The role of orography in determining the sahelian climate

International Journal of Climatology

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 581-596

  Semazzi, Frederick H M ^a   Sun, Liqiang ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

NASA GEOS 1 GCM; Orography; Sahel; Summer climate anomalies

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE ANOMALY; GCM; GEOS-1; OROGRAPHY;

AFRICA, SAHEL;

EID: 0031450437     PISSN: 08998418     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199705)17:6<581::AID-JOC134>3.0.CO;2-E     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Arakawa, A. and Suarez, M. J. 1983. 'A potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations', Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 34-45.
2. Charney, J. G. and Eliassen, A. 1949. 'A numerical method for predicting the perturbations of the middle latitude westerlies', Tellus, 1, 38-54.
3. Davies, R. 1982. Documentation of the solar radiation parameterization in the GLAS climate model. NASA Technical Memorandum 83961, 57 pp. (Available from the U. S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.)
4. Edelmann, W. 1972. 'An analytical solution for stationary barotropic flow crossing a meridional mountain barrier', Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 45 (Band S), 196-229.
5. Folland, C. K., Palmer, T. N. and Parker D. E. 1986. 'Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901-1985'. Nature, 320, 602-607.
6. Folland, C. K., Owen, J. A., Ward, M. N. and Colman, A. W. 1991. 'Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the Sahel region using empirical and dynamical methods', J. Forecast., 10, 21-56.
7. Harshvardhan, Davies, R., Randall, D. A. and Corsetti T. G. 1987. 'A fast radiation parameterization for atmospheric circulation models', J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1009-1016.
8. Helfand, H. M. and Labraga, J. C. 1988. 'Design of a non-singular level 2.5 second-order closure model for the prediction of atmospheric turbulence', J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 113-132.
9. Hoskins, B. J. and Karoly, 1981. 'The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing', J. Atmos. Sci, 38, 1172-1196.
10. Krishnamurti, T. N. and Ogallo, L. J. 1989. Recent African Climate, Report No. FSU-89-13.
11. Lamb, P. J. 1978. 'Large-scale tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns associated with sub-Saharan weather anomalies', Tellus, 30, 240-251.
12. Lamb, P. J. and Peppier, R. A. 1992. 'Further case studies of tropical Atlantic surface atmospheric and oceanic patterns associated with sub-Saharan drought', J. Climate, 5, 476-488.
13. Lau, K. and Sheu, P. J. 1991. Teleconnections in global rainfall anomalies: seasonal to inter-decadal time scales', in Glantz, M. H., Katz, R. W. and Nicholls, N. (Eds), Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 535 pp.
14. Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J. 1990. 'Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation', Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127.
15. Moorthi, S. and Suarez, M. J. 1992. 'Relaxed Arakawa-Shubert: a parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models', Mon. Wea. Revc., 120, 978-1002.
16. Nicholson, S. E. 1993. 'An overview of African rainfall fluctuations', J. Climate, 7, 1463-1466.
17. Nicholson, S. E. and Palao, I. M. 1993. 'A re-evaluation of rainfall variability in the Sahel, Part I. Characteristics of rainfall fluctuations', Int. J. Climate, 123, 371-389.
18. Nicholson, S. E., Kim, J. and Hoopingarner, J. 1988. Atlas of African Rainfall and its Interannual Variability. Department of Meteorology, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. 237 pp.
19. Pan, Y. J. and Oort, A. H. 1990. Correlation analyses between sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the world oceans', Clim Dyn, 4 (3), 191-205.
20. Rowell, D. P., Folland, C. K., Maskell, K., Owen, J. A. and Ward, M. N. 1991, 'Modeling the influence of global sea surface temperatures on the variability and predictability of seasonal Sahel rainfall', Geophy. Res. Lett., 19, 905-908.
21. Rowell, D. P., Folland, C. K., Maskell, K. and Ward, M. N. 1995. 'Variability of summer rainfall over tropical north Africa (1906-1992): observations and modeling', Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 669-704.
22. Semazzi, H. F. M. 1980a. 'Stationary barotropic flow induced by a mountain over a tropical belt', Mon. Mea. Rev. 108, 922-930.
23. Semazzi, H. F. M. 1980b. 'Numerical experiments on the orographic dynamic phenomenon over a tropical belt', Arch. Meteoral. Grophys. Bioklimatol., Ser. A.. 29, 55-68.
24. Semazzi, H. F. M. 1985. 'An investigation of the equatorial orographic dynamic mechanism', J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 28-83.
25. Semazzi, H. F. M., Sud, Y. C. and Mehta, V. 1988. 'An investigation of the relationship between sub-Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperatures', Atmos. Ocean, 26, 118-138.
26. Semazzi, H. F. M., Sud, Y. C. and Mehta, V. 1989. 'Reply to comments on, "An investigation of the relationship between sub-Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperatures'", Atmos. Ocean, 27, 601-605.
27. Semazzi, H. F. M., Lin, H.-H., Lin, Y.-L., and Giorgi, F. 1993. 'A CCM1-MM4 nested model study of the influence of sea-surface temperature anomalies on the Sahelian Climate', JGL, 20, 2897-2900.
28. Semazzi, H. F. M., Burns, B., Lin, N. H. and Schemm, J. 1996. 'A GCM study of the teleconnections between the continental climate of Africa and global sea-surface temperature anomalies', J Climate, in press.
29. Shapiro, R. 1970. 'Smoothing, filtering and boundary effects', Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 8, 359-387.
30. Takacs, L. T., Molod, A. and Wang T. 1994. Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) General Circulation Model (GCM) Version-1. NASA Technical Memorandum 104606. (Available from the U. S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.)
31. Trenberth, E. 1992. Global Analyses from ECMWF and Atlas of 1000 to 10 mb Circulation Statistics. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Technical Note NCAR/TN-373+STR, pp. 191.
32. Wang, T.-A, Lin, Y.-L., Semazzi, H. F. M. and Janowitz, G. S. 1996. 'Response of a stably stratified atmosphere to large-scale diabatic forcing with applications to wind patterns in Brazil and the Sahel', J. Geophys. Rev., 101(D3), 7049-7073.
33. Woher, K. 1989. 'Modes of tropical circulation, Southern Oscillation, and Sahel rainfall anomalies', J. Climate, 2, 149-172.