Clinical and cellular pharmacology in relation to solid tumours of childhood

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 253-273

  Estlin, E J ^a   Veal, G J ^b  

^a ROYAL MANCHESTER CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSULFAN; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DACTINOMYCIN; DAUNORUBICIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IFOSFAMIDE; IRINOTECAN; ISOTRETINOIN; MELPHALAN; MERCAPTOPURINE; METHOTREXATE; TOPOTECAN; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADOLESCENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CANCER RISK; CHILD; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY; DRUG ACCUMULATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RESPONSE; EWING SARCOMA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE; NEPHRECTOMY; NEPHROBLASTOMA; NEPHROTOXICITY; OSTEOSARCOMA; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOSARCOMA; SIDE EFFECT; SOLID TUMOR;

EID: 0042912912     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-7372(02)00109-3     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Stiller CA, Allen MB, Eatock EM. Childhood cancer in Britain: The National Registry of Childhood Tumours and incidence rates 1978-1987. Eur J Cancer 1978; 31A: 2028-2034.
2. Estlin EJ, Lowis SP, Hall AG. Optimising antimetabolite-based chemotherapy for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 29-40.
3. Estlin EJ, Ronghe M, Burke GAA, et al. The clinical and cellular pharmacology of vincristine, corticosteroids, L-asparaginase, anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide in relation to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 780-790.
4. Rodman JH, Relling MV, Stewart CF, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anticancer drugs in children. Semin Oncol 1993; 20: 18-29.
5. Evans WE, Crom W, Abromowitch M, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of high-dose methotrexate in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. N Eng J Med 1986; 314: 471-477.
6. Koren G, Ferrazini G, Sulh H, et al. Systemic exposure to mercaptopurine as a prognostic indicator in acute lymphocytic leukaemia in children. N Eng J Med 1990; 323: 17-21.
7. Evans WE, Relling M, Rodman JH, et al. Conventional compared with individualised chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. N Eng J Med 1998; 338: 499-505.
8. Relling MV, Hancock ML, Boyett JM, et al. Prognostic importance of 6-mercaptopurine dose intensity in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood 1999; 9: 2817-2823.
9. Gaynon PS, Steinherz PG, Bleyer WA, et al. Association of delivered drug dose and outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and unfavourable presenting features. Med Pediatr Oncol 1991; 19: 221-227.
10. Avramis VI, Wiersma S, Krailo MD, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of fludarabine and cytosine arabinoside administered as loading boluses followed by continuous infusions after a phase I/II study in pediatric patients with relapsed leukaemia. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 45-52.
11. Galpin AJ, Scheutz JD, Masson E, et al. Differences in folylpolyglutamyl synthase and dihydrofolate reductase expression in human B-lineage versus T-lineage leukaemic lymphoblasts: mechanisms for lineage differences in methotrexate polyglutamation and cytotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52: 155-163.
12. Masson E, Relling MV, Synold TW, et al. Accumulation of methotrexate polyglutamates in lymphoblasts is a determinant of antileukaemic effects in vivo. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 73-80.
13. Balis FM, Holcenberg JS, Poplack DG, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral methotrexate in children with lower risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a joint Children's Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Branch study. Blood 1998; 92: 3569-3577.
14. Nachman JB, Sather HN, Sensel MG, et al. Augmented post-induction therapy for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and a slow response to initial therapy. N Eng J Med 1998; 338: 1663-1671.
15. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Comparison between single-dose and divided-dose administration of Dactinomycin and doxorubicin for patients with Wilms' tumour: a report from the National Wilms' Tumour Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 237-245.
16. Boccon-Giboud L, Rey A, Sandstedt B, et al. Complete necrosis induced by preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumour as an indicator of risk: report of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) Nephroblastoma Trial and Study 9. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000; 34: 183-190.
17. Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC. Antimicrotubule agents. In: Chabner BA, Longo DL (eds.), Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. JB Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, 1996; 263-293.
18. da Silva CP, de Olivera CR, De Lima M. Apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death induced by different chemotherapeutic drugs in human leukaemic T-lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51: 1331-1340.
19. Kobayashi H, Takemura Y, Ohnuma T. Relationship between tumour cell density and drug concentration and the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin or vincristine: mechanism of innoculum effects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 31: 6-10.
