2001. Potential role of transposable elements in the rapid reorganization of the Fusarium oxysporum genome. Fungal Genet. Biol. 34:177-92
28. 27a. de Queiroz MV, Daboussi MJ. 2003. impala, a transposon from Fusarium oxysporum, is active in the genome of Penicillium griseoroseum. FEBS Microbiol. Lett. 218:317-21
29. Debeaupuis JP, Sarfati J, Chazalet V, Latgé JP. 1997. Genetic diversity among clinical and environmental isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 65:3080-85
30. Decaris B, Francou F, Lefort C, Rizet G. 1978. Unstable ascospore color mutants of Ascobolus immersus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 162:69-81
31. Deschamps F, Langin T, Maurer P, Gerlinger C, Felenbok B, Daboussi MJ. 1999. Specific expression of the Fusarium transposon Fot1 and effects on target gene transcription. Mol. Microbiol. 31:1373-83
32. Diolez A, Marches F, Fortini D, Brygoo Y. 1995. Boty, a long-terminal-repeat retroelement in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:103-8
33. Doak TG, Doerder FP, Jahn CL, Herrick G. 1994. A proposed superfamily of transposase genes: transposon-like elements in ciliated protozoa and a common "D35E" motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:942-46
34. Dobinson KF, Harris RE, Hamer JE. 1993. Grasshopper, a long terminal repeat (LTR) retroelement in the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:114-26
35. Enkerli J, Bhatt G, Covert SF. 1997. Nht1, a transposable element cloned from a dispensable chromosome in Nectria haematococca. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:742-49
36. Eto Y, Ikeda K, Chuma I, Kataoka T, Kuroda S, et al. 2001. Comparative analyses of the distribution of various transposable elements in Pyricularia and their activity during and after the sexual cycle. Mol. Gen. Genet. 264:565-77
37. Farman ML, Taura S, Leong SA. 1996. The Magnaporthe grisea fingerprinting probe MGR586 contains the 3′ end of an inverted repeat transposon. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251:675-81
38. Farman ML, Tosa Y, Nitta N, Leong SA. 1996. MAGGY, a retrotransposon in the genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251:665-74
39. Faugeron G. 2000. Diversity of homology-dependent gene silencing strategies in fungi. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3:144-48
40. Fedoroff N. 2002. Control of mobile DNA. See Ref. 21, pp. 997-1007
41. Fernandez D, Ouinten M, Tantaoui A, Geiger JP, Daboussi MJ, Langin T. 1998. Fot1 insertions in the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis genome provide diagnostic PCR targets for detection of the date palm pathogen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:633-36
42. Feschottes C, Zhang X, Wessler SR. 2002. Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements and their relationship to established DNA transposons. See Ref. 21, pp. 1147-58
43. Fierro F, Martin JF. 1999. Molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangement in fungi. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 25:1-17
44. Finnegan DJ. 1989. Eukaryotic transposable elements and genome evolution. Trends Genet. 5:103-7
45. Firon A, Villalba F, Beffa R, d'Enfert C. 2003. Identification of essential genes in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus by transposon mutagenesis. Eukaryot. Cell 2:In press
46. Fowler TJ, Mitton MF. 2000. Scooter, a new active transposon in Schizophyllum commune, has disrupted two genes regulating signal transduction. Genetics 156:1585-94
47. Gaskell J, Van den Wymelenberg A, Cullen D. 1995. Structure, inheritance, and transcriptional effects of Pce1, an insertional element within Phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase gene lipI. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7465-69
48. Giraud T, Fortini D, Levis C, Leroux P, Brygoo Y. 1997. RFLP markers show genetic recombination in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) and transposable elements reveal two sympatric species. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:1177-85
49. Glayzer DC, Roberts IN, Archer DB, Oliver RP. 1995. The isolation of Ant1, a transposable element from Aspergillus niger. Mol. Gen. Genet. 249:432-38
