AHR forum. Greater Britain: A useful category of historical analysis?

American Historical Review

Volumn 104, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 427-445

  Armitage, David ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039636494     PISSN: 00028762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2650373     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. R. R. Davies, "The Failure of the First British Empire? England's Relations with Ireland, Scotland and Wales 1066-1500," in Nigel Saul, ed., England in Europe, 1066-1453 (London, 1994), 121-32;
2. compare Davies, Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100-1300 (Cambridge, 1990);
3. Robin Frame, The Political Development of the British Isles, 1100-1400 (Oxford, 1990);
4. A. F. McC. Madden, "1066, 1776 and All That: The Relevance of English Medieval Experience of 'Empire' to Later Imperial Constitutional Issues," in John E. Flint and Glyndwr Williams, eds., Perspectives of Empire: Essays Presented to Gerald S. Graham (London, 1973), 9-26.
5. Though for important caveats, see Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (Athens, Ga., 1986), 8-9.
6. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, N.J., 1993), is an inspiring exception to this general observation;
7. the program suggested in Merrill Jensen and R. L. Reynolds, "European Colonial Experience: A Plea for Comparative Studies," Studi in onore di Gino Luzzatto 4 (Milan, 1951), 75-90, has yet to be followed through in detail.
8. Jack P. Greene, The British Revolution in America (Austin, Tex., 1996);
9. Eliga H. Gould, "A Virtual Nation: Greater Britain and the Imperial Legacy of the American Revolution," AHR 104 (April 1999): 476-89.
10. J. G. A. Pocock, "The Limits and Divisions of British History: In Search of the Unknown Subject," AHR 87 (April 1982): 311-14.
11. Michael Bentley, "The British State and Its Historiography," in Wim Blockmans and Jean-Philippe Genet, eds., Visions sur le développement des états européens: Théories et historiographies de l'état moderne (Rome, 1993), 154, 162-64.
12. J. W. Burrow, A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past (Cambridge, 1981), 233.
13. Maurice Cowling, Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1980), 214;
14. Herbert Butterfield, The Englishman and His History (Cambridge, 1944), 81-82;
15. J. C. D. Clark, "National Identity, State Formation and Patriotism: The Role of History in the Public Mind," History Workshop Journal 30 (1990): 95.
16. Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 vols. (London, 1956-58);
17. Arthur Bryant, The History of Britain and the British Peoples, 3 vols. (London, 1984-90).
18. Stephen Howe, "Labour Patriotism, 1939-83," in Raphael Samuel, ed., Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Vol. 1: History and Politics (London, 1989), 127-39.
19. The absence is especially conspicuous in the work of Christopher Hill, Lawrence Stone, and E. P. Thompson, each of whom has written about the empire only very belatedly in their long careers: for example, Hill, Liberty against the Law: Some Seventeenth-Century Controversies (London, 1996), pt. 3, "Imperial Problems";
20. Stone, "Introduction," in Lawrence Stone, ed., An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), 1-32;
21. Thompson, "Alien Homage": Edward Thompson and Rabindranath Tagore (Delhi, 1993);
22. Robert Gregg and Madhavi Kale, "The Empire and Mr Thompson: Making of Indian Princes and English Working Class," Economic and Political Weekly 33, 36 (September 6-12, 1997): 2273-88.
23. For synoptic evidence of this, see Nicholas Canny, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 1: The Origins of Empire (Oxford, 1998);
24. P. J. Marshall, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998);
25. Andrew Porter, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1999);
26. Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis, eds., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 4: The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999).
27. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England [1883], John Gross, ed. (Chicago, 1971);
28. Deborah Wormell, Sir John Seeley and the Uses of History (Cambridge, 1980), 93-98, 154-65.
29. Peter Burroughs, "John Robert Seeley and British Imperial History," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 1 (1972): 191-211;
30. J. G. Greenlee, "A 'Succession of Seeleys': The Old School' Re-examined," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4 (1976): 266-82;
31. David Fieldhouse, "Can Humpty-Dumpty Be Put Together Again? Reflections on Imperial History in the 1980s," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 12 (1984): 9.
32. Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, "Introduction," in Bailyn and Morgan, eds., Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 1-2;
33. Linda Colley, The Significance of the Frontier in British History (Austin, Tex., 1995), 7-8;
34. Philip Lawson, "Sources, Schools and Separation: The Many Faces of Parliament's Role in Anglo-American History to 1783," in Lawson, ed., Parliament and the Atlantic Empire (Edinburgh, 1995), 11-12;
35. Bill Schwarz, "Introduction: The Expansion and Contraction of England," in Schwarz, ed., The Expansion of England: Race, Ethnicity and Cultural History (London, 1996), 2-4;
36. Keith Robbins, Great Britain: Identities, Institutions and the Idea of Britishness (London, 1998), 211-12.
37. Seeley, Expansion of England, 12, 13.
38. C. W. Dilke, Greater Britain: A Record of Travel in the English-Speaking Countries during 1866 and '67, 3 vols. (London, 1868);
39. Dilke, Problems of Greater Britain (London, 1890).
40. The term was later appropriated, for very different ends, by Sir Oswald Mosley, The Greater Britain (London, 1932). My thanks to Chris Waters for pointing this out.
41. Seeley, Expansion of England, 15, 43-44.
42. Seeley, Expansion of England, 39.
43. [J. R. Seeley], Ecce Homo: A Survey of the Life and Work of Jesus Christ (London, 1865);
44. Seeley, The Life and Times of Stein, or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic Age, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1878);
45. Seeley, The Growth of British Policy: An Historical Essay, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1895).
46. J. G. A. Pocock, "British History: A Plea for a New Subject," New Zealand Historical Journal 8 (1974): 3-21;
47. Pocock, "History and Sovereignty: The Historiographic Response to Europeanization in Two British Cultures," Journal of British Studies 31 (1991): 361-64, 380-89;
48. Pocock, "Deconstructing Europe," London Review of Books (December 19, 1991): 6-10.
49. J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century: A Reissue with a Retrospect (Cambridge, 1987), chap. 1;
50. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, N.J., 1975), chaps. 4-9.
51. Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536-1966 (London, 1975);
52. Michael Perceval-Maxwell, "Ireland and the Monarchy in the Early Stuart Multiple Kingdom," Historical Journal 34 (1991): 279-95;
53. Jenny Wormald, "The Creation of Britain: Multiple Kingdoms or Core and Colonies?" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 2 (1992): 175-94;
54. Allan Macinnes, "Gaelic Culture in the Seventeenth Century: Polarization and Assimilation," in Steven G. Ellis and Sarah Barber, eds., Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State, 1485-1725 (London, 1995), 162-94.
55. Fintan O'Toole, "The Meanings of Union," New Yorker (April 27 and May 4, 1998): 61.
56. J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge, 1995).
57. J. H. Elliott, National and Comparative History: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 10 May 1991 (Oxford, 1991);
58. Elliott, "Comparative History," in Carlos Barros, ed., Historia a Debate, Vol. 3: Otros Enfoques (Santiago de Compostela, 1995), 9-19.
59. Notable exceptions include L. M. Cullen and T. C. Smout, eds., Comparative Aspects of Irish and Scottish Economic Development (Edinburgh, 1977);
60. and Rosalind Mitchison and Paul Roebuck, eds., Economy and Society in Scotland and Ireland, 1500-1939 (Edinburgh, 1988);
61. however, Keith Wrightson, "Kindred Adjoining Kingdoms: An English Perspective on the Social and Economic History of Early Modern Scotland," in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte, eds., Scottish Society, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1989), 245-60, seems to have encouraged few imitators.
62. Jane Ohlmeyer, "Seventeenth-Century Ireland and the New British and Atlantic Histories," AHR 104 (April 1999): 449.
63. J. H. Elliott, The Revolt of the Catalans: A Study in the Decline of Spain, 1598-1640 (Cambridge, 1963);
64. Elliott, "A Europe of Composite Monarchies," Past and Present 137 (November 1992): 48-71;
65. H. G. Koenigsberger, "Dominium Regale or Dominium Politicum et Regale: Monarchies and Parliaments in Early Modern Europe" [1975], in Koenigsberger, Politicians and Virtuosi: Essays in Early Modern History (London, 1986), 1-25;
66. Koenigsberger, "Composite States, Representative Institutions and the American Revolution," Historical Research 62 (1989): 135-54.
67. Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637-1642 (Oxford, 1991);
68. Keith Brown, "British History: A Sceptical Comment," in Ronald Asch, ed., Three Nations - A Common History? England, Scotland, Ireland and British History, c. 1600-1920 (Bochum, 1993), 117-27;
69. Nicholas Canny, "Irish, Scottish and Welsh Responses to Centralisation, c. 1530-c. 1640: A Comparative Perspective," in Alexander Grant and Keith J. Stringer, eds., Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (London, 1995), 148.
70. D. B. Quinn, "Ireland and Sixteenth Century European Expansion," in T. Desmond Williams, ed., Historical Studies 1 (London, 1958), 21-32;
71. Quinn, The Elizabethans and the Irish (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966);
72. Quinn, Ireland and America: Their Early Associations, 1500-1640, Liverpool Historical Essays 6 (Liverpool, 1991);
73. Nicholas Canny, Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800 (Baltimore, Md., 1988);
74. Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650 (Oxford, forthcoming).
75. The phrase is Fynes Moryson's, quoted in Canny, Kingdom and Colony, 131;
76. Hiram Morgan, "Mid-Atlantic Blues," Irish Review 11 (1991-92): 50-55;
77. John Morrill, "The British Problem, c. 1534-1707," in Brendan Bradshaw and Morrill, eds., The British Problem: State-Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago, c. 1534-1707 (Basingstoke, 1996), 12-14;
78. Willy Maley, "Review," History Ireland 4 (Winter 1996): 53-55.
79. Raymond Gillespie, "Explorers, Exploiters and Entrepreneurs: Early Modern Ireland and Its Context, 1500-1700," in B. J. Graham and L. J. Proudfoot, eds., An Historical Geography of Ireland (London, 1993), 152.
80. For example, none of the major collections of essays on the New British History covers any British territories, populations, or influences outside Britain and Ireland: Asch, Three Nations - A Common History?;
81. Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom?;
82. Ellis and Barber, Conquest and Union;
83. Bradshaw and Morrill, British Problem;
84. Laurence Brockliss and David Eastwood, eds., A Union of Multiple Identities: The British Isles c. 1750-c. 1850 (Manchester, 1997);
85. Bradshaw and Peter Roberts, eds., British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533-1707 (Cambridge, 1998);
86. S. J. Connolly, ed., Kingdoms United? Great Britain and Ireland since 1500: Integration and Diversity (Dublin, 1998);
87. except for Tony Claydon and Ian McBride, eds., Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c. 1650-c. 1850 (Cambridge, 1998).
88. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore, Md., 1984).
89. H. L. A. Hart, "The United States of America," in Hart, Essays on Bentham: Jurisprudence and Political Theory (Oxford, 1982), 53-78;
90. Edmund S. Ions, James Bryce and American Democracy 1870-1922 (London, 1968);
91. Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York, 1995), 84-87;
92. Christopher Hitchens, Blood, Class, and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies (New York, 1990), chaps. 4-6.
