The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor activating sequence (GRAS) is a composite regulatory element that interacts with multiple classes of transcription factors including Smads, AP-1 and a forkhead DNA binding protein

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Volumn 206, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 93-111

  Ellsworth, Buffy S ^a   Burns, Ann T ^a   Escudero, Kenneth W ^a   Duval, Dawn L ^a   Nelson, Scott E ^a   Clay, Colin M ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

AP 1; Forkhead; GnRH receptor; Smad; Winged helix

Indexed keywords

DNA BINDING PROTEIN; GONADORELIN RECEPTOR; PROTEIN; SMAD PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BIOASSAY; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; MOUSE; MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; YEAST;

EID: 0042433320     PISSN: 03037207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00235-1     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Adams T.E., Norman R.L., Spies H.G. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding and pituitary responsiveness in estradiol-primed monkeys. Science. 213:1981;1388-1390.
2. Ang S., Rossant J. HNF-3beta is essential for node and notochord formation in mouse development. Cell. 78:1994;561-574.
3. Bauer-Dantoin A.C., Hollenberg A.N., Jameson J.L. Dynamic regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary gland during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology. 133:1993;1911-1914.
4. Bauer-Dantoin A.C., Weiss J., Jameson J.L. Roles of estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the control of pituitary GnRH receptor gene expression at the time of the preovulatory gonadotropin surges. Endocrinology. 136:1995;1014-1019.
5. Braden T.D., Conn P.M. Activin-A stimulates the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Endocrinology. 130:1992;2101-2105.
6. Braden T.D., Farnworth P.G., Burger H.G., Conn P.M. Regulation of the synthetic rate of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in rat pituitary cell cultures by inhibin. Endocrinology. 127:1990;2387-2392.
7. Brinkley H.J. Endocrine signalling and female reproduction. Biol. Reprod. 24:1981;22-43.
8. Brissette J., Li J., Kamimura J., Lee D.E., Dotto G. The product of the mouse nude loxus, Whn, regulates the balance between epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Genes Dev. 10:1996;2212-2221.
9. Brooks J., Taylor P.L., Saunders P.T., Eidne K.A., Struthers W.J., McNeilly A.S. Cloning and sequencing of the sheep pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and changes in expression of its mRNA during the estrous cycle. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 94:1993;R23-R27.
10. Chen X., Rubock M.J., Whitman M. A transcriptional partner for MAD proteins in TGF-beta signalling. Nature. 383:1996;691-696.
11. Chen X., Weisberg E., Fridmacher V., Watanabe M., Naco G., Whitman M. Smad4 and FAST-1 in the assembly of activin-responsive factor. Nature. 389:1997;85-89.
12. Clarke I.J., Cummins J.T., de Kretser D.M. Pituitary gland function after disconnection from direct hypothalamic influences in the sheep. Neuroendocrinology. 36:1983;376-384.
13. Clay C.M., Nelson S.E., DiGregorio G.B., Campion C.E., Wiedrmann A.L., Nett R.J. Cell-specific expression of the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor gene is conferred by elements residing within 500 bp of proximal 5′ flanking region. Endocrine. 3:1995;615-622.
14. Crisponi L., Deiana M., Loi A., Chiappe F., Uda M., Amati P., Bisceglia L., Zelante L., Nagaraja R., Procu S., Ristaldi M.S., Marzella R., Rocchi M., Nicolino M., Leinhardt-Roussie A., Nivelon A., Verloes A., Schlessinger D., Gasparini P., Bonneau D., Cao A., Pilia G. The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharosphimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome. Nat. Genet. 27:2001;159-166.
15. De Baere E., Dixon M.J., Small K.W., Jabs E.W., Leroy B.P., Devriendt K., Gillerot Y., Mortier G., Meire F., Van Maldergem L., Courtens W., Hjalgrim H., Huang S., Liebaers I., Van Regemorter N., Touraine P., Praphanphoj V., Verloes A., Udar N., Yellore V., Chalukya M., Yelchits S., De Paepe A., Kuttenn F., Fellous M., Veitia R., Messiaen L. Spectrum of FOXL2 gene mutations in blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus (BPES) families demonstrates a genotype-phenotype correlation. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10:2001;1591-1600.
16. Dean D.M., Berger R.R., Sanders M.M. A winged-helix family member is involved in a steroid hormone-triggered regulatory circuit. Endocrinology. 139:(12):1998;4967-4975.
17. Denissova N.G., Pouponnot C., Long J., He D., Liu F. Transforming growth factor beta-inducible independent binding of SMAD to the Smad7 promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;6397-6402.
