Quality control mechanisms during translation

Science

Volumn 286, Issue 5446, 1999, Pages 1893-1897

  Ibba, Michael ^a   Söll, Dieter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; MESSENGER RNA; NUCLEIC ACID; RNA; TRANSFER RNA;

AMINOACYLATION; BACTERIAL GENETICS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; RIBOSOME; RNA TRANSLATION;

AMINO ACYL-TRNA SYNTHETASES; BACTERIA; CODON; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; MODELS, GENETIC; PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS; RIBOSOMES; RNA, BACTERIAL; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL;

EID: 0040559883     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1893     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. F. Crick, Nature 227, 561 (1970).
2. M. Yarus, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 23, 195 (1979); C. G. Kurland, Annu. Rev. Genet. 26, 29 (1992).
3. M. Yarus, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 23, 195 (1979); C. G. Kurland, Annu. Rev. Genet. 26, 29 (1992).
4. L. Pauling, in Festschrift Arthur Stoll (Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1958), p. 597; R. B. Loftfield, Biochem. J. 89, 82 (1963).
5. L. Pauling, in Festschrift Arthur Stoll (Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1958), p. 597; R. B. Loftfield, Biochem. J. 89, 82 (1963).
6. A. N. Baldwin and P. Berg, J. Biol. Chem. 241, 839 (1966).
7. S. Altman and L. Kirsebom, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 351-380; C. R. Trotta and J. Abelson, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 561-584; Z. Li and M. P. Deutscher, Cell 86, 503 (1996); G. V. Börner, S. Yokobori, M. Mörl, M. Dörner, S. Pääbo, FEBS Lett. 409, 320 (1997); A. P. Gerber and W. Keller, Science 286, 1146 (1999), wherein an evolutionary link between eukaryotic pre- mRNA editing and tRNA modification is revealed; P. Y. Shi, N. Maizels, A. M. Weiner, EMBO J. 17, 3197 (1998).
8. S. Altman and L. Kirsebom, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 351-380; C. R. Trotta and J. Abelson, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 561-584; Z. Li and M. P. Deutscher, Cell 86, 503 (1996); G. V. Börner, S. Yokobori, M. Mörl, M. Dörner, S. Pääbo, FEBS Lett. 409, 320 (1997); A. P. Gerber and W. Keller, Science 286, 1146 (1999), wherein an evolutionary link between eukaryotic pre- mRNA editing and tRNA modification is revealed; P. Y. Shi, N. Maizels, A. M. Weiner, EMBO J. 17, 3197 (1998).
9. S. Altman and L. Kirsebom, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 351-380; C. R. Trotta and J. Abelson, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 561-584; Z. Li and M. P. Deutscher, Cell 86, 503 (1996); G. V. Börner, S. Yokobori, M. Mörl, M. Dörner, S. Pääbo, FEBS Lett. 409, 320 (1997); A. P. Gerber and W. Keller, Science 286, 1146 (1999), wherein an evolutionary link between eukaryotic pre- mRNA editing and tRNA modification is revealed; P. Y. Shi, N. Maizels, A. M. Weiner, EMBO J. 17, 3197 (1998).
10. S. Altman and L. Kirsebom, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 351-380; C. R. Trotta and J. Abelson, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 561-584; Z. Li and M. P. Deutscher, Cell 86, 503 (1996); G. V. Börner, S. Yokobori, M. Mörl, M. Dörner, S. Pääbo, FEBS Lett. 409, 320 (1997); A. P. Gerber and W. Keller, Science 286, 1146 (1999), wherein an evolutionary link between eukaryotic pre- mRNA editing and tRNA modification is revealed; P. Y. Shi, N. Maizels, A. M. Weiner, EMBO J. 17, 3197 (1998).
11. S. Altman and L. Kirsebom, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 351-380; C. R. Trotta and J. Abelson, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 561-584; Z. Li and M. P. Deutscher, Cell 86, 503 (1996); G. V. Börner, S. Yokobori, M. Mörl, M. Dörner, S. Pääbo, FEBS Lett. 409, 320 (1997); A. P. Gerber and W. Keller, Science 286, 1146 (1999), wherein an evolutionary link between eukaryotic pre-mRNA editing and tRNA modification is revealed; P. Y. Shi, N. Maizels, A. M. Weiner, EMBO J. 17, 3197 (1998).