93. Bernard Bailyn, "The Idea of Atlantic History," Itinerario 20 (1996): 19-44.
94. Ross Huffman, "Europe and the Atlantic Community," Thought 20 (1945): 29.
95. Mark Silk, "Notes on the Judeo-Christian Tradition in America," American Quarterly 36 (1984): 66-70, 83-85.
96. Carlton J. H. Hayes, "The American Frontier - Frontier of What?" AHR 51 (January 1946): 215.
97. H. Hale Bellot, "Atlantic History," History 31 (1946): 62.
98. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, 2d edn. (Cambridge, Mass., 1995);
99. Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the American Revolution (New York, 1987);
100. Bailyn and Morgan, Strangers within the Realm; Greene, Peripheries and Center;
101. Jack P. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988);
102. Ned C. Landsman, Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683-1765 (Princeton, N.J., 1985);
103. Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture, 1680-1760 (New York, 1997);
104. Susan O'Brien, "A Transatlantic Community of Saints: The Great Awakening and the First Evangelical Network, 1735-1755," AHR 91 (October 1986): 811-32;
105. David Cressy, Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1987);
106. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford, 1989);
107. Stephen Foster, The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570-1700 (Chapel Hill, 1991);
108. Joyce E. Chaplin, An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation in the Lower South, 1730-1815 (Chapel Hill, 1993);
109. James Horn, Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake (Chapel Hill, 1994);
110. David Hancock, Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (Cambridge, 1995);
111. Eliga H. Gould, The Persistence of Empire: British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1999).
112. For a recent overview of the possibilities presented by this historiography, see Alison Games, "History without Borders: Teaching American History in an Atlantic Context," Indiana Magazine of History 91 (1995): 159-78.
113. J. C. D. Clark, "The Strange Death of British History? Reflections on Anglo-American Scholarship," Historical Journal 40 (1997): 787-809, offers a rather different set of answers to this question from that offered here.
114. Greene and Pole, Colonial British America, subtitled "Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era."
115. This is also true of grand narratives like those of Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1986);
116. and Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992, rev. edn. (Cambridge, Mass., 1992).
117. On which, see Dean C. Tipps, "Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective," Comparative Studies in Society and History 15 (1973): 199-226.
118. Keith Thomas, "The United Kingdom," in Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, N.J., 1978), 41-99, provides a version of the modernization thesis as applied to Britain;
119. for an outstanding account of such narratives and the historiography that has succeeded them in English (though specifically not British) history, see Peter Lake, "Retrospective: Wentworth's Political World in Revisionist and Post-Revisionist Perspective," in J. F. Merritt, ed., The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621-1641 (Cambridge, 1996), 252-83.
120. Though for a pioneering attempt to apply modernization theory to early American history, see Richard D. Brown, "Modernization and the Modern Personality in Early America, 1600-1865: A Sketch of a Synthesis," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (1972): 201-28;
121. compare also Joyce Appleby, "Value and Society," in Greene and Pole, Colonial British America, 290-316;
122. Appleby, "Modernization Theory and Anglo-American Social Theories," in Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 90-123;
123. Appleby, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob, Telling the Truth about History (New York, 1994), chaps. 2-3;
124. Chaplin, Anxious Pursuit.
125. Reinhart Koselleck, "'Neuzeit': Remarks on the Semantics of the Modern Concepts of Movement," in Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, Keith Tribe, trans. (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 241-44;
126. David Armitage, "The New World and British Historical Thought: From Richard Hakluyt to William Robertson," in Karen Ordahl Kupperman, ed., America in European Consciousness, 1493-1750 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1995), 60-63.
127. For a relatively recent example, see A. L. Rowse, "Tudor Expansion: The Transition from Medieval to Modern History," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 14 (1957): 309-16, which starts from Bismarck's Eurocentric claim that the peopling of North America was "the decisive fact in the modern world."
128. Though for evidence that "early modern" is not applicable solely to Europe, witness the essays collected in "Early Modernities," Daedalus 127 (Summer 1998).
129. Benedict Anderson, "Exodus," Critical Inquiry 20 (1994): 314-27;
130. James Clifford, "Diasporas," in Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 244-77;
131. Khachig Tölölyan, "Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transnational Moment," Diaspora 5 (1996): 3-34;
132. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds., Becoming National: A Reader (New York, 1996);
133. Robin Cohen, Global Diasporas: An Introduction (London, 1997).
134. Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (London, 1997), provides the most explicit account of how these processes contributed to the formation of "modernity" itself.
135. Paul Gilroy, "The Black Atlantic as a Counterculture of Modernity," in Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 1-40;
136. Peter Linebaugh, "All the Atlantic Mountains Shook," Labour|Le travailleur 10 (1982): 87-121;
137. Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750 (Cambridge, 1987);
138. Linebaugh and Rediker, "The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves and the Atlantic Working Class in the Eighteenth Century," Journal of Historical Sociology 3 (1990): 225-53;
139. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African-American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge, Mass., 1997).
140. Ned C. Landsman, "Nation, Migration, and the Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600-1800," AHR 104 (April 1999): 463-75;
141. David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora," in Jenny Wormald, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Scotland (Oxford, forthcoming).
