Mechanisms limiting the northward extent of the northern summer monsoons over North America, Asia, and Africa

Journal of Climate

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 406-425

  Chou, Chia ^a   Neelin, J David ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCES   (Taiwan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEAT CONVECTION; OCEANOGRAPHY; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY); VENTILATION;

CONVERGENCE ZONES;

CLIMATOLOGY;

CONVECTION; CONVERGENCE; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; HEAT FLUX; MONSOON; ROSSBY WAVE;

AFRICA; ASIA; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0043026248     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0406:MLTNEO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Annamalai, H., J. M. Slingo, K. R. Sperber, and K. Hodges, 1999: The mean evolution and variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Comparison of ECMWF and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses, Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1157-1186.
2. Arking, A., 1999: Bringing climate models into agreement with observations of atmospheric absorption. J. Climate, 12, 1589-1600.
3. Barlow, M., S. Nigam, and E. H. Berbery, 1998: Evolution of the North American monsoon system. J. Climate, 11, 2238-2257.
4. Berbery, E. H., 2001: Mesoscale moisture analysis of the North American monsoon. J. Climate, 14, 121-137.
5. Betts, A. K., and M. J. Miller, 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 693-709.
6. Betts, A. K., and M. J. Miller, 1993: The Betts-Miller scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models of the Atmosphere, Meteor. Monogr., No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 107-121.
7. Broccoli, A. J., and S. Manabe, 1992: The effects of orography on midlatitude Northern Hemisphere dry climates. J. Climate. 5, 1181-1201.
8. Carissimo, B. C., A. H. Oort, and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1985: Estimating the meridional energy transports in the atmosphere and ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 82-91.
9. Charney, J. G., 1975: Dynamics of deserts and droughts in Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 193-202.
10. Chou, C., and J. D. Neelin, 1996: Linearization of a longwave radiation scheme for intermediate tropical atmospheric models. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15 129-15 145.
11. Chou, C., and J. D. Neelin, 1999: Cirrus detrainment-temperature feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1295-1298.
12. Chou, C., and J. D. Neelin, 2001: Mechanisms limiting the southward extent of the South American summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2433-2436.
13. Chou, C., J. D. Neelin, and H. Su, 2001: Ocean-atmosphere-land feedbacks in an idealized monsoon. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1869-1891.
14. Claussen, M., C. Kubatzki, V. Brovkin, A. Ganopolski, P. Hoelzmann, and H.-J. Pachur, 1999: Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the mid-Holocene. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2037-2040.
15. Cook, K. H., 1997: Large-scale atmospheric dynamics and Sahelian precipitation. J. Climate, 10, 1137-1152.
16. Cook, K. H., 1999: Generation of the African easterly jet and its role in determining West African precipitation. J. Climate. 12, 1165-1184.
17. Cronin, M. F., and M. J. McPhaden, 1997: The upper ocean heat balance in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during September-December 1992. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C4), 8533-8553.
18. Darnell, W. L., W. F. Staylor, S. K. Gupta, N. A. Ritchey, and A. C. Wilber, 1992: Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from international satellite cloud climatology project C1 data. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15 741-15 760.
19. Ding, Y., 1992: Summer monsoon rainfalls in China. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 373-396.
20. Douglas, M. W., R. A. Maddox, and K. Howard, 1993: The Mexican monsoon. J. Climate. 6, 1665-1678.
21. Douville, H., F. Chauvin, and H. Broqua, 2001: Influence of soil moisture on the Asian and African monsoons. Part I: Mean monsoon and daily precipitation. J. Climate, 14, 2381-2403.
22. Eltahir, E. A. B., and C. Gong, 1996: Dynamics of wet and dry years in West Africa. J. Climate, 9, 1030-1042.
23. Fennessy, M. J., and J. Shukla, 1999: Impact of initial soil wetness on seasonal atmospheric prediction. J. Climate. 12, 3167-3180.
24. Flohn, H., 1957: Large-scale aspects of the "summer monsoon" in south and east Asia. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 35, 180-186.
25. Fu, Q., and K. N. Liou, 1993: Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025.
26. Hahn, D. G., and S. Manabe, 1975: The role of mountains in the south Asian Monsoon Circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1515-1541.
27. Hansen, J., I. Fung, A. Lacis, D. Rind, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy, G. Russell, and P. Stone, 1988: Global climate changes as forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies three-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 93D, 9341-9364.
28. Harshvardhan, R. Davies, D. A. Randall, and T. G. Corsetti, 1987: A fast radiation parameterization for general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1009-1016.
29. Higgins, R. W., Y. Yao, and X. L. Wang, 1997: Influence of the North American monsoon system on the U.S. summer precipitation regime. J. Climate, 10, 2600-2622.
30. Janicot, S., A. Harzallah, B. Fontaine, and V. Moron, 1998: West African monsoon dynamics and eastern equatorial Atlantic and Pacific SST anomalies (1970-88). J. Climate. 11, 1874-1882.
31. Joussaume, S., and Coauthors, 1999: Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 859-862.
32. Lare, A. R., and S. E. Nicholson, 1994: Contrasting conditions of surface water balance in wet years and dry years as a possible land surface-atmosphere feedback mechanism in the West African Sahel. J. Climate, 7, 653-658.
