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Biological roles and mechanistic actions of co-repressor complexes
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This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the biological importance of transcriptional co-repressor proteins, as revealed by studies of genetically engineered mice and human diseases.
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Jepsen K., Rosenfeld M.G. Biological roles and mechanistic actions of co-repressor complexes. J. Cell Sci. 115:2002;689-698 This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the biological importance of transcriptional co-repressor proteins, as revealed by studies of genetically engineered mice and human diseases.
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ICF syndrome: A new case and review of the literature
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Smeets D.F., Moog U., Weemaes C.M., Vaes-Peeters G., Merkx G.F., Niehof J.P., Hamers G. ICF syndrome: a new case and review of the literature. Hum. Genet. 94:1994;240-246.
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An embryonic-like methylation pattern of classical satellite DNA is observed in ICF syndrome
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Jeanpierre M., Turleau C., Aurias A., Prieur M., Ledeist F., Fischer A., Viegas-Pequignot E. An embryonic-like methylation pattern of classical satellite DNA is observed in ICF syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1993;731-735.
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Okano M., Bell D.W., Haber D.A., Li E. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell. 99:1999;247-257.
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Okano, M.1
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Xu G.L., Bestor T.H., Bourc'his D., Hsieh C.L., Tommerup N., Bugge M., Hulten M., Qu X., Russo J.J., Viegas-Pequignot E. Chromosome instability and immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in a DNA methyltransferase gene. Nature. 402:1999;187-191.
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The DNMT3B DNA methyltransferase gene is mutated in the ICF immunodeficiency syndrome
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Hansen R.S., Wijmenga C., Luo P., Stanek A.M., Canfield T.K., Weemaes C.M., Gartler S.M. The DNMT3B DNA methyltransferase gene is mutated in the ICF immunodeficiency syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 96:1999;14412-14417.
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DNA methyltransferase 3B mutations linked to the ICF syndrome cause dysregulation of lymphogenesis genes
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This paper reports the results of microarray expression analysis on B-cell lymphoblastoid cell lines from normal and ICF patients with diverse DNMT3B mutations. Among the genes showing consistent and significant ICF-specific changes in RNA levels, several play a role in immune function. Surprisingly, promoters of differentially expressed genes showed no differences in DNA methylation. These data suggest that DNMT3B mutations in ICF syndrome result in lymphogenesis-associated gene dysregulation by indirect effects on gene expression.
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Ehrlich M., Buchanan K.L., Tsien F., Jiang G., Sun B., Uicker W., Weemaes C.M., Smeets D., Sperling K., Belohradsky B.H.et al. DNA methyltransferase 3B mutations linked to the ICF syndrome cause dysregulation of lymphogenesis genes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10:2001;2917-2931 This paper reports the results of microarray expression analysis on B-cell lymphoblastoid cell lines from normal and ICF patients with diverse DNMT3B mutations. Among the genes showing consistent and significant ICF-specific changes in RNA levels, several play a role in immune function. Surprisingly, promoters of differentially expressed genes showed no differences in DNA methylation. These data suggest that DNMT3B mutations in ICF syndrome result in lymphogenesis-associated gene dysregulation by indirect effects on gene expression.
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Ehrlich, M.1
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Rett syndrome and MeCP2: Linking epigenetics and neuronal function
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A comprehensive review about Rett syndrome and MECP2.
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Shahbazian M.D., Zoghbi H.Y. Rett syndrome and MeCP2: linking epigenetics and neuronal function. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:2002;1259-1272 A comprehensive review about Rett syndrome and MECP2.
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Shahbazian, M.D.1
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Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
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Amir R.E., Van den Veyver I.B., Wan M., Tran C.Q., Francke U., Zoghbi H.Y. Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nat. Genet. 23:1999;185-188.
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The Ski protein family is required for MeCP2-mediated transcriptional repression
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Kokura K., Kaul S.C., Wadhwa R., Nomura T., Khan M.M., Shinagawa T., Yasukawa T., Colmenares C., Ishii S. The Ski protein family is required for MeCP2-mediated transcriptional repression. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;34115-34121.
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Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription
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Jones P.L., Veenstra G.J., Wade P.A., Vermaak D., Kass S.U., Landsberger N., Strouboulis J., Wolffe A.P. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat. Genet. 19:1998;187-191.
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Nan X., Ng H.H., Johnson C.A., Laherty C.D., Turner B.M., Eisenman R.N., Bird A. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature. 393:1998;386-389.
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Mice with truncated MeCP2 recapitulate many Rett syndrome features and display hyperacetylation of histone H3
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••] report the generation of animal models of Rett syndrome. Significantly, the deficiency of MECP2 specifically in neurons is sufficient to cause neuronal dysfunction with a symptomatic manifestation similar to Rett syndrome. In addition, histone H3 is hyperacetylated, suggesting that gene expression may be misregulated in this disease.
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••] report the generation of animal models of Rett syndrome. Significantly, the deficiency of MECP2 specifically in neurons is sufficient to cause neuronal dysfunction with a symptomatic manifestation similar to Rett syndrome. In addition, histone H3 is hyperacetylated, suggesting that gene expression may be misregulated in this disease.