142. Edward A. Freeman, Lectures to American Audiences (Philadelphia, 1882), 10;
143. Freeman, Some Impressions of the United States (London, 1883);
144. Freeman, Greater Greece and Greater Britain; And, George Washington, the Expander of England: Two Lectures (London, 1886).
145. Charles Homer Haskins, "European History and American Scholarship," AHR 28 (January 1923): 215,
146. quoted in Paul Freedman and Gabrielle M. Spiegel, "Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies," AHR 103 (June 1998): 683.
147. Charles M. Andrews, "American Colonial History, 1690-1750,"
148. and Herbert L. Osgood, "The Study of American Colonial History," American Historical Association, Report for the Year 1898 (Washington, D.C., 1899), 47-60, 63-73;
149. Wesley Frank Craven, "Historical Study of the British Empire," Journal of Modern History 6 (1934): 40-69;
150. L. H. Gipson, "The Imperial Approach to Early American History," in R. A. Billington, ed., The Reinterpretation of Early American History (San Marino, Calif., 1966), 185-99;
151. Richard R. Johnson, "Charles McLean Andrews and the Invention of American Colonial History," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 43 (1986): 519-41;
152. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, 1988), 80-84.
153. Jack P. Greene, "Beyond Power: Paradigm Subversion and Reformulation and the Re-creation of the Early Modern Atlantic World," in Greene, Interpreting Early America: Historiographical Essays (Charlottesville, Va., 1996), 17-42.
154. For pointed protests against that separation, see Peter Marshall, "The First and Second British Empires: A Question of Demarcation," History 49 (1964): 13-23;
155. and Philip Lawson, "The Missing Link: The Imperial Dimension in Understanding Hanoverian Britain," Historical Journal 29 (1986): 747-51;
156. for conspicuous efforts to overcome it, see the essays in Lawson, A Taste for Empire and Glory: Studies in British Overseas Expansion, 1660-1800 (Aldershot, 1997).
157. Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," AHR 96 (October 1991): 1031-55;
158. Joyce Appleby, "Recovering America's Historic Diversity: Beyond Exceptionalism," Journal of American History 79 (1992): 419-31;
159. Michael Kammen, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism: A Reconsideration," American Quarterly 45 (1993): 1-43.
160. Compare Jack P. Greene, "South Carolina and the Caribbean Connection," South Carolina Historical Magazine 88 (1987): 192-210;
161. Andrew J. O'Shaughnessy, "The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 52 (1994): 203-25;
162. O'Shaughnessy, The Schism of Greater Britain: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean (forthcoming). My thanks to Dr. O'Shaughnessy for allowing me to read his manuscript before publication.
163. For the former, see, for example, Jane H. Ohlmeyer, Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randall MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim, 1609-1683 (Cambridge, 1993);
164. and John R. Young, ed., Celtic Dimensions of the British Civil Wars (Edinburgh, 1997);
165. for the latter, see, for example, Elizabeth Mancke, "Another British America: A Canadian Model for the Early Modern British Empire," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25 (1997): 1-36.
166. As shown by Daniel Walker Howe, American History in an Atlantic Context: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 3 June 1993 (Oxford, 1993).
167. J. H. Elliott, "Spain and Its Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," in Elliott, Spain and Its World 1500-1700: Selected Essays (New Haven, Conn., 1989), 10.
168. Notable exceptions are David Harris Sacks, The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450-1700 (Berkeley, Calif., 1991);
169. and Karen Ordahl Kupperman, "Needs and Opportunities: British Expansion," Itinerario 18 (1994): 130-36.
170. Anthony Pagden, "'The Impact of the New World on the Old': The History of an Idea," Renaissance and Modern Studies 30 (1986): 1-11;
171. J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New, 1492-1650, 2d edn. (Cambridge, 1992);
172. Elliott, "Final Reflections: The Old World and the New Revisited," in Kupperman, America in European Consciousness, 391-408.