33. Lau, K.-M., and S. Yang, 1996: Seasonal variations, abrupt transition, and intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoons in the GLA GCM. J. Climate. 9, 965-985.
34. Li, C., and M. Yanai, 1996: The onset and interannual variability of the Asian summer monsoon in relation to land-sea thermal contrast. J. Climate. 9, 358-375.
35. Lofgren, B. M., 1995: Surface albedo-climate feedback simulated using two-way coupling. J. Climate, 8, 2543-2562.
36. Luo, H., and M. Yanai, 1984: The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part II: Heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 966-989.
37. Meehl, G. A., 1992: Effect of tropical topography on global climate, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 85-112.
38. Meehl, G. A., 1994: Influence of the land surface in the Asian summer monsoon: External conditions versus internal feedbacks. J. Climate. 7, 1033-1049.
39. Murakami, T., 1987: Orography and monsoons, Monsoons, J. S. Fein and P. L. Stephens, Eds., John Wiley, 331-364.
40. Neelin, J. D., and I. M. Held, 1987: Modeling tropical convergence based on the moist static energy budget. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 3-12.
41. Neelin, J. D., and J.-Y. Yu, 1994: Modes of tropical variability under convective adjustment and the Madden-Julian oscillation. Part I: Analytical theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1876-1894.
42. Neelin, J. D., and N. Zeng, 2000: A quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model-Formulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1741-1766.
43. Nicholson, S., 2000: Land surface processes and Sahel climate. Rev. Geophys., 38, 117-139.
44. Pal, J. S., and E. A. B. Eltahir, 2001: Pathways relating soil moisture conditions to future summer rainfall within a model of the land-atmosphere system. J. Climate. 14, 1227-1242.
45. Palmer, T. N., 1986: Influence of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans on Sahel rainfall. Nature, 322, 251-253.
46. Ramage, C. S., 1971: Monsoon Meteorology. Academic Press, 296 pp.
47. Ramanathan, V., 1987: The role of earth radiation budget studies in climate and general circulation research. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4075-4095.
48. Riehl, H., 1979: Climate and Weather in the Tropics. Academic Press, 611 pp.
49. Rodwell, M. J., and B. J. Hoskins, 1996: Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1385-1404.
50. Rodwell, M. J., and B. J. Hoskins, 2001: Subtropical anticyclones and summer monsoons. J. Climate, 14, 3192-3211.
51. Rowell, D. P., C. K. Folland, K. Maskell, and M. N. Ward, 1995: Variability of summer rainfall over tropical North Africa (1906-92): Observations and modelling. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121A, 669-704.
52. Semazzi, F. H. M., and L. Sun, 1997: The role of orography in determining the Sahelian climate. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 581-596.
53. Sobel, A. H., and C. S. Bretherton, 2000: Modeling tropical precipitation in a single column. J. Climate, 13, 4378-4392.
54. Sperber, K. R., and T. N. Palmer, 1996: Interannual tropical rainfall variability in general circulation model simulations associated with the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. J. Climate, 9, 2727-2750.
55. Thorncroft, C. D., and M. Blackburn, 1999: Maintenance of the African easterly jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 763-786.
56. Trenberth, K. E., and A. Solomon, 1994: The global heat balance: Heat transports in the atmosphere and ocean. Climate Dyn., 7, 107-134.
57. Webster, P. J., 1987: The elementary monsoon. Monsoons, J. S. Fein and P. L. Stephens, Eds., John Wiley, 3-32.
58. Webster, P. J., V. O. Magamana, T. N. Palmer, J. Shukla, R. A. Tomas, M. Yanai, and T. Yasumari, 1998: Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14 451-14 510.
59. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
60. Wu, G., and Y. Zhang, 1998: Tibetan Plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 913-927.
61. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
62. Xue, Y., and J. Shukla, 1993: The influence of land surface properties on Sahel climate. Part I: Desertification. J. Climate, 6, 2232-2245.
63. Yanai, M., and C. Li, 1992: Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 319-351.
64. Yanai, M., and C. Li, 1994: Mechanism of heating and the boundary layer over the Tibetan Plateau. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 305-323.
65. Yang, S., and K.-M. Lau. 1998: Influences of sea surface temperature and ground wetness on Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate. 11, 3230-3246.
66. Yang, Z. L., D. Gochis, and W. J. Shuttleworth, 2001: Evaluation of the simulations of the North American monsoon in the NCAR CCM3. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1211-1214.
67. Yasunari, T., and Y. Seki, 1992: Role of the Asian monsoon on the interannual variability of the global climate system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. 70, 177-189.
68. Young, J. A., 1987: Physics of monsoons: The current view. Monsoons, J. S. Fein and P. L. Stephens, Eds., John Wiley, 211-243.
69. Yu, B., and J. M. Wallace, 2000: The principal mode of interannual variability of the North American monsoon system. J. Climate, 13, 2794-2800.
70. Yu, J.-Y., and J. D. Neelin, 1994: Modes of tropical variability under convective adjustment and the Madden-Julian oscillation. Part II: Numerical results. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1895-1914.
71. Yu, J.-Y., C. Chou, and J. D. Neelin, 1998: Estimating the gross moist stability of the tropical atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1354-1372.
72. Zeng, N., and J. D. Neelin, 1999: A land-atmosphere interaction theory for the tropical deforestation problem. J. Climate, 12, 857-872.
73. Zeng, N., J. D. Neelin, and C. Chou, 2000: The first quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model-implementation and simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1741-1766.
74. Zhisheng, A., J. E. Kutzbach, W. L. Prell, and S. C. Porter, 2001: Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since late Miocene times. Nature, 411, 62-66.