12. S. Altman and L. Kirsebom, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 351-380; C. R. Trotta and J. Abelson, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 561-584; Z. Li and M. P. Deutscher, Cell 86, 503 (1996); G. V. Börner, S. Yokobori, M. Mörl, M. Dörner, S. Pääbo, FEBS Lett. 409, 320 (1997); A. P. Gerber and W. Keller, Science 286, 1146 (1999), wherein an evolutionary link between eukaryotic pre- mRNA editing and tRNA modification is revealed; P. Y. Shi, N. Maizels, A. M. Weiner, EMBO J. 17, 3197 (1998).
13. G. R. Björk, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 50, 263 (1995).
14. K. Nadassy, S. J. Wodak, J. Janin, Biochemistry 38, 1999 (1999).
15. S. Cusack, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 881 (1997); J. G. Arnez and D. Moras, in RNA Structure and Function, R. W. Simons and M. Grunberg-Manago, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1998), pp. 465-494. A more general review of this and other examples of RNA recognition by proteins is given by T. A. Steitz, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 427-450.
16. S. Cusack, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 881 (1997); J. G. Arnez and D. Moras, in RNA Structure and Function, R. W. Simons and M. Grunberg-Manago, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1998), pp. 465-494. A more general review of this and other examples of RNA recognition by proteins is given by T. A. Steitz, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 427-450.
17. S. Cusack, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 881 (1997); J. G. Arnez and D. Moras, in RNA Structure and Function, R. W. Simons and M. Grunberg-Manago, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1998), pp. 465-494. A more general review of this and other examples of RNA recognition by proteins is given by T. A. Steitz, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 427-450.
18. E. Lund and J. E. Dahlberg, Science 282, 2082 (1998); G. Simos and E. Hurt, Curr. Biol. 9, R238 (1999).
19. E. Lund and J. E. Dahlberg, Science 282, 2082 (1998); G. Simos and E. Hurt, Curr. Biol. 9, R238 (1999).
20. G.-J. Arts, S. Kuersten, P. Romby, B. Ehresmann, I. W. Mattaj, EMBO J. 17, 7430 (1998).
21. Reviewed in P. H. von Hippel, Science 281, 660 (1998).
22. J. Zhao, L. Hyman, C. Moore, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63, 405 (1999).
23. M. R. Culbertson, Trends Genet. 15, 74 (1999); M. W. Hentze and A. E. Kulozik, Cell 96, 307 (1999); P. Hillern and R. Parker, RNA 5, 711 (1999).
24. M. R. Culbertson, Trends Genet. 15, 74 (1999); M. W. Hentze and A. E. Kulozik, Cell 96, 307 (1999); P. Hillern and R. Parker, RNA 5, 711 (1999).
25. M. R. Culbertson, Trends Genet. 15, 74 (1999); M. W. Hentze and A. E. Kulozik, Cell 96, 307 (1999); P. Hillern and R. Parker, RNA 5, 711 (1999).
26. M. Wilcox and M. Nirenberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 61, 229 (1968); M. Ibba, A. W. Curnow, D. Söll, Trends Biochem. Sci. 22, 39 (1997).
27. M. Wilcox and M. Nirenberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 61, 229 (1968); M. Ibba, A. W. Curnow, D. Söll, Trends Biochem. Sci. 22, 39 (1997).
28. R. Giegé, M. Sissler, C. Florentz, Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 5017 (1998).
29. A. R. Fersht, in Transfer RNA: Structure, Properties and Recognition, P. R. Schimmel, D. Söll, J. N. Abelson, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1979), pp. 247-254.
30. R. Swanson et al., Science 242, 1548 (1988); J. M. Sherman, M. J. Rogers, D. Söll, Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 2847 (1992).
31. R. Swanson et al., Science 242, 1548 (1988); J. M. Sherman, M. J. Rogers, D. Söll, Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 2847 (1992).
32. G. Simos, A. Sauer, F. Fasiolo, E. C. Hurt, Mol. Cell 1, 235 (1998).
33. A. Fersht, Enzyme Structure and Mechanism (Freeman, New York, 1985); H. Jakubowski and E. Goldman, Microbiol. Rev. 56, 412 (1992); H. Jakubowski, Biochemistry 38, 8088 (1999).
34. A. Fersht, Enzyme Structure and Mechanism (Freeman, New York, 1985); H. Jakubowski and E. Goldman, Microbiol. Rev. 56, 412 (1992); H. Jakubowski, Biochemistry 38, 8088 (1999).
35. A. Fersht, Enzyme Structure and Mechanism (Freeman, New York, 1985); H. Jakubowski and E. Goldman, Microbiol. Rev. 56, 412 (1992); H. Jakubowski, Biochemistry 38, 8088 (1999).
