Does whom you work with matter? Effects of referent group gender and age composition on managers' compensation

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 88, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 725-740

  Ostroff, Cheri ^a   Atwater, Leanne E ^b  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; PERCEPTION;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 0042829121     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.725     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). A career lexicon for the 21st century. Academy of Management Executive, 10, 28-39.
2. Bamberger, P., Admati-Dvir, M., & Harel, G. (1995). Gender based wage and promotion discrimination in Israeli high-technology firms: Do unions make a difference? Academy of Management Journal, 38,1744-1761.
3. Banziger, G., & Dresvenstedt, J. (1982). Achievement attributions by young and old judges as a function of perceived age of stimulus person. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 468-474.
4. Barnum, P., Liden, R., & DiTomaso, N. (1995). Double jeopardy for women and minorities: Pay differences with age. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 863-880.
5. Bielby, D., & Baron, J. (1986). Men and women at work; Sex segregation and statistical discrimination. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 759-799.
6. Bielby, D., & Bielby, W. (1998). She works hard for the money: House-hold responsibilities and the allocation of work effort. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 1031-1059.
7. Blau, F. (1996, July). Where are we in the economics of gender? The gender pay gap (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5664). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
8. Blau, F., & Ferber, M. (1986). The economics of women, men and work. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9. Boyd, M., Mulvihill, M. A., & Myles, J. (1991). Gender, power and postindustrialism. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 28, 407-435.
10. Brass, D. (1985). Men's and women's networks: A study of interaction patterns and influence in an organization. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 327-343.
11. Byrne, D. E. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
12. Chan, D. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same contain domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234-246.
13. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375.
14. Cleveland, J. N., & Berman, A. (1987). Age perceptions of jobs: Agreement between samples of students and managers. Psychological Reports, 61, 565-566.
15. Cleveland, J. N., Festa, R., & Montgomery, L. (1988). Applicant pool composition and job perceptions: Impact on decisions regarding an older applicant. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 112-125.
16. Cleveland, J. N., & Landy, F. J. (1983). The effects of person and job stereotypes on two personnel decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 609-619.
17. Cleveland, J. N., & Landy, F. J. (1987). Age perceptions of jobs: Convergence of two questionnaires. Psychological Reports, 60, 1075-1081.
18. Cleveland, J. N., & Shore, L. (1992). Self and supervisory perspectives on age and work attitudes and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 469-484.
19. Cleveland, J. N., Shore, L., & Murphy, K. (1997). Person and context oriented perceptual age measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 239-251.
20. Cleveland, J. N., & Smith, L. (1989). The effects of job title and task composition on job and incumbent perceptions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 744-757.
21. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Cole, S. (1979). Age and scientific performance. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 958-977.
23. Corcoran, M., & Duncan, G. J. (1979). Work history, labor force attachment and earnings differences between the races and sexes. Journal of Human Resources, 14, 3-20.
24. Deaux, K. (1985). Sex and gender. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 49-81.
25. Dedrick, E. J., & Dobbins, G. H. (1991). The influence of subordinate age on managerial actions: An attributional analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 367-377.
26. Dexter, C. R. (1985). Women and the exercise of power in organizations: From ascribed to achieved status. In L. Larwood, A. H. Stromberg, & B. A. Gutek (Eds.), Women and work (pp. 239-258). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27. Durden, G., & Gaynor, P. (1998). More on the cost of being other than white and male. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 57, 95-103.
28. Eagly, A. H. (1983). Gender and social influence: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 38, 971-981.
29. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Eagly, A. H. (1995). The science and politics of comparing men and women. American Psychologist, 50, 145-158.
31. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.
32. England, P. (1992). Comparable worth: Theories and evidence. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
33. England, P., Farkas, G., Kilbourne, B., & Dou, T. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review, 53, 544-558.
34. Ferris, G., Yates, V., Gilmore, D., & Rowland, K. (1985). The influence of subordinate age on performance ratings and causal attributions. Personnel Psychology, 38, 545-557.
35. Fields, J., & Wolff, E. (1995). Interindustry wage differentials and the gender wage gap. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49, 105-120.
36. Freedman, S. M., & Phillips, J. S. (1988). The changing nature of research on women at work. Journal of Management, 14, 231-251.