173. Compare James Walvin, Fruits of Empire: Exotic Produce and British Taste, 1660-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997),
174. with Linda Colley, "The Imperial Embrace," Yale Review 81, no. 4 (1993): 92-98;
175. Jacob M. Price, "Who Cared about the Colonies? The Impact of the Thirteen Colonies on British Society and Politics circa 1714-1775," in Bailyn and Morgan, Strangers within the Realm, 395-436;
176. P. J. Marshall, "Imperial Britain," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 23 (1995): 379-94;
177. and Jack P. Greene, "Empire and Identity from the Glorious Revolution to the American Revolution," in Marshall, Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 2: Eighteenth Century, 208-30.
178. See especially James E. Gillespie, The Influence of Oversea [sic] Expansion on England to 1700 (New York, 1920);
179. Jay Barrett Botsford, English Society in the Eighteenth Century as Influenced from Oversea [sic] (New York, 1924);
180. Kathleen Wilson, "Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in MidHanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon," Past and Present 121 (1988): 74-109;
181. Wilson, "Empire of Virtue: The Imperial Project and Hanoverian Culture c. 1720-1785," in Lawrence Stone, ed., An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), 128-64;
182. Wilson, The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995), 137-205, 237-84;
183. Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (London, forthcoming);
184. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London, 1993);
185. Felicity Nussbaum, Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century English Narratives (Baltimore, Md., 1995).
186. It is notable in this connection that John Kerrigan's complaint, in "Birth of a Náison," London Review of Books (June 5, 1997): 16-17, that students of "English" literature have failed to take a "Three Kingdoms" approach to their subject,
187. was almost immediately answered in David J. Baker, Between Nations: Shakespeare, Spenser, Marwell and the Question of Britain (Stanford, Calif., 1997);
188. Andrew Hadfield, Edmund Spenser's Irish Experience: Wilde Fruit and Savage Soyl (Oxford, 1997);
189. Christopher Highley, Shakespeare, Spenser, and the Crisis in Ireland (Cambridge, 1997);
190. and Willy Maley, Salvaging Spenser: Colonialism, Culture, and Identity (New York, 1997).
191. P. J. Marshall, "A Nation Defined by Empire, 1755-76," in Grant and Stringer, Uniting the Kingdom? 208-22;
192. Marshall, "Empire and Opportunity in Britain, 1763-75," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 5 (1995): 111-28;
193. Marshall, "Britain and the World in the Eighteenth Century: I, Reshaping the Empire," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 8 (1998): 1-18;
194. H. V. Bowen, "British Conceptions of Global Empire, 1756-83," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 26 (1998): 1-27;
195. John M. MacKenzie, "Empire and National Identities: The Case of Scotland," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 8 (1998): 215-32.
196. Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-c. 1800 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), chap. 1.
197. Andrew Fitzmaurice, "Classical Rhetoric and the Promotion of the New World," Journal of the History of Ideas 58 (1997): 221-44;
198. David Armitage, "Literature and Empire," in Canny, Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 1: Origins of Empire, 99-123.
199. John Morrill, "A British Patriarchy? Ecclesiastical Imperialism under the Early Stuarts," in Anthony Fletcher and Peter Roberts, eds., Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson (Cambridge, 1994), 209-37;
200. Canny, "Irish, Scottish and Welsh Responses to Centralisation," 147-69.
201. Jack P. Greene, "Negotiated Authorities: The Problem of Governance in the Extended Polities of the Early Modern Atlantic World," in Greene, Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville, Va., 1994), 1-24, is a pioneering attempt to forge this connection;
202. meanwhile, Peter N. Miller, Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1994), has suggested the appropriate early modern intellectual framework within which such problems were thinkable for contemporaries.
203. Seeley, Expansion of England, 11, 38.
204. Robert M. Bliss, Revolution and Empire: English Politics and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Manchester, 1990);
205. "The Parliamentary Papers of Nicholas Ferrar, 1624," David R. Ransome, ed., Camden Miscellany, 33, Seventeenth-Century Political and Financial Papers (Cambridge, 1996), 1-104;
206. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony (Cambridge, 1993);
207. Mary K. Geiter, "The Restoration Crisis and the Launching of Pennsylvania, 1679-81," English Historical Review 112 (1997): 300-18.
