메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 57, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 1707-1722

Perspective: Detecting adaptive molecular polymorphism: Lessons from the MHC

Author keywords

Adaptive polymorphism; Balancing selection; Major histocompatibility complex; Neutral theory; Nonsynonymous substitution

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTION; GENETIC VARIATION; POLYMORPHISM; SELECTION;

EID: 0042785584     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00580.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (364)

References (113)
  • 1
    • 0033625482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common chimpanzees have greater diversity than humans at two of the three highly polymorphic MHC class I genes
    • Adams, E. J., S. Cooper, G. Thomson, and P. Parham. 2000. Common chimpanzees have greater diversity than humans at two of the three highly polymorphic MHC class I genes. Immunogenetics 51:410-424.
    • (2000) Immunogenetics , vol.51 , pp. 410-424
    • Adams, E.J.1    Cooper, S.2    Thomson, G.3    Parham, P.4
  • 2
    • 0036097577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage disequilibrium and age estimates of deletion polymophism (1597ΔC) in HLA-G suggest non-neutral evolution
    • Aldrich, C., C. Wambebe, L. Odama, A. DiRienzo, and C. Ober. 2002. Linkage disequilibrium and age estimates of deletion polymophism (1597ΔC) in HLA-G suggest non-neutral evolution. Hum. Immunol. 63:405-412.
    • (2002) Hum. Immunol. , vol.63 , pp. 405-412
    • Aldrich, C.1    Wambebe, C.2    Odama, L.3    DiRienzo, A.4    Ober, C.5
  • 3
    • 0036381627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to three pathogens in the endangered winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Effects of inbreeding and major histocompatibility complex genotypes
    • Arkush, K., A. Giese, H. L. Mendonca, A. M. McBride, G. D. Marty, and P. W. Hedrick. 2002. Resistance to three pathogens in the endangered winter-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): effects of inbreeding and major histocompatibility complex genotypes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:966-975.
    • (2002) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 966-975
    • Arkush, K.1    Giese, A.2    Mendonca, H.L.3    McBride, A.M.4    Marty, G.D.5    Hedrick, P.W.6
  • 5
    • 0033961419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of HLA genes and haplotypes in Ainu (from Hokkaido, northern Japan) supports the premise that they descend from Upper Paleolithic populations of East Asia
    • Bannai, M., J. Ohashi, S. Harihara, Y. Takahashi, T. Juji, K. Omoto, and K. Tokunaga. 2000. Analysis of HLA genes and haplotypes in Ainu (from Hokkaido, northern Japan) supports the premise that they descend from Upper Paleolithic populations of East Asia. Tissue Antigens 55:128-139.
    • (2000) Tissue Antigens , vol.55 , pp. 128-139
    • Bannai, M.1    Ohashi, J.2    Harihara, S.3    Takahashi, Y.4    Juji, T.5    Omoto, K.6    Tokunaga, K.7
  • 6
    • 0034575122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human major histocompatibility complex: Lessons from the DNA sequence
    • Beck, S., and J. Trowsdale. 2000. The human major histocompatibility complex: lessons from the DNA sequence. Annu Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. 1:117-137.
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. , vol.1 , pp. 117-137
    • Beck, S.1    Trowsdale, J.2
  • 9
    • 0030782193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong balancing selection at HLA loci: Evidence from segregation in South Amerindian families
    • Black, F. L., and P. W. Hedrick. 1997. Strong balancing selection at HLA loci: evidence from segregation in South Amerindian families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:12452-12456.
    • (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.94 , pp. 12452-12456
    • Black, F.L.1    Hedrick, P.W.2
  • 10
    • 0019837829 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for heterosis in the HLA system
    • Black, F. L., and F. M. Salzano. 1981. Evidence for heterosis in the HLA system. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 33:894-899.
    • (1981) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.33 , pp. 894-899
    • Black, F.L.1    Salzano, F.M.2
  • 11
    • 0017347806 scopus 로고
    • Marek's disease: Effects of B histocompatibility alloalleles in resistant and susceptible chicken lines
    • Briles, W. E., H. Stone, and R. Cole. 1977. Marek's disease: effects of B histocompatibility alloalleles in resistant and susceptible chicken lines. Science 195:193-195.