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Transcriptional profiling of a mouse model for Rett syndrome reveals subtle transcriptional changes in the brain
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Biochemical data suggest that MECP2 acts as a global transcriptional repressor, predicting that MECP2 mutant mice should have genome-wide transcriptional deregulation. Here, this hypothesis has been tested by global transcriptional profiling on brain tissues of wild-type and MECP2 mutant mice. The results of numerous microarray analyses revealed no dramatic changes in transcription, even in mice displaying overt disease symptoms. This result suggests that MECP2 deficiency leads to subtle gene expression changes in mutant brains, which may be associated with the phenotypic changes observed.
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Tudor M., Akbarian S., Chen R.Z., Jaenisch R. Transcriptional profiling of a mouse model for Rett syndrome reveals subtle transcriptional changes in the brain. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 99:2002;15536-15541 Biochemical data suggest that MECP2 acts as a global transcriptional repressor, predicting that MECP2 mutant mice should have genome-wide transcriptional deregulation. Here, this hypothesis has been tested by global transcriptional profiling on brain tissues of wild-type and MECP2 mutant mice. The results of numerous microarray analyses revealed no dramatic changes in transcription, even in mice displaying overt disease symptoms. This result suggests that MECP2 deficiency leads to subtle gene expression changes in mutant brains, which may be associated with the phenotypic changes observed.
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Familial myoclonus epilepsy and choreoathetosis: Hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
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Wood J.D., Nucifora F.C. Jr., Duan K., Zhang C., Wang J., Kim Y., Schilling G., Sacchi N., Liu J.M., Ross C.A. Atrophin-1, the dentato-rubral and pallido-luysian atrophy gene product, interacts with ETO/MTG8 in the nuclear matrix and represses transcription. J. Cell Biol. 150:2000;939-948.
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25
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Drosophila atrophin homolog functions as a transcriptional corepressor in multiple developmental processes
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This paper demonstrates that Drosophila Atrophin is required for diverse developmental processes, including early embryonic patterning. Furthermore, both human Atrophin-1 and Drosophila Atrophin repress transcription in vivo when tethered to DNA, and poly-Q expansion in Atrophin-1 reduces this repressive activity.
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Zhang S., Xu L., Lee J., Xu T. Drosophila atrophin homolog functions as a transcriptional corepressor in multiple developmental processes. Cell. 108:2002;45-56 This paper demonstrates that Drosophila Atrophin is required for diverse developmental processes, including early embryonic patterning. Furthermore, both human Atrophin-1 and Drosophila Atrophin repress transcription in vivo when tethered to DNA, and poly-Q expansion in Atrophin-1 reduces this repressive activity.
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Imprinting of IGF2 and H19: Lack of reciprocity in sporadic Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
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Joyce J.A., Lam W.K., Catchpoole D.J., Jenks P., Reik W., Maher E.R., Schofield P.N. Imprinting of IGF2 and H19: lack of reciprocity in sporadic Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:1997;1543-1548.
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Sun F.L., Dean W.L., Kelsey G., Allen N.D., Reik W. Transactivation of Igf2 in a mouse model of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nature. 389:1997;809-815.
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Deletion of the H19 differentially methylated domain results in loss of imprinted expression of H19 and Igf2
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Bell A.C., Felsenfeld G. Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene. Nature. 405:2000;482-485.
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Hark A.T., Schoenherr C.J., Katz D.J., Ingram R.S., Levorse J.M., Tilghman S.M. CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus. Nature. 405:2000;486-489.
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Hamatani T., Sasaki H., Ishihara K., Hida N., Maruyama T., Yoshimura Y., Hata J., Umezawa A. Epigenetic mark sequence of the H19 gene in human sperm. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1518:2001;137-144.
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CTCF maintains differential methylation at the Igf2/H19 locus
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This study constitutes the first in vivo demonstration of the multiple functions of CTCF in the imprinting control region (ICR). Using mice that harbor point mutations in CTCF binding sites, the authors show that CTCF binding is required to maintain, but not establish, the differential methylation of the ICR.
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Schoenherr C.J., Levorse J.M., Tilghman S.M. CTCF maintains differential methylation at the Igf2/H19 locus. Nat. Genet. 33:2003;66-69 This study constitutes the first in vivo demonstration of the multiple functions of CTCF in the imprinting control region (ICR). Using mice that harbor point mutations in CTCF binding sites, the authors show that CTCF binding is required to maintain, but not establish, the differential methylation of the ICR.
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Chromosome 4q DNA rearrangements associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
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Wijmenga C., Hewitt J.E., Sandkuijl L.A., Clark L.N., Wright T.J., Dauwerse H.G., Gruter A.M., Hofker M.H., Moerer P., Williamson R. Chromosome 4q DNA rearrangements associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Nat. Genet. 2:1992;26-30.
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Correlation between fragment size at D4F104S1 and age at onset or at wheelchair use, with a possible generational effect, accounts for much phenotypic variation in 4q35-facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)
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Lunt P.W., Jardine P.E., Koch M.C., Maynard J., Osborn M., Williams M., Harper P.S., Upadhyaya M. Correlation between fragment size at D4F104S1 and age at onset or at wheelchair use, with a possible generational effect, accounts for much phenotypic variation in 4q35-facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:1995;951-958.
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Zatz M., Marie S.K., Passos-Bueno M.R., Vainzof M., Campiotto S., Cerqueira A., Wijmenga C., Padberg G., Frants R. High proportion of new mutations and possible anticipation in Brazilian facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56:1995;99-105.
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