208. As revealed amply in Steven C. A. Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650-1668 (Cambridge, 1996).
209. Compare Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653 (Princeton, N.J., 1993); work in progress by Carla Gardina Pestana will illuminate the American side of the mid-seventeenth-century conflicts.
210. Blair Worden, "Oliver Cromwell and the Sin of Achan," in Derek Beales and Geoffrey Best, eds., History, Society and the Churches (Cambridge, 1985), 125-45;
211. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, "Errand to the Indies: Puritan Colonization from Providence Island through the Western Design," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 44 (1988): 70-99;
212. David Armitage, "The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire," Historical Journal 35 (1992): 531-55.
213. An adequate biography of the duke of York, as proprietor of New York, King James VII of Scotland, and King James II of Ireland, as well as James II of England, is an important need to be filled by the New British History,.although W. A. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries: Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), 11-13, does offer some hints about the role of James's proprietorship in exciting suspicions about his incipient authoritarianism.
214. Stephen Saunders Webb, The Governors-General: The English Army and the Definition of Empire, 1569-1681 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979);
215. Webb, Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered (New York, 1995).
216. John Robertson, "Union, State and Empire: The Union of 1707 in Its European Setting," in Stone, Imperial State at War, 224-57;
217. David Armitage, "The Scottish Vision of Empire: Intellectual Origins of the Darien Venture," in John Robertson, ed., A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995), 97-118.
218. Seeley, Expansion of England, 13.
219. J. C. D. Clark, English Society, 1660-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge, 1985);
220. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783 (London, 1989);
221. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727-1783 (Oxford, 1989);
222. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992).
223. Edward Countryman, Americans: A Collision of Histories (New York, 1996);
224. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1992), chaps. 1-5;
225. Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1990);
226. John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1997);
227. compare also David S. Shields, Civill Tongues and Polite Letters in British America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997).
228. The major examples of British repayment of this debt are Clark, Language of Liberty;
229. and Colley, Significance of the Frontier in British History.
230. Edmund S. Morgan, "The American Revolution: Revisions in Need of Revising," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 14 (1957): 3-15.
231. T. H. Breen, "Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising," Journal of American History 84 (1997): 13-39.
232. Seeley, Expansion of England, 117;
233. Dalphy I. Fagerstrom, "The American Revolution in Scottish Opinion, 1763-83" (PhD dissertation, Edinburgh University, 1951);
234. J. H. Plumb, "British Attitudes to the American Revolution," in Plumb, In the Light of History (London, 1972), 70-87;
235. John Derry, English Politics and the American Revolution (London, 1976);
236. Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (London, 1977);
237. J. G. A. Pocock, ed., Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776 (Princeton, N.J., 1980);
238. James Bradley, Popular Politics and the American Revolution in England: Petitions, the Crown, and Public Opinion (Macon, Ga., 1986);
239. John Sainsbury, Disaffected Patriots: London Supporters of Revolutionary America 1769-1782 (Kingston, Ontario, 1987);
240. Stephen Conway, The War of American Independence, 1775-1783 (London, 1995), 187-214;
241. Pocock, "Empire, State and Confederation: The War of American Independence as a Crisis in Multiple Monarchy," in Robertson, Union for Empire, 318-48;
242. Eliga H. Gould, "American Independence and Britain's Counterrevolution," Past and Present 154 (February 1997): 107-41;
243. H. T. Dickinson, ed., Britain and the American Revolution (Harlow, 1998);
244. Gould, "Virtual Nation."
245. Joan Wallach Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis," in Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 49,
246. orig. pub. in AHR 91 (December 1986): 1053-75.
247. Conrad Russell, "John Bull's Other Nations," Times Literary Supplement (March 12, 1993): 3-4.
248. D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1: Atlantic America, 1492-1800 (New Haven, Conn., 1986);
249. E. Estyn Evans, "Atlantic Europe: The Pastoral Heritage," in Evans, Ireland and the Atlantic Heritage: Selected Writings (Dublin, 1996), 59-61.
250. For the benefits of both integration and comparison in the history of the Americas in the early modern period, see J. H. Elliott, Do the Americas Have a Common History? An Address (Providence, R.I., 1998).