    • (1977) Science , vol.195 , pp. 193-195
    • Briles, W.E.1    Stone, H.2    Cole, R.3
  • 13
    • 0033668192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution HLA class I typing in the CEPH families: Analysis of linkage disequilibrium among HLA loci
    • Bugawan, T. L., W. Klitz, A. Blair, and H. A. Erlich. 2000. High-resolution HLA class I typing in the CEPH families: analysis of linkage disequilibrium among HLA loci. Tissue Antigens 56:392-404.
    • (2000) Tissue Antigens , vol.56 , pp. 392-404
    • Bugawan, T.L.1    Klitz, W.2    Blair, A.3    Erlich, H.A.4
  • 14
    • 0032714642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HLA class I allele distributions in six Pacific/Asian populations: Evidence of selection at the HLA-A locus
    • Bugawan, T. L., S. J. Mack, M. Stoneking, M. Saha, H. P. Beck, and H. A. Erlich. 1999. HLA class I allele distributions in six Pacific/Asian populations: evidence of selection at the HLA-A locus. Tissue Antigens 53:311-319.
    • (1999) Tissue Antigens , vol.53 , pp. 311-319
    • Bugawan, T.L.1    Mack, S.J.2    Stoneking, M.3    Saha, M.4    Beck, H.P.5    Erlich, H.A.6
  • 18
    • 0021678547 scopus 로고
    • Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: Estimating the degree of population subdivision
    • Crow, J. F., and K. Aoki. 1984. Group selection for a polygenic behavioral trait: estimating the degree of population subdivision. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6073-6077.
    • (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.81 , pp. 6073-6077
    • Crow, J.F.1    Aoki, K.2
  • 19
    • 0016842119 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced immunological surveillance in mice heterozygous at the H-2 complex
    • Doherty, C., and R. M. Zinkernagel. 1975. Enhanced immunological surveillance in mice heterozygous at the H-2 complex. Nature 256:50-52.
    • (1975) Nature , vol.256 , pp. 50-52
    • Doherty, C.1    Zinkernagel, R.M.2
  • 20
    • 0029557243 scopus 로고
    • Contrasting histories of avian and mammalian Mhc genes revealed by class II B sequences from songbirds
    • Edwards, S. V., E. K. Wakeland, and W. K. Potts. 1995. Contrasting histories of avian and mammalian Mhc genes revealed by class II B sequences from songbirds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12200-12204.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 12200-12204
    • Edwards, S.V.1    Wakeland, E.K.2    Potts, W.K.3
  • 21
    • 0030979507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancestral polymorphism of Mhc class II genes in mice: Implications for balancing selection and the mammalian molecular clock
    • Edwards, S. V., K. Chesnut, Y. Satta, and E. K. Wakeland. 1997. Ancestral polymorphism of Mhc class II genes in mice: implications for balancing selection and the mammalian molecular clock. Genetics 146:655-668.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.146 , pp. 655-668
    • Edwards, S.V.1    Chesnut, K.2    Satta, Y.3    Wakeland, E.K.4
  • 22
    • 0010000605 scopus 로고
    • The major histocompatibility complex and female mating preference in mice
    • Egid, K., and J. L. Brown. 1989. The major histocompatibility complex and female mating preference in mice. Anim. Behav. 38:548-560.
    • (1989) Anim. Behav. , vol.38 , pp. 548-560
    • Egid, K.1    Brown, J.L.2
  • 23
    • 0015310384 scopus 로고
    • The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles
    • Ewens, W. J. 1972. The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles. Theor. Popul. Biol. 3:87-112.
    • (1972) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.3 , pp. 87-112
    • Ewens, W.J.1
  • 24
    • 0037186608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the neutral theory of molecular evolution with genomic data from Drosophila
    • Fay, J. C., G. J. Wyckoff, and C.-I. Wu. 2002. Testing the neutral theory of molecular evolution with genomic data from Drosophila. Nature 415:1024-1026.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 1024-1026
    • Fay, J.C.1    Wyckoff, G.J.2    Wu, C.-I.3
  • 25
    • 0032899875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insight into the primordial MHC from studies of ectothermic vertebrates
    • Flajnik, M. F., Y. Ohta, C. Namikawa-Yamada, and M. Nonaka. 1999. Insight into the primordial MHC from studies of ectothermic vertebrates. Immunol. Rev. 167:59-67.