20. Re GG, Willingham MC, el Bhatimi R, et al. Anaplasia and drug selection-independent overexpression of the multidrug resistance gene, MDR1, in Wilms' tumour. Mod Pathol 1997; 10: 129-136.
21. Goldberg IH, Reich E. Actinomycin and nucleic acid function. Prog Nucl Acids Res 1964; 3: 183-234.
22. Trask DK, Muller MT. Stabilization of type-I topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes by actinomycin D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 1417-1421.
23. Perry RP, Kelly DE. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D: characteristic dose-response of different RNA species. J Cell Physiol 1970; 76: 127-140.
24. Yung BYM, Bor AMS, Chan PK. Short exposure to actinomycin D induces reversible translocation of protein B23 as well as reversible inhibition of cell growth and RNA synthesis in HeLa cells. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 5987-5991.
25. Diddens H, Gekeler V, Neumann M, et al. Characterization of actinomycin D resistant CHO cell lines exhibiting a multidrug-resistance phenotype and amplified DNA sequences. Int J Cancer 1987; 40: 635-642.
26. Prados J, Melguizo C, Fernandez A, et al. Inverse expression of MDR-1 and c-myc genes in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line resistant to actinomycin D. J Pathol 1996; 180: 85-89.
27. Horton JK, Houghton PJ, Houghton JA. Relationships between tumour responsiveness, vincristine pharmacokinetics and arrest of mitosis in human tumour xenografts. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37: 3995-4000.
28. Houghton JA, Meyer WH, Houghton PJ. Scheduling of vincristine: drug accumulation and response of xenografts of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma determined by frequency of administration. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 717-721.
29. Kessel D, Wodinsky I. Uptake in vivo and in vitro of actinomycin D by mouse leukemias as factors in survival. Biochem Pharmacol 1968; 17: 161-164.
30. Bowen D, Goldman ID. The relationship among transport, intracellular binding and inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Cancer Res 1975; 35: 3054-3060.
31. 3H-actinomycin D by mammalian cells in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1975; 192: 270-279.
32. Tattersall MHN, Sodergen JE, Sengupta SK, et al. Pharmacokinetics of actinomycin D in patients with malignant melanoma. Clin Pharm Ther 1975; 17: 701-708.
33. Pritchard J, Imeson J, Barnes J, et al. Results of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group UKCCSG first Wilms' tumour study UKW-1. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 124-133.
34. Corn BW, Goldwein JW, Evans I, et al. Outcomes in low-risk babies treated with half-dose chemotherapy according to the third National Wilms' tumour study. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1305-1309.
35. Satow WW, Thurman WG, Windmiller J. for the writing committee of the Pediatric Division of the South West Cancer Chemotherapy Group. Vincristine (leurocristine) sulfate in the treatment of children with metastatic Wilms' tumour. Pediatrics 1963; 32: 880-887.
36. James DH, George P. Vincristine in children with malignant solid tumours. J Pediatr 1964; 64: 534-541.
37. Selawry OS, Hanarrian J. Vincristine treatment of cancer in children. J Am Med Assoc 1963; 183: 741-746.
38. Gidding CEM, Meeuwsen-de Boer GJ, Koopmans P, et al. Vincristine pharmacokinetics after repetitive dosing in children. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 44: 203-209.
39. de Graf SSN, Bloemhof H, Vendrig EMM, et al. Vincristine disposition in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995; 24: 235-240.
40. Crom WR, Siebold SN, Synold T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vincristine in children and adolescents with acute lymphocytic leukaemia. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 642-649.
41. Kohli-Kumar M, McDermott BJ, Gururangan S, et al. Kinetic basis for pediatric dosage of vincristine. Med Pediatr Oncol 1990; 18: 416.
42. Tan CTC, Dargeon HW, Burchenal JH. The effect of actinomycin D on cancer in childhood. Pediatrics 1959; 24: 544-561.
43. Howard R. Actinomycin D in Wilms' tumour: treatment of lung metastases. Arch Dis Child 1965; 40: 200-202.
44. Burgert EO, Glidewell O. Dactinomycin in Wilms' Tumour. J Am Med Assoc 1967; 199: 464-468.
45. Green DM. Evaluation of single-dose vincristine, actinomycin-D and cyclophosphamide in childhood solid tumours. Cancer Treat Rep 1978; 62: 1517-1520.