18. Derynck R., Zhang Y., Feng X.H. Smads: transcriptional activators of TGF-beta responses. Cell. 95:1998;737-740.
19. Duval D.L., Nelson S.E., Clay C.M. A binding site for steroidogenic factor-1 is part of a complex enhancer that mediates expression of the murine gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Biol. Reprod. 56:1997;160-168.
20. Duval D.L., Nelson S.E., Clay C.M. The tripartite basal enhancer of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor gene promoter regulates cell-specific expression through a novel GnRH receptor activating sequence. Mol. Endocrinol. 11:1997;1814-1821.
21. Duval D.L., Ellsworth B.S., Clay C.M. Is gonadotrope expression of the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor gene mediated by autocrine/paracrine stimulation of an activin response element. Endocrinology. 140:1999;1949-1952.
22. Fernandez-Vazquez G., Kaiser U.B., Albarracin C.T., Chin W.W. Transcriptional activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene by activin A. Mol. Endocrinol. 10:1996;356-366.
23. Frager M.S., Pieper D.R., Tonetta S.A., Duncan J.A., Marshall J.C. Pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Effects of castration, steroid replacement, and the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in modulating receptors in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 67:1981;615-623.
24. Germain S., Howell M., Esslemont G.M., Hill C.S. Homeodomain and winged-helix transcription factors recruit activated Smads to distinct promoter elements via a common Smad interaction motif. Genes Dev. 14:2000;435-451.
25. Gharib S.D., Wierman M.E., Shupnik M.A. Molecular biology of the pituitary gonadotropins. Endocr. Rev. 11:1990;177-190.
26. Gregg D.W., Nett T.M. Direct effects of estradiol-17 beta on the number of gonadotropin- releasing hormone receptors in the ovine pituitary. Biol. Reprod. 40:1989;288-293.
27. Gregg D.W., Schwall R.H., Nett T.M. Regulation of gonadotropin secretion and number of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors by inhibin, activin A, and estradiol. Biol. Reprod. 44:1991;725-732.
28. Guo Q., Kumar R., Woodruff T., Hadsell L.A., DeMayo F.J., Matzuk M.M. Overexpression of mouse follistatin causes reproductive defects in transgenic mice. Mol. Endocrinol. 12:1998;96-106.
29. Hagenbuchle O., Wellauer P.K. A rapid method for the isolation of DNA-binding proteins from purified nuclei of tissues and cells in culture. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1992;3555-3559.
30. Hamernik D.L., Nett T.M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increases the amount of messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropins in ovariectomized ewes after hypothalamic-pituitary disconnection. Endocrinology. 122:1988;959-966.
31. Hamernik D.L., Clay C.M., Turzillo A., Van Kirk E.A., Moss G.E. Estradiol increases amounts of messenger ribonucleic acid for gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in sheep. Biol. Reprod. 53:1995;179-185.
32. Kaiser U.B., Jakubowiak A., Steinberger A., Chin W.W. Regulation of rat pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mRNA levels in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology. 133:1993;931-934.
33. Kaiser U.B., Conn P.M., Chin W.W. Studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) action using GnRH receptor-expressing pituitary cell lines. Endocr. Rev. 18:1997;46-70.
34. Kioussi C., O'Connell S.M., St-Onge L., Treier M., Gleiberman A.S., Gruss P., Rosenfeld M.G. Pax6 is essential for establishing ventral-dorsal cell boundaries in pituitary gland development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:(25):1999;14378-14382.
35. Kume T., Deng K.-Y., Winfrey V., Gould D.B., Walter M.A., Hogan B. The forkhead/winged helix gene Mf1 is dirupted in the pleiotropic mouse mutatin congenital hydrocephalus. Cell. 93:1998;985-996.
36. Laws S.C., Beggs M.J., Webster J.C., Miller W.L. Inhibin increases and progesterone decreases receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovine pituitary culture. Endocrinology. 127:1990;373-380.
37. Liberati N.T., Datto M.B., Frederick J.P., Shen X., Wong C., Rougier-Chapman E.M., Wang X.F. Smads bind directly to the Jun family of AP-1 transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;4844-4849.
38. Liu B., Dou C., Prabhu L., Lai E. FAST-2 is a mammalian winged-helix protein which mediates transforming growth factor beta signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;424-430.
39. Marian J., Cooper R.L., Conn P.M. Regulation of the rat pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 19:1981;399-405.
40. Mason A.J., Hayflick J.S., Zoeller R.T., Young W.S., Phillips H.S., Nikolics K., Seeburg P.H. A deletion truncating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene is responsible for hypogonadism in the hpg mouse. Science. 234:1986;1366-1371.