    • (1999) Immunol. Rev. , vol.167 , pp. 59-67
    • Flajnik, M.F.1    Ohta, Y.2    Namikawa-Yamada, C.3    Nonaka, M.4
  • 26
    • 0014832746 scopus 로고
    • Is the gene the unit of selection?
    • Franklin, I. R., and R. C. Lewontin. 1970. Is the gene the unit of selection? Genetics 65:707-734.
    • (1970) Genetics , vol.65 , pp. 707-734
    • Franklin, I.R.1    Lewontin, R.C.2
  • 28
    • 0029855347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2
    • Garboczi, D. N., P. Ghosh, U. Utz, Q. R. Fan, W. E. Biddison, and D. C. Wiley. 1996. Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2. Nature 384:134-141.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , pp. 134-141
    • Garboczi, D.N.1    Ghosh, P.2    Utz, U.3    Fan, Q.R.4    Biddison, W.E.5    Wiley, D.C.6
  • 29
    • 0034802015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MHC class I polymorphism and evolution in endangered California chinook and other Pacific salmon
    • Garrigan, D., and P. W. Hedrick. 2001. MHC class I polymorphism and evolution in endangered California chinook and other Pacific salmon. Immunogenetics 53:483-489.
    • (2001) Immunogenetics , vol.53 , pp. 483-489
    • Garrigan, D.1    Hedrick, P.W.2
  • 30
    • 0033786921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SNP profile within the human major histocompatibility complex reveals an extreme and interrupted level of nucleotide diversity
    • Gaudieri, S., R. L. Dawkins, K. Habara, J. K. Kulski, and T. Gojobori. 2000. SNP profile within the human major histocompatibility complex reveals an extreme and interrupted level of nucleotide diversity. Genome Res. 10:1579-1586.
    • (2000) Genome Res. , vol.10 , pp. 1579-1586
    • Gaudieri, S.1    Dawkins, R.L.2    Habara, K.3    Kulski, J.K.4    Gojobori, T.5
  • 31
    • 0017999178 scopus 로고
    • A general model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations. V. The SAS-CFF model
    • Gillespie, J. H. 1978. A general model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations. V. The SAS-CFF model. Theor. Popul. Genet. 14:1-45.
    • (1978) Theor. Popul. Genet. , vol.14 , pp. 1-45
    • Gillespie, J.H.1
  • 32
    • 0002470129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation and population structure in desert bighorn sheep: Implications for conservation
    • Gutierrez-Espeleta, G. A., S. T. Kalinowski, W. M. Boyce, and P. W. Hedrick. 2000. Genetic variation and population structure in desert bighorn sheep: implications for conservation. Conserv. Genet. 1:3-15.
    • (2000) Conserv. Genet. , vol.1 , pp. 3-15
    • Gutierrez-Espeleta, G.A.1    Kalinowski, S.T.2    Boyce, W.M.3    Hedrick, P.W.4
  • 33
    • 0034887645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the result of low MHC variation?
    • Gutierrez-Espeleta, G. A., P. W. Hedrick, S. T. Kalinowski, D. Garrigan, and W. M. Boyce. 2001. Is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the result of low MHC variation? Heredity 86:439-450.
    • (2001) Heredity , vol.86 , pp. 439-450
    • Gutierrez-Espeleta, G.A.1    Hedrick, P.W.2    Kalinowski, S.T.3    Garrigan, D.4    Boyce, W.M.5
  • 35
    • 0014024750 scopus 로고
    • Enzyme polymorphism in man
    • Harris, H. 1966. Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 164:298-310.
    • (1966) Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B , vol.164 , pp. 298-310
    • Harris, H.1
  • 36
    • 0032965634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: Highly variable loci and their interpretation in evolution and conservation
    • Hedrick, P. W. 1999. Perspective: highly variable loci and their interpretation in evolution and conservation. Evolution 53:313-318.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 313-318
    • Hedrick, P.W.1
  • 38
    • 0043149971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of relative fitnesses from relative risk data and the predicted future of hemoglobin alleles S and C
    • In press
    • _. 2003. Estimation of relative fitnesses from relative risk data and the predicted future of hemoglobin alleles S and C. J. Evol. Biol. In press.