46. Carli M, Pastore G, Perilongo G, et al. Tumour response and toxicity after single high-dose versus standard five-day divided-dose Dactinomycin in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 654-658.
47. Green DM, Norkool P, Brreslow N, et al. Severe hepatic toxicity after treatment with vincristine and actinomycin-D using single-dose or divided dose schedule. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1525-1530.
48. De Camargo B. Hepatotoxicity and actinomycin-D. Lancet 1990; 335: 1290.
49. Ludwig R, Weirich A, Abel U, et al. Hepatotoxicity in patients treated according to the nephroblastoma trial and study SIOP-9/GPOH. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999; 33: 262-469.
50. Bisogno G, Kraker J, Weirich A, et al. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children treated for Wilms' tumour. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997; 29: 245-251.
51. Mayo MW, Wang CY, Drouin SS, et al. WT1 modulates apoptosis by transcriptionally upregulating the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. EMBO J 1999; 18: 3990-4003.
52. Coze C, Hartmann O, Michon J, et al. NB 87 induction protocol for stage 4 neuroblastoma over one year of age: a report form the French Society of Paediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3433-3440.
53. Cheung NK, Kushner BH, LaQuaglia M, et al. N7: a novel multi-modality therapy of high risk neuroblastoma (NB) in children diagnosed over I year of age. Med Paediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 227-230.
54. Doroshow JH. Anthracyclines and anthracenediones. In: Chabner BA, Longo DL (eds.), Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice. JB Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, 1996; 409-434.
55. Keshelava N, Seeger RC, Groshen S, Reynolds CP. Drug resistance patterns of human neuroblastoma cell lines derived from patients at different phases of therapy. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5396-5405.
56. Dhooge CRM, Moerloose BMJ, Benoit YCM, et al. Expression of the MDR1 gene product p-glycoprotein in childhood neuroblastoma. Cancer 1997; 80: 1250-1257.
57. Norris MD, Bordow SB, Marshall GM, et al. Expression of the gene for multidrug-resistance - associated protein and outcome in patients with neuroblastoma. N Eng J Med 1996; 334: 231-238.
58. Norris MD, Bordow SB, Haber PS, et al. Evidence that the MYCN oncogene regulates MRP gene expression in neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 1911-1916.
59. Haber M, Bordow SB, Haber PS, et al. The prognostic value of MDR1 gene expression in primary untreated neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 2031-2036.
60. Bader P, Schilling F, Schlaud M, et al. Expression analysis of multidrug resistance associated genes in neuroblastomas. Oncol Rep 1999; 6: 1143-1146.
61. Cowie FJ, Pritchard-Jones K, Renshaw J, et al. Multidrug resistance modulation in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. Int J Oncol 1998; 12: 1143-1149.
62. Norris MD, Madafiglo J, Gilbert J, Marshall GM, Haber M. Reversal of mutlidrug resistance-associated protein-mediated drug resistance in cultured human neuroblastoma cells by the quinolone antibiotic difloxacin. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 177-180.
63. Haber M, Bordow SB, Gilbert J, et al. Altered expression of the MYCN oncogene modulates MRP gene expression and response to cytotoxic drugs in neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 1999; 18: 2777-2782.
64. Sufrin G, Murphy P. Pharmacokinetic studies in the chemotherapy of neuroblastoma using the C1300 murine system. Oncology 1976; 33: 173-178.
65. Siegel MM, Chung HS, Rucker N, et al. In vitro and in vivo pre-clinical chemotherapy studies of human neuroblastoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1980; 64: 975-979.
66. Makino S, Kashii A, Kanazawa K, et al. Effects of newly introduced chemotherapeutic agents on a cytogenetically highly malignant neuroblastoma, xenotransplanted in nude mice. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28: 612-616.
67. Tan C, Etcubanas E, Wollner N, et al. Adriamycin - an antitumour antibiotic in the treatment of neoplastic disease. Cancer 1967; 20: 333-353.
68. Wang JJ, Cortes E, Sinks LF, et al. Therapeutic effect and toxicity of adriamycin in patients with neoplastic disease. Cancer 1971; 28: 837-843.
69. Ragab AH, Sutow WW, Komp DM, et al. Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood solid tumours. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer 1975; 36: 1567-1576.