36. E. Schmidt and P. Schimmel, Science 264, 265 (1994); O. Nureki et al., Science 280, 578 (1998).
37. E. Schmidt and P. Schimmel, Science 264, 265 (1994); O. Nureki et al., Science 280, 578 (1998).
38. S. P. Hale, D. S. Auld, E. Schmidt, P. Schimmel, Science 276, 1250 (1997); L. F. Silvian, J. Wang, T. A. Steitz, Science 285, 1074 (1999); T. K. Nomanbhoy, T. L. Hendrickson, P. Schimmel, Mol. Cell 4, 519 (1999).
39. S. P. Hale, D. S. Auld, E. Schmidt, P. Schimmel, Science 276, 1250 (1997); L. F. Silvian, J. Wang, T. A. Steitz, Science 285, 1074 (1999); T. K. Nomanbhoy, T. L. Hendrickson, P. Schimmel, Mol. Cell 4, 519 (1999).
40. S. P. Hale, D. S. Auld, E. Schmidt, P. Schimmel, Science 276, 1250 (1997); L. F. Silvian, J. Wang, T. A. Steitz, Science 285, 1074 (1999); T. K. Nomanbhoy, T. L. Hendrickson, P. Schimmel, Mol. Cell 4, 519 (1999).
41. R. B. Loftfield and M. A. Vanderjagt, Biochem. J. 128, 1353 (1972).
42. M. Stanzel, A. Schön, M. Sprinzl, Eur. J. Biochem. 219, 435 (1994); J. Rudinger, R. Hillenbrandt, M. Sprinzl, R. Giegé, EMBO J. 15, 650 (1996); H. D. Becker and D. Kern, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 12832 (1998).
43. M. Stanzel, A. Schön, M. Sprinzl, Eur. J. Biochem. 219, 435 (1994); J. Rudinger, R. Hillenbrandt, M. Sprinzl, R. Giegé, EMBO J. 15, 650 (1996); H. D. Becker and D. Kern, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 12832 (1998).
44. M. Stanzel, A. Schön, M. Sprinzl, Eur. J. Biochem. 219, 435 (1994); J. Rudinger, R. Hillenbrandt, M. Sprinzl, R. Giegé, EMBO J. 15, 650 (1996); H. D. Becker and D. Kern, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 12832 (1998).
45. Sec denotes tRNA specific for selenocysteine aminoacylated with serine.
46. i denotes initiator methionine tRNA aminoacylated with methionine.
47. i denotes initiator methionine tRNA aminoacylated with methionine.
48. Gln denotes tRNA specific for glutamine aminoacylated with glutamate.
49. Gln denotes tRNA specific for glutamine aminoacylated with glutamate.
50. Gln denotes tRNA specific for glutamine aminoacylated with glutamate.
51. Tyr denote tRNA specific for tyrosine aminoacylated with D-tyrosine or L-tyrosine, respectively.
52. Tyr denote tRNA specific for tyrosine aminoacylated with D-tyrosine or L-tyrosine, respectively.
53. Tyr denote tRNA specific for tyrosine aminoacylated with D-tyrosine or L-tyrosine, respectively.
54. P. Nissen et al., Science 270, 1464 (1995); J. Czworkowski and P. B. Moore, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 54, 293 (1996); B. F. C. Clark, S. Thirup, M. Kjeldgaard, J. Nyborg, FEBS Lett. 452, 41 (1999).
55. P. Nissen et al., Science 270, 1464 (1995); J. Czworkowski and P. B. Moore, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 54, 293 (1996); B. F. C. Clark, S. Thirup, M. Kjeldgaard, J. Nyborg, FEBS Lett. 452, 41 (1999).
56. P. Nissen et al., Science 270, 1464 (1995); J. Czworkowski and P. B. Moore, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 54, 293 (1996); B. F. C. Clark, S. Thirup, M. Kjeldgaard, J. Nyborg, FEBS Lett. 452, 41 (1999).
57. Selenocysteinyl-tRNA and (formyl)methionyl-initiator tRNA do not interact with EF-Tu, but with the translation factor SELB [K. Forchhammer, W. Leinfelder, A. Böck, Nature 342, 453 (1989)] and initiation factors [S. Brock, K. Szkaradkiewicz, M. Sprinzl, Mol. Microbiol. 29, 409 (1998)]. respectively.
58. Selenocysteinyl-tRNA and (formyl)methionyl-initiator tRNA do not interact with EF-Tu, but with the translation factor SELB [K. Forchhammer, W. Leinfelder, A. Böck, Nature 342, 453 (1989)] and initiation factors [S. Brock, K. Szkaradkiewicz, M. Sprinzl, Mol. Microbiol. 29, 409 (1998)]. respectively.
59. C. R. Björk, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 165-205; S. Yokoyama and S. Nishimura, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 207-223.