    • (2003) J. Evol. Biol.
  • 39
    • 0030763556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HLA and mate selection in humans: No evidence in South Amerindians
    • Hedrick, P. W., and F. L. Black. 1997. HLA and mate selection in humans: no evidence in South Amerindians. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61:505-511.
    • (1997) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.61 , pp. 505-511
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Black, F.L.2
  • 40
    • 0000686490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics of complex polymorphisms: Parasites and maintenance of the major histocompatibility complex variation
    • R. S. Singh and C. B. Krimbas, eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Hedrick, P. W., and T. J. Kim. 2000. Genetics of complex polymorphisms: parasites and maintenance of the major histocompatibility complex variation. Pp. 204-234 in R. S. Singh and C. B. Krimbas, eds. Evolutionary genetics: from molecules to morphology. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • (2000) Evolutionary Genetics: From Molecules to Morphology , pp. 204-234
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Kim, T.J.2
  • 41
    • 0020961177 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for balancing selection at HLA
    • Hedrick, P. W., and G. Thomson. 1983. Evidence for balancing selection at HLA. Genetics 104:449-456.
    • (1983) Genetics , vol.104 , pp. 449-456
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Thomson, G.2
  • 42
  • 43
    • 0005934230 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary genetics of HLA
    • R. Selander, A. G. Clark and T. Whittam, eds. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA
    • Hedrick, P. W., W. Klitz, W. P. Robinson, M. K. Kuhner, and G. Thomson. 1991a. Evolutionary genetics of HLA. Pp. 248-271 in R. Selander, A. G. Clark and T. Whittam, eds. Evolution at the molecular level. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA.
    • (1991) Evolution at the Molecular Level , pp. 248-271
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Klitz, W.2    Robinson, W.P.3    Kuhner, M.K.4    Thomson, G.5
  • 44
    • 0026010293 scopus 로고
    • Heterozygosity at individual amino acid sites: Extremely high levels for HLA-A and -B genes
    • Hedrick, P. W., T. S. Whittam, and P. Parham. 1991b. Heterozygosity at individual amino acid sites: extremely high levels for HLA-A and -B genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5897-5901.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 5897-5901
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Whittam, T.S.2    Parham, P.3
  • 45
    • 0345718512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major histocompatibility complex variation in the endangered Przewalski's horse
    • Hedrick, P. W., K. M. Parker, E. L. Miller, and P. S. Miller. 1999. Major histocompatibility complex variation in the endangered Przewalski's horse. Genetics 152:1701-1710.
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.152 , pp. 1701-1710
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Parker, K.M.2    Miller, E.L.3    Miller, P.S.4
  • 46
    • 0034989882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using microsatellite and MHC variation to identify species, ESUs, and MUs in the endangered Sonoran topminnow
    • Hedrick, P. W., K. M. Parker, and R. N. Lee. 2001. Using microsatellite and MHC variation to identify species, ESUs, and MUs in the endangered Sonoran topminnow. Mol. Ecol. 10:1399-1412.
    • (2001) Mol. Ecol. , vol.10 , pp. 1399-1412
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Parker, K.M.2    Lee, R.N.3
  • 47
    • 0036792642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major histocompatibility complex variation in red wolves: Evidence for common ancestry with coyotes and balancing selection
    • Hedrick, P. W., R. N. Lee, and D. Garrigan. 2002. Major histocompatibility complex variation in red wolves: evidence for common ancestry with coyotes and balancing selection. Mol. Ecol. 11:1905-1913.