37. Gattiker, U., & Cohen, A. (1997). Gender-based wage differences. Industrial Relations, 52, 507-529.
38. Gerhart, B. (1990). Gender differences in current and starting salaries. The role of performance, college major and job. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43, 418-433.
39. Giniger, S., Dispenzieri, A., & Eisenberg, J. (1983). Age, experience and performance on speed and skill jobs in an applied setting. Journal of Applied Psychology. 68, 469-475.
40. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
41. Goldin, C., & Polachek, S. (1987). Residual differences by sex: Perspectives on the gender gap in earnings. American Economic Review, 77, 143-151.
42. Graddy, K., & Pistaferri, L. (2000). Wage differences by gender: Evidence from recently graduated MBAs. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 62, 837-854.
43. Groshen, E. (1991). The structure of the female/male wage differential: Is it who you are, what you do or where you work? Journal of Human Resources, 26, 457-472.
44. Guyon, J. (1998, October 12). The global glass ceiling: And ten women who broke through it. Fortune, 138, 102-103.
45. Heilman, M. (1994). Affirmative action: Some unintended consequences for working women. In B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 269-298). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
46. Heilman, M., Battle, W., Keller, C., & Lee, R. (1998). Type of affirmative action policy: A determinant of reactions to sex-based preferential selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 190-205.
47. Heilman, M., Block, C., & Lucas, J. (1992). Presumed incompetent? Stigmatization and affirmative action efforts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 536-544.
48. Heilman, M., Block, C., & Stathatos, P. (1997). The affirmative action stigma of incompetence: Effects of performance information ambiguity. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 603-625.
49. Holzer, H., & Neumark, D. (2000). Assessing affirmative action. Journal of Economic Literature, 38, 483-568.
50. Hom, P. W., & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). Employee turnover. Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern.
51. Huffman, M., & Velasco, S. (1997). When more is less. Work and Occupations, 24, 214-244.
52. Hultin, M., & Szulkin, R. (1999). Wages and unequal access to organizational power: An empirical test of gender discrimination. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 453-472.
53. Hunter, J. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.
54. Hurd, M. (1990). Research on the elderly: Economic status, retirement, and consumption and saving. Journal of Economic Literature, 28, 565-637.
55. Jackson, L. (1983). Relative deprivation and the gender wage gap. Journal of Social Issues, 45, 117-133.
56. Jackson, S. E., Brett, J. F., Sessa, V. I., Cooper, D. M., Julin, J. A., & Peyronnin, K. (1991). Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 675-689.
57. Jacobs, J. A. (1992). Women's entry into management: Trends in earnings, authority and values among salaried managers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 282-301.
58. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
59. Larkey, L. K. (1996). Toward a theory of communicative interaction in culturally diverse workgroups. Academy of Management Review, 21, 463-491.
60. Lawrence, B. (1988). New wrinkles in the theory of age. Academy of Management Journal 31, 309-337.
61. Lazear, E., & Rosen, S. (1990). Male/female wage differentials in job ladders. Journal of Labor Economics, 8, S106-S123.
62. Lewis, G. (1998). Continuing progress toward racial and gender pay equality in the federal service. Review of Public Administration, 18, 23-40.
63. Liben, L. S., Bigler, R., & Krogh, H. R. (2001). Pink and blue collar jobs: Children's judgments of job status and job aspirations in relation to sex of worker. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 79, 346-363.
64. Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2001). Are female managers quitters? The relationships of gender, promotions, and family leaves of absence to voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1167-1178.
65. Macan, T. H., Detjen, J. B., & Dickey, K. L. (1994). Measures of job perceptions: Gender and age of current incumbents, suitability, and job attributes. Sex Roles, 30, 55-67.
66. Marini, M. M. (1989). Sex differences in earnings in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 343-380.
67. Mark, J. (1956). Measurement of job performance and age. Monthly Labor Review, 79, 1410-1471.
68. Maurer, T. (2001). Career-relevant learning and development, worker age and fears about development capability. Journal of Management, 27, 2, 127-138.
69. McArthur, L. (1985). Social judgment biases in comparable worth analysis. In H. Hartmann (Ed.), Comparable worth: New directions for research (pp. 53-70). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
70. McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. (1989). Cumulative evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 11-17.