50. Gömez-Gömez E, Anaya N, Roncero MI, Hera C. 1999. Folyt1, a new member of the hAT family, is active in the genome of the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Fungal Genet. Biol. 27:67-76
51. Goyon C, Rossignol JL, Faugeron G. 1996. Native DNA repeats and methylation in Ascobolus. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3348-56
52. Graia F, Lespinet O, Rimbault B, Dequard-Chablat M, Coppin E, Picard M. 2001. Genome quality control: RIP (repeat-induced point mutation) comes to Podospora. Mol. Microbiol. 40:586-95
53. Grandbastien MA. 1998. Activation of plant retrotransposons under stress conditions. Trends Plant Sci. 3:181-87
54. Gray YH. 2000. It takes two transposons to tango: transposable-element- mediated chromosomal rearrangements. Trends Genet. 16:461-68
55. Hamann A, Feller F, Osiewacz HD. 2000. The degenerate DNA transposon Pat and repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in Podospora anserina. Mol. Gen. Genet. 263:1061-69
56. Hamann A, Feller F, Osiewacz HD. 2000. Yeti-a degenerate gypsy-like LTR retrotransposon in the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina. Curr. Genet. 38:132-40
57. Hamer JE, Farrall L, Orbach MJ, Valent B, Chumley FG. 1989. Host species-specific conservation of a family of repeated sequences in the genome of a fungal plant pathogen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9981-85
58. Hartl DL, Lohe AR, Lozovskaya ER. 1997. Modern thoughts on an ancyent marinere: function, evolution, regulation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 31:337-58
59. He C, Nourse JP, Kelemu S, Irwin JA, Manners JM. 1996. CgT1: a non-LTR retrotransposon with restricted distribution in the fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Mol. Gen. Genet. 252:320-31
60. Hua-Van A, Davière JM, Langin T, Daboussi MJ. 2000. Genome organization in Fusarium oxysporum: clusters of class II transposons. Curr. Genet. 37:339-47
61. Hua-Van A, Héricourt F, Capy P, Daboussi MJ, Langin T. 1998. Three highly divergent subfamilies of the impala transposable element coexist in the genome of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 259:354-62
62. Hua-Van A, Langin T, Daboussi MJ. 2001. Evolutionary history of the impala transposon in Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18:1959-69
63. Hua-Van A, Langin T, Daboussi MJ. 2002. Aberrant transposition of a Tc1-mariner element, impala, in the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Genet. Genomics 267:79-87
64. Hua-Van A, Pamphile JA, Langin T, Daboussi MJ. 2001. Transposition of autonomous and engineered impala transposons in Fusarium oxysporum and a related species. Mol. Gen. Genet. 264: 724-31
65. Hull R. 2001. Classifying reverse transcribing elements: a proposal and a challenge to the ICTV. Arch. Virol. 146:2255-61
66. Ikeda K, Nakayashiki H, Kataoka T, Tamba H, Hashimoto Y, et al. 2002. Repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in Magnaporthe grisea: implications for its sexual cycle in the natural field context. Mol. Microbiol. 45:1355-64
67. Ikeda K, Nakayashiki H, Takagi M, Tosa Y, Mayama S. 2001. Heat shock, copper sulfate and oxidative stress activate the retrotransposon MAGGY resident in the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Genet. Genomics 266:318-25
68. Julien J, Poirier-Hamon S, Brygoo Y. 1992. Foret1, a reverse transcriptase-like sequence in the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3933-37
69. Kachroo P, Leong SA, Chattoo BB. 1994. Pot2, an inverted repeat transposon from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Gen. Genet. 245:339-48
70. Kachroo P, Leong SA, Chattoo BB. 1995. Mg-SINE: a short interspersed nuclear element from the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11125-28
71. Kaneko I, Tanaka A, Tsuge T. 2000. REAL, an LTR retrotransposon from the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. Mol. Gen. Genet. 263:625-34
72. Kang S. 2001. Organization and distribution pattern of MGLR-3, a novel retrotransposon in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Fungal Genet. Biol. 32:11-19