    • (2002) Mol. Ecol. , vol.11 , pp. 1905-1913
    • Hedrick, P.W.1    Lee, R.N.2    Garrigan, D.3
  • 51
    • 0023764283 scopus 로고
    • Pattern of nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class I loci reveals overdominant selection
    • Hughes, A. L., and M. Nei. 1988. Pattern of nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex class I loci reveals overdominant selection. Nature 335:167-170.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.335 , pp. 167-170
    • Hughes, A.L.1    Nei, M.2
  • 52
    • 0040771786 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex II loci: Evidence for overdominant selection
    • _. 1989. Nucleotide substitution at major histocompatibility complex II loci: evidence for overdominant selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:958-962.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 958-962
  • 53
    • 0344500841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A scan for linkage disequilibrium across the human genome
    • Huttley, G. A., M. W. Smith, M. Carrington, and S. J. O'Brien. 1999. A scan for linkage disequilibrium across the human genome. Genetics 152:1711-1722.
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.152 , pp. 1711-1722
    • Huttley, G.A.1    Smith, M.W.2    Carrington, M.3    O'Brien, S.J.4
  • 54
    • 0025599435 scopus 로고
    • Polymorphism at the self-incompatibility locus in Solanaceae predates speciation
    • Ioerger, T. R., A. G. Clark, and T.-H. Kao. 1990. Polymorphism at the self-incompatibility locus in Solanaceae predates speciation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9732-9735.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 9732-9735
    • Ioerger, T.R.1    Clark, A.G.2    Kao, T.-H.3
  • 55
    • 0036479025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paternally inherited HLA alleles are associated with women's choice of male odor
    • Jacob, S., M. K. McClintick, B. Zelano, and C. Ober. 2002. Paternally inherited HLA alleles are associated with women's choice of male odor. Nat. Genet. 30:175-179.
    • (2002) Nat. Genet. , vol.30 , pp. 175-179
    • Jacob, S.1    McClintick, M.K.2    Zelano, B.3    Ober, C.4
  • 56
    • 0029257180 scopus 로고
    • Population structure, stepwise mutations, heterozygote deficiency and their implications in DNA forensics
    • Jin, L., and R. Chakraborty. 1995. Population structure, stepwise mutations, heterozygote deficiency and their implications in DNA forensics. Heredity 74:274-285.
    • (1995) Heredity , vol.74 , pp. 274-285
    • Jin, L.1    Chakraborty, R.2
  • 57
    • 0000732090 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of protein molecules
    • H. N. Munro, ed. Academic Press, New York
    • Jukes, T. H., and C. R. Cantor. 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. Pp. 21-132 in H. N. Munro, ed. Mammalian protein metabolism. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1969) Mammalian Protein Metabolism , pp. 21-132
    • Jukes, T.H.1    Cantor, C.R.2
  • 59
    • 0000896629 scopus 로고
    • Some problems of stochastic processes in genetics
    • Kimura, M. 1957. Some problems of stochastic processes in genetics. Ann. Math. Stat. 28:882-901.
    • (1957) Ann. Math. Stat. , vol.28 , pp. 882-901
    • Kimura, M.1
  • 60
    • 0014421064 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary rate at the molecular level
    • _. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217:624-626.
    • (1968) Nature , vol.217 , pp. 624-626
  • 62
    • 75949146309 scopus 로고
    • The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population
    • Kimura, M., and J. F. Crow. 1964. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49:725-738.
    • (1964) Genetics , vol.49 , pp. 725-738
    • Kimura, M.1    Crow, J.F.2
  • 63
    • 0001525977 scopus 로고
    • The average number of generations until fixation of a mutant gene in a finite population
    • Kimura, M., and T. Ohta. 1969. The average number of generations until fixation of a mutant gene in a finite population. Genetics 61:763-771.
    • (1969) Genetics , vol.61 , pp. 763-771
    • Kimura, M.1    Ohta, T.2
  • 64
    • 0000130649 scopus 로고
    • Generation of diversity at MHC loci: Implications for T-cell receptor repertoires
    • M. Fougereau and J. Dausset, eds. Academic Press, London
    • Klein, J. 1980. Generation of diversity at MHC loci: implications for T-cell receptor repertoires. Pp. 239-253 in M. Fougereau and J. Dausset, eds. Immunology 80. Academic Press, London.
    • (1980) Immunology , vol.80 , pp. 239-253
    • Klein, J.1
  • 65
    • 0023395313 scopus 로고
    • Disequilibrium pattern analysis. II. Application to Danish HLA A and B locus data
    • Klitz, W., and G. Thomson. 1987. Disequilibrium pattern analysis. II. Application to Danish HLA A and B locus data. Genetics 116:633-643.