71. Nivea, V., & Gutek, B. (1981). Woman and work. New York: Praeger.
72. Offermann, L. R., & Gowing, M. K. (1990). Organizations of the future. Changes and challenges. American Psychologist, 45, 95-108.
73. Perry, E. L. (1997). A cognitive approach to understanding discrimination: A closer look at applicant gender and age. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, 175-240.
74. Perry, E. L., Kulik, C. T., & Zhou, J. (1999). A closer look at the effects of subordinate-supervisor age differences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 341-357.
75. Pfeffer, J., & Davis-Blake, A. (1987). The effect of the proportion of women on salaries: The case of college administrators. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 1-24.
76. Powell, D. H. (1998, July). Aging baby boomers: Stretching your work-force options. HR Magazine, 43, 83-85.
77. Reilly, K., & Wirjanto, T. (1999). Does more mean less? Canadian Journal of Economics, 32, 906-929.
78. Reno, R. (1979). Attribution for success and failure as a function of perceived age. Journal of Gerontology, 34, 709-715.
79. Reskin, B. F. (1988). Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women's work. Gender and Society, 2, 58-81.
80. Reskin, B. P., & Ross, C. E. (1992). Jobs, authority, and earnings among managers. Work and Occupations, 19, 342-365.
81. Rhode, D. (1990). Gender equality and employment policy. In S. E. Rix (Ed.), The American woman 1990-1991: A status report (pp. 170-200). New York: W. W. Norton.
82. Rhodes, S. R. (1983). Age-related differences in work attitudes and behavior: A review and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 328-367.
83. Riordan, C. M. (2000). Relational demography within groups: Past developments, contradictions and new directions. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 19, 131-173.
84. Riordan, C. M., & Shore, L. M. (1997). Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: An empirical examination of relational demography within work units. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 342-358.
85. Rosen, B., & Jerdee, T. H. (1976). The nature of job-related age stereotypes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 180-183.
86. Schlueter, D. W., Barge, J. K., & Blankenship, D. (1990). A comparative analysis of influence strategies used by upper and lower level male and female managers. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 42-65.
87. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453.
88. Stanley, T., & Jarrell, S. (1998). Gender wage discrimination bias? A meta-regression analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 33, 947-973.
89. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
90. Taylor, P., & Walker, A. (1993). Employers and older workers. Great Britain Dept of Employment Gazette, 101, 371-378.
91. Tharenou, P. (2001). Going up? Do traits and informal social processes predict advancing in management? Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1005-1017.
92. Tomaskovic-Devey, D., & Skaggs, S. (1999). An establishment-level test of the statistical discrimination hypothesis. Work and Occupations, 26, 422-445.
93. Topel, R. (1991). Specific capital, mobility, and wages: Wages rise with job seniority. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 145-176.
94. Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly, C. A., III. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.
95. Tsui, A. S., & O'Reilly, C. A., III. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402-423.
96. Tsui, A. S., Xin, K. R., & Egan, T. D. (1995). Relational demography: The missing link in vertical dyad linkage. In S. E. Jackson & M. N. Ruderman (Eds.), Diversity in work teams (pp. 97-129). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
97. Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
98. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1987). Statistical abstract of the United States: 1987 (107 ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
99. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000, January). Employment and earnings (Current Population Reports Series, BLS Bulletin 2340, p. 60). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
100. Waldman, D. A., & Avolio, B. J. (1986). A meta-analysis of age differences in job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 33-38.
101. Walston, B., & O'Leary, V. (1981). Sex makes a difference: Differential perceptions of women and men. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 9-41.
102. Warr, P. (1994). Age and employment. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 485-550). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
103. Wharton, A. S., & Baron, J. N. (1987). So happy together? The impact of gender segregation on men at work. American Sociological Review, 52, 574-587.
104. Wood, R., Corcoran, M., & Courant, P. (1993). Pay differences among the highly paid: The male-female earnings gap in lawyers' salaries. Journal of Labor Economics, 101, 508-522.
105. Ziller, R. C. (1972). Homogeneity and heterogeneity of group membership. In C. G. McClintock (Ed.), Experimental social psychology (pp. 385-411). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.