41. Massague J. How cells read TGF-β signals. Nat. Rev.: Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:2000;169-178.
42. Massague J., Chen Y. Controlling TGF-beta signaling. Genes Dev. 14:2000;627-644.
43. Massague J., Blain S.W., Lo R.S. TGF-beta signaling in growth control, and heritable disorders. Cell. 103:2000;295-309.
44. Matzuk M.M., Kumar T.R., Vassalli A., Bickenbach J.R., Roop D.R., Jaenisch R., Bradley A. Functional analysis of activins during mammalian development. Nature. 374:1995;354-356.
45. Nagarajan R.P., Liu J., Chen Y. Smad3 inhibits transforming growth factor-b and activin signaling by competing with Smad4 for FAST-2 binding. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;31229-31235.
46. Norwitz E.R., Cardona G.R., Jeong K.H., Chin W.W. Identification and characterization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone response elements in the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;867-880.
47. Norwitz E.R., Xu S., Jeong K., Bedecarrats G.Y., Winebrenner L.D., Chin W.W., Kaiser U.B. Activin A augments GnRH-mediated transcriptional activation of the mouse GnRH receptor gene. Endocrinology. 143:2002;985-997.
48. Padgett R.W., Cho S.H., Evangelista C. Smads are the central component in transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Pharmacol. Ther. 78:1998;47-52.
49. Padgett R.W., Das P., Krishna S. TGF-beta signaling, Smads, and tumor suppressors. BioEssays. 20:1998;382-390.
50. Prueitt R., Zinn A. A fork in the road to fertility. Nat. Genet. 27:2001;132-134.
51. Qing J., Zhang Y., Derynck R. Structural and functional characterization of the transforming growth factor-beta-induced Smad3/c-Jun transcriptional cooperativity. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;38802-38812.
52. SAS Institute Inc, 1989. SAS/STAT Users Guide, version 6, fourth ed. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.
53. Sealfon S.C., Laws S.C., Wu J.C., Gillo B., Miller W.L. Hormonal regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors and messenger RNA activity in ovine pituitary culture. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1990;1980-1987.
54. Shi Y. Structural insights on Smad function in TGFbeta signaling. BioEssays. 23:2001;223-232.
55. Shi Y., Wang Y.F., Jayaraman L., Yang H., Massague J., Pavletich N.P. Crystal structure of a Smad MH1 domain bound to DNA: insights on DNA binding in TGF-beta signaling. Cell. 94:1998;585-594.
56. Strahl B.D., Huang H.J., Sebastian J., Ghosh B.R., Miller W.L. Transcriptional activation of the ovine follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone: involvement of two activating protein-1-binding sites and protein kinase C. Endocrinology. 139:1998;4455-4465.
57. Treier M., Gleiberman A.S., O'Connell S.M., Szeto D.P., McMahon J.A., McMahon A.P., Rosenfeld M.G. Multistep signaling requirements for pituitary organogenesis in vivo. Genes Dev. 12:1998;1691-1704.
58. Turzillo A.M., Campion C.E., Clay C.M., Nett T.M. Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and GnRH receptors during the early preovulatory period in the ewe. Endocrinology. 135:1994;1353-1358.
59. Vassalli A., Matzuk M.M., Gardner H.A., Lee K.F., Jaenisch R. Activin/inhibin beta B subunit gene disruption leads to defects in eyelid development and female reproduction. Genes Dev. 8:1994;414-427.
60. White B.R., Duval D.L., Mulvaney J.M., Roberson M.S., Clay C.M. Homologous regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene is partially mediated by protein kinase C activation of an activator protein-1 element. Mol. Endocrinol. 13:1999;566-577.
61. Whitman M. Smads and early developmental signaling by the TGFbeta superfamily. Genes Dev. 12:1998;2445-2462.
62. Windle J.J., Weiner R.I., Mellon P.L. Cell lines of the pituitary gonadotrope lineage derived by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1990;597-603.
63. Wrana J.L. Crossing Smads. Science's STKE. 23:2000;1-9.
64. Wrana J.L. Regulation of Smad activity. Cell. 100:2000;189-192.
65. Yamamura Y., Hua X., Bergelson S., Lodish H.F. Critical role of Smads and AP-1 complex in transforming growth factor-beta-dependent apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;36295-36302.
66. Zawel L., Le Dai J., Buckhaults P., Zhou S., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B., Kern S.E. Human Smad3 and Smad4 are sequence-specific transcription activators. Mol. Cell. 1:1998;611-617.
67. Zhang Y., Feng X.-H., Derynck R. Smad3 and Smad4 cooperate with c-Jun/c-Fos to mediate TGF-β-induced transcription. Nature. 394:1998;909-913.
68. Zhou S., Zawel L., Lengauer C., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Characterization of human FAST-1, a TGF beta and activin signal transducer. Mol. Cell. 2:1998;121-127.