    • (1987) Genetics , vol.116 , pp. 633-643
    • Klitz, W.1    Thomson, G.2
  • 66
    • 0015193964 scopus 로고
    • Is there a constant fitness for a given genotype? No!
    • Kojima, K. 1971. Is there a constant fitness for a given genotype? No! Evolution 25:281-285.
    • (1971) Evolution , vol.25 , pp. 281-285
    • Kojima, K.1
  • 67
    • 0030219466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neutral theory is dead. Long live the neutral theory
    • Kreitman, M. 1996. The neutral theory is dead. Long live the neutral theory. Bioessays 18:678-683.
    • (1996) Bioessays , vol.18 , pp. 678-683
    • Kreitman, M.1
  • 68
    • 0032580152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution
    • Kumar, S., and S. B. Hedges. 1998. A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution. Nature 392:917-920.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 917-920
    • Kumar, S.1    Hedges, S.B.2
  • 69
    • 0036139211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEGA2: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software
    • Kumar, S., K. Tamura, I. B. Jakobsen, and M. Nei. 2001. MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics 17:1244-1245.
    • (2001) Bioinformatics , vol.17 , pp. 1244-1245
    • Kumar, S.1    Tamura, K.2    Jakobsen, I.B.3    Nei, M.4
  • 70
    • 0034755842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of population structure across environments and geographical scales at major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite loci in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
    • Landry, C., and L. Bernatchez. 2001. Comparative analysis of population structure across environments and geographical scales at major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite loci in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Mol. Ecol. 10:2525-2539.
    • (2001) Mol. Ecol. , vol.10 , pp. 2525-2539
    • Landry, C.1    Bernatchez, L.2
  • 71
    • 0035933288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Good genes as heterozygosity": The major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
    • Landry, C., D. Garant, P. Duchesne, and L. Bernatchez. 2001. "Good genes as heterozygosity": the major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268:1279-1285.
    • (2001) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.268 , pp. 1279-1285
    • Landry, C.1    Garant, D.2    Duchesne, P.3    Bernatchez, L.4
  • 72
    • 0013937664 scopus 로고
    • A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and the degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura
    • Lewontin, R. C., and J. L. Hubby. 1966. A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and the degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54:595-609.
    • (1966) Genetics , vol.54 , pp. 595-609
    • Lewontin, R.C.1    Hubby, J.L.2
  • 73
    • 0028943275 scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensional structure of peptide-MHC complexes
    • Madden, D. R. 1995. The three-dimensional structure of peptide-MHC complexes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:587-622.
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.13 , pp. 587-622
    • Madden, D.R.1
  • 75
    • 0026428610 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila
    • McDonald, J. H., and M. Kreitman. 1991, Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila. Nature 351:652-654.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 652-654
    • McDonald, J.H.1    Kreitman, M.2
  • 77
    • 0035544477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic heterogeneity in natural selection on an MHC locus in sockeye salmon
    • Miller, K. M., K. H. Kaukinen, T. D. Beacham, and R. E. Withler. 2001. Geographic heterogeneity in natural selection on an MHC locus in sockeye salmon. Genetica 111:237-257.
    • (2001) Genetica , vol.111 , pp. 237-257
    • Miller, K.M.1    Kaukinen, K.H.2    Beacham, T.D.3    Withler, R.E.4
  • 80
    • 0022507362 scopus 로고
    • Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions
    • Nei, M., and T. Gojobori. 1986. Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol. Biol. Evol. 3:418-426.
    • (1986) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 418-426
    • Nei, M.1    Gojobori, T.2
  • 82
    • 0026504499 scopus 로고
    • Decreased fecundability in Hutterite couples sharing HLA-DR
    • Ober, C., S. Elias, D. D. Kostyu, and W. W. Hauck. 1992. Decreased fecundability in Hutterite couples sharing HLA-DR. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50:6-14.
    • (1992) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.50 , pp. 6-14
    • Ober, C.1    Elias, S.2    Kostyu, D.D.3    Hauck, W.W.4
  • 83
    • 0031815254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for balancing selection at the major histocompatibility complex in a free-living ruminant
    • Paterson, S. 1998. Evidence for balancing selection at the major histocompatibility complex in a free-living ruminant. J. Hered. 89:289-294.