70. Speth PAJ, Linssen PCM, Boezeman JBM, et al. Cellular and plasma adriamycin concentrations in long term infusion therapy of leukaemia patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; 20: 305-310.
71. Reid JM, Pendergrass TW, Krailo MD, et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of idarubicin and idarubicinol in pediatric leukaemia patients: A Children's Cancer Group Report. Cancer Res 1990; 30: 6525-6528.
72. Ninane J, Pritchard J, Malpas JS. Chemotherapy of advanced neuroblastoma: does adriamycin contribute?. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 544-548.
73. Shafford EA, Rogers DW, Pritchard J. Advanced neuroblastoma: improved response rate uding a multiagent regimen (OPEC) including sequential cisplatin and VM-26. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 742-747.
74. Kushner BH, LaQuaglia MP, Bonilla MA, et al. Highly effective induction therapy for stage4 neuroblastoma in children over 1 year of age. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2607-2613.
75. Cheung NV, Heller G. Chemotherapy dose - intensity correlates strongly with response, median survival, and median progression-free survival in metastatic neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1050-1058.
76. Campbell LA, Seeger RC, Harris RE, et al. Escalating doses of continuous infusion combination chemotherapy for refractory neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 623-629.
77. Meresse V, Vassal G, Michon J. Combined continuous infusion etoposide with high-dose cyclophosphamide for refractory neuroblastoma: A Phase II study form the Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 630-637.
78. Pinkerton CR, Blanc Vincent MP, Bergeron C, et al. Induction chemotherapy in metastatic neuroblastoma - does dose influence response? A critical review of published data standards, options and recommendations (SOR) project of the national Federation of French Cancer Centres (FNCLCC). Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 1808-1815.
79. Stram DO, Matthay KK, O'Leary M, et al. Consolidation chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation versus continued chemotherapy for metastatic neuroblastoma: a report of two concurrent Children's Cancer Group studies. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2417-2426.
80. Hartmann O, Valteau-Couanet D, Vassal G, et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic neuroblastoma in patients over 1 year of age treated with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation: a multivariate analysis in 218 patients treated in a single institution. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23: 789-795.
81. Taha IA, Ahmad RA, Rogers J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of melphalan in children following high-dose intravenous injection. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1983; 10: 212-216.
82. Vassal G, Challine D, Koscielny S, et al. Chronopharmacology of high-dose busulphan in children. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1534-1537.
83. McCune JS, Gibbs JP, Slattery JT. Plasma concentration monitoring of busulphan: does it improve clinical outcome. Clin Pharmackinet 2000; 39: 155-165.
84. Boland I, Vassal G, Morizet J, et al. Busulphan is active against neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts in athymic mice a clinically achievable plasma drug concentrations. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 787-792.
85. Matthay KK, Villablanca JG, Seeger RC, et al. Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and13-cis-retinoic acid. A Children's Cancer Group study. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 1165-1173.
86. Cheung NK, Kushner BH, Cheung IY, et al. Anti-G(D2) antibody treatment of minimal residual stage 4 neuroblastoma diagnosed at more than 1 year of age. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 353-3060.
87. Kohler JA, Imeson J, Ellershaw C, et al. A randomised trial of 13-cis retinoic acid in children with advanced neuroblastoma after high-dose therapy. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 1124-1127.
88. Khan AA, Villablanca JG, Reynolds CP, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies of 13-cis-retinoic acid in pediatric patients with neuroblastoma following bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996; 39: 34-41.
89. Green AA, Hayes FA, Hustu HO. Sequential cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin for induction of complete remission in children with disseminated neuroblastoma. Cancer 1981; 48: 2310-2317.
90. Hero B, Hunneman DH, Gahr M, et al. Evaluation of catecholamine metabolites, mIBG scan, and bone marrow cytology as response markers in stage 4 neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 220-223.
91. Horibe K, Fukada M, Miyajima Y, et al. Outcome prediction by molecular detection of minimal residual disease in bone marrow for advanced neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 203-204.
92. Seeger RC, Reynolds CP, Gallego R, et al. Quantitative tumour cell content of bone marrow and blood as a predictor of outcome in stage IV neuroblastoma: a Children's Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol 2000; 15: 4067-4076.
93. Colvin M, Brundrett RB, Kan MN, et al. Alkylating properties of phosphoramide mustard. Cancer Res 1976; 36: 1121-1130.