60. C. R. Björk, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 165-205; S. Yokoyama and S. Nishimura, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 207-223.
61. P. J. Farabaugh and G. R. Björk, FMBO J. 18, 1427 (1999); J. F. Atkins, A. Böck, S. Matsufuji, R. F. Gesteland, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 637-673.
62. P. J. Farabaugh and G. R. Björk, FMBO J. 18, 1427 (1999); J. F. Atkins, A. Böck, S. Matsufuji, R. F. Gesteland, in The RNA World, R. F. Gesteland, T. R. Cech, J. F. Atkins, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, ed. 2, 1999), pp. 637-673.
63. M. Ehrenberg et al., in Structure, Function and Genetics of Ribosomes, H. Boyd and G. Kramer, Eds. (Springer-Veralg, New York, 1986), pp. 573-585; R. C. Thompson, Trends Biochem. Sci. 13, 91 (1988); M. Yarus and D. Smith, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 443-469.
64. M. Ehrenberg et al., in Structure, Function and Genetics of Ribosomes, H. Boyd and G. Kramer, Eds. (Springer-Veralg, New York, 1986), pp. 573-585; R. C. Thompson, Trends Biochem. Sci. 13, 91 (1988); M. Yarus and D. Smith, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 443-469.
65. M. Ehrenberg et al., in Structure, Function and Genetics of Ribosomes, H. Boyd and G. Kramer, Eds. (Springer-Veralg, New York, 1986), pp. 573-585; R. C. Thompson, Trends Biochem. Sci. 13, 91 (1988); M. Yarus and D. Smith, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 443-469.
66. K. H. Nierhaus, Biochemistry 29, 4997 (1990).
67. T. Pape, W. Wintermeyer, M. Rodnina, EMBO J. 18, 3800 (1999); S. Yoshizawa, D. Fourmy, J. D. Puglisi, Science 285, 1722 (1999).
68. T. Pape, W. Wintermeyer, M. Rodnina, EMBO J. 18, 3800 (1999); S. Yoshizawa, D. Fourmy, J. D. Puglisi, Science 285, 1722 (1999).
69. U. L. RajBhandary and C. M. Chow, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 511-528; D. E. Draper, in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, F. C. Neidhardt et al., Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 902-908.
70. U. L. RajBhandary and C. M. Chow, in tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function, D. Söll and U. L. RajBhandary, Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 511-528; D. E. Draper, in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, F. C. Neidhardt et al., Eds. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1996), pp. 902-908.
71. L. Janosi, R. Ricker, A. Y. Kaji, Biochimie 78, 959 (1996); Nakamura, K. Ito, Genes Cells 3, 265 (1998); R. Karimi, M.Y. Pavlov, R. H. Buckingham, M. Ehrenberg, Mol. Cell 3, 601 (1999).
72. L. Janosi, R. Ricker, A. Y. Kaji, Biochimie 78, 959 (1996); Nakamura, K. Ito, Genes Cells 3, 265 (1998); R. Karimi, M.Y. Pavlov, R. H. Buckingham, M. Ehrenberg, Mol. Cell 3, 601 (1999).
73. L. Janosi, R. Ricker, A. Y. Kaji, Biochimie 78, 959 (1996); Nakamura, K. Ito, Genes Cells 3, 265 (1998); R. Karimi, M.Y. Pavlov, R. H. Buckingham, M. Ehrenberg, Mol. Cell 3, 601 (1999).
74. M. Kozak, Gene 234, 187 (1999); M. Y. Pavlov et al., J. Mol. Biol. 284, 579 (1998).
75. M. Kozak, Gene 234, 187 (1999); M. Y. Pavlov et al., J. Mol. Biol. 284, 579 (1998).
76. E. Schmitt, Y. Mechulam, M. Fromant, P. Plateau, S. Blanquet, EMBO J. 16, 4760 (1997); V. Heurgue- Hamard et al., EMBO J. 17, 808 (1998); M. Fromant, P. Plateau, E. Schmitt, Y. Mechulam, S. Blanquet, Biochemistry 38, 4982 (1999).
77. E. Schmitt, Y. Mechulam, M. Fromant, P. Plateau, S. Blanquet, EMBO J. 16, 4760 (1997); V. Heurgue-Hamard et al., EMBO J. 17, 808 (1998); M. Fromant, P. Plateau, E. Schmitt, Y. Mechulam, S. Blanquet, Biochemistry 38, 4982 (1999).