    • (1998) J. Hered. , vol.89 , pp. 289-294
    • Paterson, S.1
  • 84
    • 0031583939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No evidence for major histocompatibility complex-dependent mating patterns in a free-living ruminant population
    • Paterson, S., and J. M. Pemberton. 1998. No evidence for major histocompatibility complex-dependent mating patterns in a free-living ruminant population. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264:1813-1819.
    • (1998) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.264 , pp. 1813-1819
    • Paterson, S.1    Pemberton, J.M.2
  • 85
    • 0032584199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major histocompatibility complex variation associated with juvenille survival and parasite resistance in a large unmanaged ungulate population (Ovis aries L.)
    • Paterson, S., K. Wilson, and J. M. Pemberton. 1998. Major histocompatibility complex variation associated with juvenille survival and parasite resistance in a large unmanaged ungulate population (Ovis aries L.). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3714-2719.
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 3714-2719
    • Paterson, S.1    Wilson, K.2    Pemberton, J.M.3
  • 86
    • 0036170875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scent of genetic compatibility: Sexual selection and the major histocompatibility complex
    • Penn, D. J. 2002. The scent of genetic compatibility: sexual selection and the major histocompatibility complex. Ethology 108:1-21.
    • (2002) Ethology , vol.108 , pp. 1-21
    • Penn, D.J.1
  • 87
    • 0033036460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes
    • Penn, D. J., and W. K. Potts. 1999. The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes. Am. Nat. 153:145-164.
    • (1999) Am. Nat. , vol.153 , pp. 145-164
    • Penn, D.J.1    Potts, W.K.2
  • 88
    • 0026425492 scopus 로고
    • Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype
    • Potts, W. K., C. J. Manning, and E. K. Wakeland. 1991. Mating patterns in seminatural populations of mice influenced by MHC genotype. Nature 352:619-621.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.352 , pp. 619-621
    • Potts, W.K.1    Manning, C.J.2    Wakeland, E.K.3
  • 89
    • 0035890998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining MHC polymorphism
    • Reusch, T. B. H., M. A. Häberli, B. Aeschlimann, and M. Milinski. 2001. Female sticklebacks count alleles in a strategy of sexual selection explaining MHC polymorphism. Nature 414:300-302.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , pp. 300-302
    • Reusch, T.B.H.1    Häberli, M.A.2    Aeschlimann, B.3    Milinski, M.4
  • 90
    • 0035161548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IMGT/HLA database-a sequence database for the human major histocompatibility complex
    • Robinson, J., M. J. Waller, P. Parham, J. G. Bodmer, and S. G. E. Marsh. 2001. IMGT/HLA database-a sequence database for the human major histocompatibility complex. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:210-213.
    • (2001) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.29 , pp. 210-213
    • Robinson, J.1    Waller, M.J.2    Parham, P.3    Bodmer, J.G.4    Marsh, S.G.E.5
  • 93
    • 0000158555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neutral theory and natural selection in the HLA region
    • Satta, Y., Y.-J. Li, and N. Takahata. 1998. The neutral theory and natural selection in the HLA region. Front. Biosci. 3:459-467.
    • (1998) Front. Biosci. , vol.3 , pp. 459-467
    • Satta, Y.1    Li, Y.-J.2    Takahata, N.3
  • 94
    • 0028361982 scopus 로고
    • Intensity of natural selection at the major histocompatibility complex loci
    • Satta, Y., C. O'hUigin, N. Takahata, and J. Klein. 1994. Intensity of natural selection at the major histocompatibility complex loci. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7184-7188.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 7184-7188
    • Satta, Y.1    O'hUigin, C.2    Takahata, N.3    Klein, J.4
  • 95
    • 0029099781 scopus 로고
    • Properties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data
    • Simonsen, K. L., G. A. Churchill, and C. F. Aquadro. 1995. Properties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data. Genetics 141:413-429.
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.141 , pp. 413-429
    • Simonsen, K.L.1    Churchill, G.A.2    Aquadro, C.F.3
  • 96
    • 0021066244 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations
    • Tajima, F. 1983. Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences in finite populations. Genetics 105:437-460.