94. Sladek NE. Metabolism of oxazophosphorines. Pharmacol Ther 1988; 37: 301-355.
95. Kohn KW, Hartley JA, Mattes WB. Mechanisms of DNA sequence alkylation of guanine-N7 positions by nitrogen mustards. Nucleic Acid Res 1987; 14: 10531-10545.
96. Springer JB, Colvin ME, Colvin OM, et al. Isophosphoramide mustard and its mechanism of bisalkylation. J Org Chem 1998; 63: 7218-7222.
97. Shulman Roskes EM, Noe DA, Gamcsik MP, et al. The partitioning of phosphoramide mustard and its aziridinium ions among alkylation and P-N bond hydrolysis reactions. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 515-529.
98. Yule SM, Boddy AV, Cole M, et al. Cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 41: 13-19.
99. Juma FD, Rogers HJ, Trounce JR. Pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and alkylating activity in man after intravenous and oral administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8: 209-217.
100. Busse D, Busch FW, Schweizer E, et al. Fractionated administration of high-dose cyclophosphamide: influence on dose-dependent changes in pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 43: 263-268.
101. Schuler U, Ehninger G, Wagner T. Repeated high-dose cyclophosphamide administration in bone marrow transplantation: exposure to activated metabolites. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; 20: 248-252.
102. D'Incalci M, Bolis G, Facchinetti T, et al. Decreased half-life of cyclophosphamide in patients under continual treatment. Eur J Cancer 1979; 13: 7-10.
103. Chang TKH, Yu L, Maurel P, et al. Enhanced cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation in primary human hepatocyte cultures: response to cytochrome P-450 inducers and autoinduction by oxazaphosphorines. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1946-1954.
104. Kaijser GP, Beijnen JH, Bult A, et al. Ifosfamide metabolism and pharmacokinetics [review]. Anticancer Res 1994; 14: 517-532.
105. Boddy AV, Cole M, Pearson ADJ, et al. The kinetics of the auto-induction of ifosfamide metabolism during continuous infusion. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 36: 53-60.
106. Juma FD, Rogers HJ, Trounce JR. The pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide, phosphoramide mustard and nor-nitrogen mustard studied by gas chromatography in patients receiving cyclophosphamide therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980; 10: 327-335.
107. Sensenbrenner LL, Marini JJ, Colvin M. Comparative effects of cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, 4-methylcyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard on murine hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 62: 975-981.
108. Brock N. Comparative pharmacologic study in vitro and in vivo with cyclophosphamide NSC-26271, cyclophosphamide metabolites, and plain nitrogen mustard compounds. Cancer Treat Rep 1976; 60: 301-308.
109. Crook TR, Souhami RL, McLean AEM. Cytotoxicity, DNA crosslinking, and single strand breaks induced by activated cyclophosphamide and acrolein in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res 1980; 46: 5029-5034.
110. Richardson ME, Siemann DW. DNA damage in cyclophosphamide-resistant tumor cells: the role of glutathione. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1691-1695.
111. Andersson BS, Mroue M, Britten RA, et al. The role of DNA damage in the resistance of human chronic myeloid leukaemia cells to cyclophosphamide analogues. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5394-5400.
112. Magni M, Shammah S, Schiro R, et al. Induction of cyclophosphamide resistance by aldehyde-dehydrogenase gene transfer. Blood 1996; 87: 1097-1103.
113. Friedman HS, Pegg AE, Johnson SP, et al. Modulation of cyclophosphamide activity by O-6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 43: 80-85.
114. Boven E, Pinedo HM, van Hattum AH, et al. Characterisation of human soft-tissue sarcoma xenografts for use in secondary drug screening. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 1586-1593.
115. Cocker HA, Pinkerton CR, Kelland LR. Characterisation and modulation of drug resistance of human paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 338-345.
116. 6 -alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase of human tumour xenografts. Eur J Cancer 2000; 83: 338-345.
117. Green DM, Jaffe N. Progress and controversy in the treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Treat Rev 1978; 5: 7-27.
118. Pappo AS, Etcubanas E, Santana VM. A phase II trial of ifosfamide in previously untreated children and adolescents with unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 1993; 71: 2119-2125.