78. E. Schmitt, Y. Mechulam, M. Fromant, P. Plateau, S. Blanquet, EMBO J. 16, 4760 (1997); V. Heurgue- Hamard et al., EMBO J. 17, 808 (1998); M. Fromant, P. Plateau, E. Schmitt, Y. Mechulam, S. Blanquet, Biochemistry 38, 4982 (1999).
79. K. C. Keiler, P. R. H. Walter, R. T. Sauer, Science 271, 990 (1996); A. W. Karzai, M. M. Susskind, R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 3793 (1999); E. D. Roche and R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 4579 (1999); K. P. Williams, K. A. Martindale, D. P. Bartel, EMBO J. 18, 5423 (1999); J. Rudinger-Thirion, R. Giegé, B. Felden, RNA 5, 989 (1999).
80. K. C. Keiler, P. R. H. Walter, R. T. Sauer, Science 271, 990 (1996); A. W. Karzai, M. M. Susskind, R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 3793 (1999); E. D. Roche and R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 4579 (1999); K. P. Williams, K. A. Martindale, D. P. Bartel, EMBO J. 18, 5423 (1999); J. Rudinger-Thirion, R. Giegé, B. Felden, RNA 5, 989 (1999).
81. K. C. Keiler, P. R. H. Walter, R. T. Sauer, Science 271, 990 (1996); A. W. Karzai, M. M. Susskind, R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 3793 (1999); E. D. Roche and R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 4579 (1999); K. P. Williams, K. A. Martindale, D. P. Bartel, EMBO J. 18, 5423 (1999); J. Rudinger-Thirion, R. Giegé, B. Felden, RNA 5, 989 (1999).
82. K. C. Keiler, P. R. H. Walter, R. T. Sauer, Science 271, 990 (1996); A. W. Karzai, M. M. Susskind, R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 3793 (1999); E. D. Roche and R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 4579 (1999); K. P. Williams, K. A. Martindale, D. P. Bartel, EMBO J. 18, 5423 (1999); J. Rudinger-Thirion, R. Giegé, B. Felden, RNA 5, 989 (1999).
83. K. C. Keiler, P. R. H. Walter, R. T. Sauer, Science 271, 990 (1996); A. W. Karzai, M. M. Susskind, R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 3793 (1999); E. D. Roche and R. T. Sauer, EMBO J. 18, 4579 (1999); K. P. Williams, K. A. Martindale, D. P. Bartel, EMBO J. 18, 5423 (1999); J. Rudinger-Thirion, R. Giegé, B. Felden, RNA 5, 989 (1999).
84. S. Gottesman, E. Roche, Y. Zhou, R. T. Sauer, Genes Dev. 12, 1338 (1998); S. Wickner, M. R. Maurizi, S. Gottesman, Science 286, 1888 (1999).
85. S. Gottesman, E. Roche, Y. Zhou, R. T. Sauer, Genes Dev. 12, 1338 (1998); S. Wickner, M. R. Maurizi, S. Gottesman, Science 286, 1888 (1999).
86. T. Hohsaka, K. Sato, M. Sisido, K. Takai, S. Yokoyama, FEBS Lett. 335, 47 (1993); D. Mendel, V. W. Cornish, P. G. Schultz, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 24, 435 (1995).
87. T. Hohsaka, K. Sato, M. Sisido, K. Takai, S. Yokoyama, FEBS Lett. 335, 47 (1993); D. Mendel, V. W. Cornish, P. G. Schultz, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 24, 435 (1995).
88. D. R. Liu and P. G. Schultz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 4780 (1999).
89. W. M. Clemons et al., Nature 400, 833 (1999); N. Ban et al., Nature 400, 841 (1999); J. H. Cate, M. M. Yusupov, G. Z. Yusupova, T. N. Earnest, H. F. Noller, Science 285, 2095 (1999).
90. W. M. Clemons et al., Nature 400, 833 (1999); N. Ban et al., Nature 400, 841 (1999); J. H. Cate, M. M. Yusupov, G. Z. Yusupova, T. N. Earnest, H. F. Noller, Science 285, 2095 (1999).
91. W. M. Clemons et al., Nature 400, 833 (1999); N. Ban et al., Nature 400, 841 (1999); J. H. Cate, M. M. Yusupov, G. Z. Yusupova, T. N. Earnest, H. F. Noller, Science 285, 2095 (1999).
92. We thank W. Keller and P. Schimmel for providing preprints of unpublished manuscripts, and P. Lengyel, P. B. Moore, H. Nielsen, M. Prætorius-Ibba, and U. L. RajBhandary for their many insightful suggestions and helpful comments on the manuscript. Supported by an Investigator Fellowship from the Alfred Benzon Foundation (M.I) and by grants from the National Institute of General and Medical Sciences and the Department of Energy (D.S.).