73. Kang S, Lebrun MH, Farrall L, Valent B. 2001. Gain of virulence caused by insertion of a Pot3 transposon in a Magnaporthe grisea avirulence gene. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14:671-74
74. Kempken F, Kück U. 1996. Restless, an active Ac-like transposon from the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum: structure, expression, and alternative RNA splicing. Mol. Cell Biol. 16:6563-72
75. Kempken F, Kück U. 1998. Transposons in filamentous fungi - facts and perspectives. Bioessays 20:652-59
76. Kempken F, Kück U. 2000. Tagging of a nitrogen pathway-specific regulator gene in Tolypocladium inflatum by the transposon Restless. Mol. Gen. Genet. 263:302-8
77. Kempken F, Windhofer F. 2001. The hAT family: a versatile transposon group common to plants, fungi, animals, and man. Chromosoma 110:1-9
78. Kidwell MG, Lisch DR. 2002. Transposable elements as sources of genomic variation. See Ref. 21, pp. 59-90
79. Kim HG, Meinhardt LW, Benny U, Kistler HC. 1995. Nrs1, a repetitive element linked to pisatin demethylase genes on a dispensable chromosome of Nectria haematococca. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:524-31
80. Kim JM, Vanguri S, Boeke JD, Gabriel A, Voytas DF. 1998. Transposable elements and genome organization: a comprehensive survey of retrotransposons revealed by the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence. Genome Res. 8:464-78
81. Kimura M, Yamaguchi I. 1998. Convergent transcription units and their promoters at both ends of Pot2, an inverted repeat transposon from the rice blast fungus. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 124:268-73
82. Kinsey JA. 1993. Transnuclear retrotransposition of the Tad element of Neurospora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 9384-87
83. Kinsey JA, Garrett EP, Cambareri EB, Selker EU. 1994. The Neurospora transposon Tad is sensitive to repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Genetics 138:657-64
84. Kinsey JA, Helber J. 1989. Isolation of a transposable element from Neurospora crassa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1929-33
85. Kistler HC, Miao VP. 1992. New modes of genetic change in filamentous fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 30:131-52
86. Kodama M, Rose MS, Yang G, Yun SH, Yoder OC, Turgeon BG. 1999. The translocation-associated Tox1 locus of Cochliobolus heterostrophus is two genetic elements on two different chromosomes. Genetics 151:585-96
87. Kricker MC, Drake JW, Radman M. 1992. Duplication-targeted DNA methylation and mutagenesis in the evolution of eukaryotic chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1075-79
88. Ladeveze V, Aulard S, Chaminade N, Periquet G, Lemeunier F. 1998. Hobo transposons causing chromosomal breakpoints. Proc. R. Soc. London Sci. Ser. B 265:1157-59
89. Lahn BT, Page DC. 1999. Four evolutionary strata on the human X chromosome. Science 286:964-67
90. Langin T, Capy P, Daboussi MJ. 1995. The transposable element impala, a fungal member of the Tc1-mariner superfamily. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246:19-28
91. Langin T, Davière JM, Fernandez D, Daboussi MJ. 2003. Widespread occurrence of the Fot1 transposon within the Fusarium oxysporum species. Gene 312:In press
92. Le QH, Wright S, Yu Z, Bureau T. 2000. Transposon diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:7376-81
93. Levin HL. 2002. Newly identified retrotransposons of the Ty3/gypsy class in fungi, plants and vertebrates. See Ref. 21, pp. 684-701
94. Levis C, Fortini D, Brygoo Y. 1997. Flipper, a mobile Fot1-like transposable element in Botrytis cinerea. Mol. Gen. Genet. 254:674-80
95. Li Destri Nicosia MG, Brocard-Masson C, Demais S, Hua-Van A, Daboussi MJ, Scazzocchio C. 2001. Heterologous transposition in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol. Microbiol. 39:1330-44
96. LiDestri, Nicosia MG, Hua-Van A, Cacciola SO, Daboussi MJ. 2002. Transposition of impala as a potential tool for insertional mutagenesis in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. 6th Eur. Conf. On Fungal Genetics, p. 112 (Abstr.)