119. Treuner J, Burger D, Weinel P, et al. Comparison between the initial cytostatic response rate under a combination including cyclophosphamide (VACA) and the same combination with ifosfamide (VAIA) in primary unresectable rhabdomyosarcoma. Med Paed Oncol 1987; 15: 328.
120. Baker KS, Anderson JR, Link MP, et al. Benefit of intensified therapy with local and regional embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: results from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 2427-2434.
121. Brain ECG, Mita A, Soulie P, et al. 6-day continuous infusion of high-dose ifosfamide with bone marrow growth factors in advanced refractory malignancies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123: 227-231.
122. Fichtinger-Schepman AM, van der Veer JL, den Hartog JH, et al. Adducts of the antitumour drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) with DNA: formation, identification and quantitation. Biochemistry 1985; 24: 707-713.
123. Knox RJ, Friedlos F, Lydall DA, et al. Mechanism of cytotoxicity of anticancer platinum drugs: evidence that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and cis-diammine-(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) differ only in the kinetics of their interaction with DNA. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 1972-1979.
124. Osheroff N. Effect of antineoplastic agents on the DNA cleavage-religation reaction of eucaryotic topoisomerase-II-inhibition of DNA ligation by etoposide. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 6157-6160.
125. Hofbauer S, Hamilton G, Theyer G, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I-dependent growth and in vitro chemosensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour cell lines. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29: 241-245.
126. Takeshita H, Kusuzaki K, Ashihara T, et al. Intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in murine osteosarcoma cells. J Bone Joint Surg - Am 2000; 82: 963-969.
127. Andrews PA, Howell SB. Cellular pharmacology of cisplatin: perspectives on mechanisms of acquired resistance. Cancer Cells 1990; 2: 35-43.
128. Perez RP, Hamilton TC, Ozols RF. Resistance to alkylating agents and cisplatin: insights from ovarian carcinoma model systems. Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 19-27.
129. Komiya S, Gebhart MC, Mangham DC. Role of glutathione in cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. J Orthop Res 1998; 16: 15-22.
130. Asada N, Tsuchiya H, Ueda Y, et al. Establishment and characterization of an acquired cisplatin-resistant subline in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 1765-1768.
131. Asada N, Tsuchiya H, Tomita K. De novo deletions of p53 gene and wild-type p53 correlate with acquired cisplatin-resistance in human osteosarcoma OST cell line. Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 5131-5137.
132. Fan J, Bertino JR. Modulation of cisplatinum cytotoxicity by p53: effect of p53-mediated apoptosis and DNA. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 56: 966-972.
133. Perego P, Gatti L, Caserini C. The cellular basis of the efficacy of the trinuclear platinum complex BBR 3464 against cisplatin-resistant cells. J Inorg Biochem 1999; 77: 59-64.
134. Pratesi G, Perego P, Polizzi D. A novel charged trinuclear platinum complex effective against cisplatin-resistant tumours: hypersensitivity of p53-mutant tumour xenografts. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 1912-1919.
135. Zhou Z, Jia SF, Hung MC. E1A sensitizes HER2/neuoverexpressing Ewing's sarcoma cells to topoisomerase II-targeting anticancer drugs. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3394-3398.
136. Madden T, Sunderland M, Santana VM. The pharmacokinetics of high-dose carboplatin in paediatric patients with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 51: 701-707.
137. Newell DR, Pearson ADJ, Balmanno K, et al. Carboplatin pharmacokinetics in children: the development of a paediatric dosing formula. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2314-2323.
138. Riccardi R, Riccardi A, Lasorella A, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin in children. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 33: 477-483.
139. Murry DJ, Sandlund JT, Stricklin LM, et al. Pharmacokinetics and acute renal effects of continuously infused carboplatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54: 374-380.
140. Marina NM, Rodman J, Shema SJ, et al. Phase I study of escalating targeted doses of carboplatin combined with ifosfamide and etoposide in children with relapsed solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 554-560.
141. Marina NM, Rodman JH, Murry DJ, et al. Phase I study of escalating doses of carboplatin combined with ifosfamide and etoposide in the treatment of newly diagnosed paediatric solid tumours. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 544-548.
142. Thomas HD, Boddy AV, English MW, et al. Prospective validation of renal function-based carboplatin dosing in children with cancer: a United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3614-3621.