    • (1983) Genetics , vol.105 , pp. 437-460
    • Tajima, F.1
  • 97
    • 0024313579 scopus 로고
    • Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism
    • _. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:585-595.
    • (1989) Genetics , vol.123 , pp. 585-595
  • 98
    • 0025366147 scopus 로고
    • A simple genealogical structure of strongly balanced allelic lines and trans-species evolution of polymorphism
    • Takahata, N. 1990. A simple genealogical structure of strongly balanced allelic lines and trans-species evolution of polymorphism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2419-2423.
    • (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.87 , pp. 2419-2423
    • Takahata, N.1
  • 99
    • 7344223312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection, convergence, and intragenic recombination in HLA diversity
    • Takahata, N., and Y. Satta. 1998. Selection, convergence, and intragenic recombination in HLA diversity. Genetica 102/ 103:157-169.
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 157-169
    • Takahata, N.1    Satta, Y.2
  • 100
    • 0021514720 scopus 로고
    • Line-of-descent and genealogical processes, and their applications in population genetics models
    • Tavaré, S. 1984. Line-of-descent and genealogical processes, and their applications in population genetics models. Theor. Popul. Biol. 26:119-164.
    • (1984) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 119-164
    • Tavaré, S.1
  • 101
    • 0344721480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex
    • The MHC Sequencing Consortium. 1999. Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex. Nature 401:921-923.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 921-923
  • 102
    • 0031229976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterozygote advantage for HLA class II type in hepatitis B virus infection
    • Thurz, M. R., H. C. Thomas, B. M. Greenwood, and A. V. S. Hill. 1997. Heterozygote advantage for HLA class II type in hepatitis B virus infection. Nat. Genet. 17:11-12.
    • (1997) Nat. Genet. , vol.17 , pp. 11-12
    • Thurz, M.R.1    Thomas, H.C.2    Greenwood, B.M.3    Hill, A.V.S.4
  • 103
    • 0033540084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor bound to its MHC class I ligand
    • Tormo, J., K. Natarjan, D. H. Margulies, and R. A. Marluzza. 1999. Crystal structure of a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor bound to its MHC class I ligand. Nature 402:623-631.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 623-631
    • Tormo, J.1    Natarjan, K.2    Margulies, D.H.3    Marluzza, R.A.4
  • 107
    • 0016491430 scopus 로고
    • On the number of segregting sites in genetical models without recombination
    • Watterson, G. A. 1975. On the number of segregting sites in genetical models without recombination. Theor. Popul. Biol. 7:256-276.
    • (1975) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 256-276
    • Watterson, G.A.1
  • 108
    • 0017886236 scopus 로고
    • The homozygosity test of neutrality
    • _. 1978. The homozygosity test of neutrality. Genetics 88:405-417.
    • (1978) Genetics , vol.88 , pp. 405-417
  • 109
    • 0022590865 scopus 로고
    • The homozygosity test after a change in population size
    • _. 1986. The homozygosity test after a change in population size. Genetics 112:899-907.
    • (1986) Genetics , vol.112 , pp. 899-907
  • 111
    • 0031897964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Likelihood ratio tests for detecting positive selection and application to primate lysozyme evolution
    • Yang, Z. 1998. Likelihood ratio tests for detecting positive selection and application to primate lysozyme evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15:568-573.
    • (1998) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 568-573
    • Yang, Z.1
  • 112
    • 0031306932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-sample tests of episodic adaptive evolution: A case study of primate lysozymes
    • Zhang, J., S. Kumar, and M. Nei. 1997. Small-sample tests of episodic adaptive evolution: a case study of primate lysozymes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:1335-1338.
    • (1997) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 1335-1338
    • Zhang, J.1    Kumar, S.2    Nei, M.3
  • 113
    • 0032584099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive Darwinian selection after gene duplication in primate ribonuclease genes
    • Zhang, J., H. F. Rosenberg, and M. Nei. 1998. Positive Darwinian selection after gene duplication in primate ribonuclease genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3708-3713.
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 3708-3713
    • Zhang, J.1    Rosenberg, H.F.2    Nei, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.