97. Lim JK, Simmons MJ. 1994. Gross chromosome rearrangements mediated by transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster. Bioessays 16:269-75
98. Linder-Basso D, Foglia R, Zhu P, Hillman BI. 2001. Crypt1, an active Ac-like transposon from the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. Mol. Genet. Genomics 265:730-38
99. Lisch DR, Freeling M, Langham RJ, Choy MY. 2001. Mutator transposase is widespread in the grasses. Plant Physiol. 125:1293-303
100. Maes T, De Keukeleire P, Gerats T. 1999. Plant tagnology. Trends Plant Sci. 4:90-96
101. Malik HS, Eickbush TH. 1999. Modular evolution of the integrase domain in the Ty3/gypsy class of LTR retrotransposons. J. Virol. 73:5186-90
102. Maloisel L, Rossignol JL. 1998. Suppression of crossing-over by DNA methylation in Ascobolus. Genes Dev. 12:1381-89
103. Margolin BS, Garrett-Engele PW, Stevens JN, Fritz DY, Garrett-Engele C, et al. 1998. A methylated Neurospora 5S rRNA pseudogene contains a transposable element inactivated by repeat-induced point mutation. Genetics 149:1787-97
104. Matzke MA, Aufsatz W, Kanno T, Mette MF, Matzke AJ. 2002. Homology-dependent gene silencing and host defense in plants. Adv. Genet. 46:235-75
105. Maurer P, Rejasse A, Capy P, Langin T, Riba G. 1997. Isolation of the transposable element hupfer from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana by insertion mutagenesis of the nitrate reductase structural gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 256:195-202
106. McClintock B. 1984. The significance of responses of the genome to challenge. Science 226:792-801
107. McHale MT, Roberts IN, Noble SM, Beaumont C, Whitehead MP, et al. 1992. CfT-I: an LTR-retrotransposon in Cladosporium fulvum, a fungal pathogen of tomato. Mol. Gen. Genet. 233:337-47
108. Mes JJ, Haring MA, Cornelissen BJ. 2000. Foxy: an active family of short interspersed nuclear elements from Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 263:271-80
109. Migheli Q, Laugé R, Davière JM, Gerlinger C, Kaper F, et al. 1999. Transposition of the autonomous Fot1 element in the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Genetics 151:1005-13
110. Migheli Q, Steinberg C, Davière JM, Olivain C, Gerlinger C, et al. 2000. Recovery of mutants impaired in pathogenicity after transposition of Impala in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Phytopathology 90:1279-84
111. Mouyna I, Renard JL, Brygoo Y. 1996. DNA polymorphism among Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis populations from oil palm, using a repeated and dispersed sequence "Palm." Curr. Genet. 30:174-80
112. Murata H, Miyazaki Y, Yamada A. 2001. marY2N, a LINE-like non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retroelement from the ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65:2301-5
113. Murata H, Yamada A. 2000. marY1, a member of the gypsy group of long terminal repeat retroelements from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 3642-45
114. Nakayashiki H, Kiyotomi K, Tosa Y, Mayama S. 1999. Transposition of the retrotransposon MAGGY in heterologous species of filamentous fungi. Genetics 153:693-703
115. Nakayashiki H, Matsuo H, Chuma I, Ikeda K, Betsuyaku S, et al. 2001. Pyret, a Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon in Magnaporthe grisea contains an extra domain between the nucleocapsid and protease domains. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:4106-13
116. Neuvéglise C, Sarfati J, Latgé JP, Paris S. 1996. Afut1, a retrotransposon-like element from Aspergillus fumigatus. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:1428-34
117. Nielsen ML, Hermansen TD, Aleksenko A. 2001. A family of DNA repeats in Aspergillus nidulans has assimilated degenerated retrotransposons. Mol. Genet. Genomics 265:883-87
118. Nishimura M, Hayashi N, Jwa NS, Lau GW, Hamer JE, Hasebe A. 2000. Insertion of the LINE retrotransposon MGL causes a conidiophore pattern mutation in Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 13:892-94
119. Nitta N, Farman ML, Leong SA. 1997. Genome organization of Magnaporthe grisea: integration of genetic maps, clustering of transposable elements and identification of genome duplications and rearrangements. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 20-32
120. Nyyssönen E, Amutan M, Enfield L, Stubbs J, Dunn-Coleman NS. 1996. The transposable element Tan1 of Aspergillus niger var. awamori, a new member of the Fot1 family. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:50-56
121. Okuda M, Ikeda K, Namiki F, Nishi K, Tsuge T. 1998. Tfo1: an Ac-like transposon from the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 258:599-607
122. Orbach MJ, Farrall L, Sweigard JA, Chumley FG, Valent B. 2000. A telomeric avirulence gene determines efficacy for the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta. Plant Cell 12:2019-32