143. Veal GJ, Boddy AV, Thomas HD, et al. Real-time monitoring of carboplatin pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients receiving high dose chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 1999; 80(Abstr, Suppl 2): 93.
144. Dominici C, Petrucci F, Caroli S, et al. A pharmacokinetic study of high-dose continuous infusion cisplatin in children with solid tumours. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 100-107.
145. Campbell AB, Kalman SM, Jacobs C. Plasma platinum levels: relationship to cisplatin dose and nephrotoxocity. Cancer Treat Rep 1983; 67: 169-172.
146. Peng B, English MW, Boddy AV. Cisplatin pharmacokinetics in children with cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 1823-1828.
147. Reed E, Ostchega Y, Steinberg SM, et al. Evaluation of platinum-DNA adduct levels relative to known prognostic variables in a cohort of ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2256-2260.
148. Schellens JHM, Ma J, Planting AST, et al. Relationship between the exposure to cisplatin, DNA-adduct formation in leucocytes and tumour response in patients with solid tumours. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 1569-1575.
149. Veal GJ, Dias C, Price L, et al. Influence of cellular factors and pharmacokinetics on the formation of platinum-DNA adducts in leukocytes of children receiving cisplatin therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 2205-2212.
150. Boos J, Real E, Schulze-Westhoff P, et al. Investigation of the variability of etoposide pharmacokinetics in children. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 30: 495-497.
151. Lowis SP, Pearson ADJP, Newell DR, et al. Etoposide pharmacokinetics in children: the development of a dosing equation. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4881-4889.
152. Eksborg S, Soderhall S, Frostvik-Stolt M, et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics of etoposide (VP-16) after i.v. administration to children. Anti-cancer Drugs 2000; 11: 237-241.
153. Sonnichsen DS, Ribeiro RC, Luo XL, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 21-day continuous oral etoposide in paediatric patients with solid tumors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 99-107.
154. D'Incalci M, Erba E, Vaghi M, et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of VP16 on primary tumour and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1982; 18: 377-380.
155. Brindley CJ, Pedley RB, Antoniw P, et al. Activity and distribution studies of etoposide and mitozolomide in vivo and in vitro against human choriocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; 19: 221-225.
156. Boos J, Krumpelmann S, Schulze-Westhoff P, et al. Steady-state levels and bone marrow toxicity of etoposide in children and infants: does etoposide require age-dependent dose calculation. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2954-2960.
157. Joel SP, Heap L, Robbins S, et al. A limited sampling strategy for the calculation of etoposide pharmacokinetics. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1990; 9: 67.
158. Gentili D, Zucchetti M, Torri V, et al. A limited sampling model for the pharmacokinetics of etoposide given orally. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 32: 482-486.
159. Lowis S, Price L, Pearson ADJ, et al. A study of the feasibility and accuracy of pharmacokinetically guided etoposide dosing in children. Br J Cancer 1998; 77: 2318-2323.
160. Rosen G, Caparros B, Huvos AG, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma: selection of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy based on the response of the primary tumor to preoperative chemotherapy. Cancer 1982; 49: 1221-1230.
161. Ochs JJ, Freman AI, Douglass HO, et al. cis-Dichlorodiamineplatinum (II) in advanced osteogenic sarcoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1978; 62: 239-245.
162. Antman KH. Chemotherapy of advanced sarcomas of bone and soft tissue. Semin Oncol 1992; 19(Suppl 12): 13-20.
163. Kung F, Hayes FA, Krischer J, et al. Clinical trial of etoposide (VP-16) in children with recurrent malignant solid tumours. A phase II study from the Pediatric Oncology Group. Invest New Drugs 1988; 6: 31-36.
164. Petrilli AS, Kechichian R, Broniscer A, et al. Activity of intraarterial carboplatin as a single agent in the treatment of newly diagnosed extremity osteosarcoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999; 33: 71-75.
165. Ettinger LJ, Gaynon PS, Krailo MD, et al. A phase-II study of carboplatin in children with recurrent or progressive solid tumors - a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Cancer 1994; 73: 1297-1301.
166. Smith MA, Ungerleider RS, Horowitz ME, et al. Influence of doxorubicin dose intensity on response and outcome for patients with osteogenic sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1460-1470.
167. Delepine N, Delepine G, Bacci G, et al. Influence of methotrexate dose intensity on outcome of patients with high grade osteosarcoma: analysis of the literature. Cancer 1996; 78: 2127-2135.