123. Panaccione DG, Pitkin JW, Walton JD, Annis SL. 1996. Transposon-like sequences at the TOX2 locus of the plant-pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. Gene 176:103-9
124. Pérez-Ortín JE, Querol A, Puig S, Barrio E. 2002. Molecular characterization of a chromosomal rearrangement involved in the adaptive evolution of yeast strains. Genome Res. 12:1533-39
125. Pickford AS, Catalanotto C, Cogoni C, Macino G. 2002. Quelling in Neurospora crassa. Adv. Genet. 46:277-303
126. Pinsker W, Haring E, Hagemann S, Miller WJ. 2001. The evolutionary life history of P transposons: from horizontal invaders to domesticated neogenes. Chromosoma 110:148-58
127. Plasterk RH, Izsvak Z, Ivics Z. 1999. Resident aliens: the Tc1/mariner superfamily of transposable elements. Trends Genet. 15:326-32
128. Deleted in proof
129. Rasmussen M, Rossen L, Giese H. 1993. SINE-like properties of a highly repetitive element in the genome of the obligate parasitic fungus Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. Mol. Gen. Genet. 239:298-303
130. Rhounim L, Rossignol JL, Faugeron G. 1992. Epimutation of repeated genes in Ascobolus immersus. EMBO J. 11:4451-57
131. Robertson HM. 2002. Evolution of DNA transposons in eukaryotes. See Ref. 21, pp. 1093-110
132. Rosevitch UL, Kistler HC. 2000. Role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of fungi. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38:325-63
133. Ruiz-Pérez VL, Murillo FJ, Torres-Martínez S. 1996. Prt1, an unusual retrotransposon-like sequence in the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:324-33
134. Selker EU. 1999. Epigenetic phenomena in filamentous fungi: useful paradigms or repeated-induced confusion? Trends Genet. 13:296-301
135. Selker EU, Garrett PW. 1988. DNA sequence duplications trigger gene inactivation in Neurospora crassa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6870-74
136. Shiflett AM, Enkerli J, Covert SF. 2002. Nht2, a copia LTR retrotransposon from a conditionally dispensable chromosome in Nectria haematococca. Curr. Genet. 41:99-106
137. Shiu PK, Raju NB, Zickler D, Metzenberg RL. 2001. Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. Cell 107:905-16
138. Shull V, Hamer JE. 1996. Genetic differentiation in the rice blast fungus revealed by the distribution of the Fosbury retrotransposon. Fungal Genet. Biol. 20:59-69
139. Sone T, Suto M, Tomita F. 1993. Host species-specific repetitive DNA sequence in the genome of Magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast fungus. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 57:1228-30
140. Sonnenberg AS, Baars JJ, Mikosch TS, Schaap PJ, Van Griensven LJ. 1999. Abr1, a transposon-like element in the genome of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3347-53
141. Spradling AC, Stern D, Beaton A, Rhem EJ, Laverty T, et al. 1999. The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project gene disruption project: single P-element insertions mutating 25% of vital Drosophila genes. Genetics 153:135-77
142. Villalba F, Lebrun MH, Hua-Van A, Daboussi MJ, Grosjean-Cournoyer MC. 2001. Transposon impala, a novel tool for gene tagging in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14:308-15
143. Walbot V, Rudenko GN. 2002. MuDR/Mu transposable elements of maize. See Ref. 21, pp. 533-64
144. Wei YD, Collinge DB, Smedegaard-Petersen V, Thordal-Christensen H. 1996. Characterization of the transcript of a new class of retroposon-type repetitive element cloned from the powdery mildew fungus, Erysiphe graminis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 250:477-82
145. Wessler SR. 1996. Turned on by stress. Plant retrotransposons. Curr. Biol. 6:959-61
146. Windhofer F, Hauck K, Catcheside DE, Kuck U, Kempken F. 2002. Ds-like Restless deletion derivatives occur in Tolypocladium inflatum and two foreign hosts, Neurospora crassa and Penicillium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet. Biol. 35:171-82
147. Wöstemeyer J, Kreibich A. 2002. Repetitive DNA elements in fungi (Mycota): impact on genomic architecture and evolution. Curr. Genet. 41:189-98
148. Yeadon PJ, Catcheside DE. 1995. Guest: a 98 bp inverted repeat transposable element in Neurospora crassa. Mol. Gen. Genet. 247:105-9
149. Zhou Y, Cambareri EB, Kinsey JA. 2001. DNA methylation inhibits expression and transposition of the Neurospora Tad retrotransposon. Mol. Genet. Genomics 265:748-54
150. Zhu P, Oudemans PV. 2000. A long terminal repeat retrotransposon Cgret from the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on cranberry. Curr. Genet. 38:241-47
151. Zolan ME. 1995. Chromosome-length polymorphism in fungi. Microbiol. Rev. 59:686-98