168. Bacci G, Picci P, Ferrari S, et al. Influence of adriamycin dose in the outcome of patients with osteosarcoma treated with multidrug neoadjuvant chemotherapy: results of two sequential studies. J Chemother 1993; 5: 237-246.
169. Bacci G, Ferrari S, Delepine N, et al. Predictive factors of histologic response to primary chemotherapy in osteosarcoma of the extremity: study of 272 patients preoperatively treated with high-dose methotrexate, doxorubicin and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 658-663.
170. Bacci G, Ferrari S, Longhi A, et al. Relationship between
171. Delepine N, Delepine G, Cornille H, et al. Prognostic factors in patients in Ewing's sarcoma: the effect on survival of actual received drug dose intensity and of histologic response to induction therapy. J Chemother 1997; 9: 352-363.
172. Lewis IJ, Weedon S, Machin D, et al. Received dose and dose-intensity of chemotherapy and outcome in non-metastatic extremity osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 4028-4037.
173. Pawlik CA, Houghton PJ, Stewart CF, et al. Effective schedules of exposure of medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts to topotecan correlate with in vitro assays. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 1995-2002.
174. Zamboni WC, Houghton PJ, Hulstein JL, et al. Relationship between tumour extracellular fluid exposure to topotecan and tumour response in human neuroblastoma xenograft and cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 43: 269-276.
175. Zamboni WC, Stewart CF, Thompson J, et al. Relationship between topotecan systemic exposure and tumour response in human neuroblastoma xenografts. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 505-511.
176. Thompson J, George EO, Poquette CA, et al. Synergy of topotecan in combination with vincristine for treatment of pediatric solid tumour xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 3617-3631.
177. Zamboni WC, Gajjar AJ, Mandrell TD, et al. A 4-h topotecan infusion achieves cytotoxic exposure throughout the neuraxis in the non-human primate model: implications for treatment of children with metastatic medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 2537-2544.
178. Vassal G, Boland I, Santos A, et al. Potent therapeutic activity of irinotecan (CPT-11) and it's schedule dependency in medulloblastoma xenografts in nude mice. Int J Cancer 1997; 73: 156-163.
179. Blaney SM, Needle MN, Gillespie A, et al. Phase II trial of topotecan administered as a 72-h continuous infusion in children with refractory solid tumours: a collaborative Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, and Children's Cancer Group study. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 357-360.
180. Kadota RP, Stewart CF, Horn M, et al. Topotecan for the treatment of recurrent or progressive central nervous system tumours - a Pediatric Oncology Group phase II study. J Neuroocol 1999; 43: 43-47.
181. Furman WL, Stewart CF, Poquette CA, et al. Direct translation of a protracted irinotecan schedule from a xenograft model to a Phase I trial in children. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1815-1824.
182. Rodman JH, Abramowitch M, Sinulke JA, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of continuous infusion teniposide: systemic exposure as a determinant of response in a phase I trial. J Clin Oncol 1987; 7: 1007-1014.
183. Smith M, Abrams J, Trimble EL, et al. Dose intensity of chemotherapy for childhood cancers. Oncologist 1996; 1: 293-304.
184. Horowitz ME, Etcubanas E, Christensen ML, et al. Phase II testing of melphalan in children with newly diagnosed rhabdomyosarcoma: a model for anticancer drug development. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 308-314.
185. Pratt CB, Horowitz ME, Meyer WH, et al. Phase II trial of ifosfamide in children with malignant solid tumours. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 131-135.
186. Tournade MF, Lemerle J, Brunat-Mentigny M, et al. Ifosfamide is an active drug in Wilms' tumour: a phase II study conducted by the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 793-796.
187. Harris MB, Cantor AB, Goorin AM, et al. Treatment of osteosarcoma with ifosfamide: comparison of response in pediatric patients with recurrent disease versus patients previously untreated: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995; 24: 87-92.
188. Gaynon PS, Ettinger LJ, Baum ES. Carboplatin in childhood brain tumours. A Children's Cancer Study Group Phase III trial. Cancer 1990; 66: 2465-2469.
189. Mastrengelo R, Lasorella A, Riccardi R, et al. Carboplatin in childhood medulloblastoma/PNET: feasibility of an in vivo sensitivity test in an "up-front" study. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995; 24: