A Mnemonic Theory of Odor Perception

Psychological Review

Volumn 110, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 340-364

  Stevenson, Richard J ^b   Boakes, Robert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; MEMORY; ODOR; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; REVIEW;

HUMANS; MEMORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; SMELL;

EID: 0037942804     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.340     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Algom, D., & Cain, W. S. (1991). Remembered odors and mental mixtures: Tapping reservoirs of olfactory knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 1104-1119.
2. Amoore, J. E. (1952). The stereochemical specificity's of human olfactory receptors. The Perfumery and Essential Oil Record, 43, 321-331.
3. Amoore, J. E. (1964). The stereochemical theory of odor. Scientific American, 210, 42-49.
4. Amoore, J. E. (1982). Odor theory and odor classification. In E. T. Theimer (Ed.), Fragrance chemistry: The science of sense of smell (pp. 27-76). New York: Academic Press.
5. Amoore, J. E., & Venstrom, D. (1967). Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. In T. Hayashi (Ed.), Olfaction and Taste II (pp. 3-17). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
6. Angyal, A. (1941). Disgust and related aversions. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36, 393-412.
7. Annett, J. M., & Leslie, J. C. (1996). Effects of visual and verbal interference on olfactory memory: The role of task complexity. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 447-457.
8. Ayabe-Kanamura, S., Schicker, I., Laska, M., Hudson, R., Distel, H., Kobayakawa, T., & Saito, S. (1998). Differences in perception of everyday odors: A Japanese-German cross cultural study. Chemical Senses, 23, 31-38.
9. Baddeley, A. D., & Andrade, J. (2000). Working memory and the vividness of imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 126-145.
10. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1993). The recency effect: Implicit learning with explicit retrieval? Memory & Cognition, 21, 146-155.
11. Barinaga, M. (2001, November 9). Smell's course is predetermined. Science, 294, 1269-1271.
12. Barkai, E., Bergman, R. E., Horwitz, G., & Hasselmo, M. E. (1994). Modulation of associative memory function in a biophysical stimulation of rat piriform cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 72, 659-677.
13. Barz, S., Hummel, T., Pauli, E., Majer, M., Lang, C. J., & Kobal, G. (1997). Chemosensory event-related potentials in response to trigeminal and olfactory stimulation in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 49, 1424-1431.
14. Beets, M. G. J. (1978). Structure-activity relationships in human chemo-reception. London: Applied Science.
15. Benzing, W. C., & Squire, L. R. (1989). Preserved learning and memory in amnesia: Intact adaptation-level effects and learning of stereoscopic depth. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 538-547.
16. Betts, G. H. (1909). The distribution and functions of mental imagery (Contributions to Education Series, No. 26). New York: Columbia University Teachers College.
17. Blakemore, C., & Cooper, C. G. (1970, October 31). Development of the brain depends upon the visual environment. Nature, 228, 477-478.
18. Boelens, H. (1974). Relationship between the chemical structure of compounds and their olfactive properties. Cosmetics and Perfumery, 89, 70-74.
19. Brand, G., Millot, J., & Henquell, D. (2001). Complexity of olfactory lateralization processes revealed by functional imagining: A review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 159-166.
20. Bregman, A. S. (1990). Auditory scene analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
21. Brud, W. S. (1986). Words versus odours: How perfumers communicate. Perfumer and Flavorist, 11, 27-44.
22. Buck, L. B. (1996). Information coding in the vertebrate olfactory system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 19, 517-544.
23. Buck, L. B. (2000). The molecular architecture of odor and pheromone sensing in mammals. Cell, 100, 611-618.
24. Buck, L. B., & Axel, R. (1991). A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell, 85, 175-187.
25. Burdach, K. J., & Doty, R. L. (1987). The effect of mouth movements, swallowing, and spitting on retronasal odor perception. Physiology & Behavior, 41, 353-356.
26. Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000). Imaging and cognition: II. An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1-47.
27. Cain, W. S. (1979). To know with the nose: Keys to odor and identification, Science, 203, 468-470.
28. Cain, W. S., De Wijk, R., Lulejian, C., Schiet, F., & See, L. (1998). Odor identification: Perceptual and semantic dimensions. Chemical Senses, 23, 309-326.
29. Cain, W. S., & Murphy, C. L. (1980). Interaction between chemoreceptive modalities of odor and irritation. Nature, 284, 255-257.
30. Cain, W. S., & Polak, E. H. (1992). Olfactory adaptation as an aspect of odor similarity. Chemical Senses, 17, 481-491.
31. Cain, W. S., & Potts, B. C. (1996). Switch and bait: Probing the discriminative basis of odor identification via recognition memory. Chemical Senses, 21, 35-44.
32. Cain, W. S., Stevens, J. C., Nickou, C. M., Giles, A., Johnston, I., & Garcia-Medina, M. R. (1995). Life-span development of odor identification, learning, and olfactory sensitivity. Perception, 24, 1457-1472.
33. Cann, A., & Ross, D. A. (1989). Olfactory stimuli as contextual cues in human memory. American Journal of Psychology, 102, 91-102.
34. Carrasco, M., & Ridout, J. B. (1993). Olfactory perception and olfactory imagery: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 287-301.
35. Cernoch, J. M., & Porter, R. H. (1985). Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants. Child Development, 56, 1593-1598.
36. Chastrette, M., Elmouaffek, A., & Sauvegrain, P. (1988). A multidimensional statistical study of 74 notes used in perfumery. Chemical Senses, 13, 295-305.
37. Chifala, W. M., & Polzella, D. J. (1995). Smell and taste classification of the same stimuli. Journal of General Psychology, 122, 287-294
38. Chu, S., & Downes, J. J. (2000a). Long live Proust: The odour-cued autobiographical memory bump. Cognition, 75, B41-B50.
39. Chu, S., & Downes, J. J. (2000b). Odour-evoked autobiographical memories: Psychological investigations of Proustian phenomena. Chemical Senses, 25, 111-116.
40. Clark, C. C., & Lawless, H. T. (1994). Limiting response alternatives in time-intensity scaling: An examination of the halo dumping effect. Chemical Senses, 19, 583-594.
41. Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163-191.
42. Dadds, M. R., Bovbjerg, D. H., Redd, W. H., & Cutmore, T. R. H. (1997). Imagery in human classical conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 89-103.
43. Dalton, P., Doolittle, N., Nagata, H., & Breslin, P. A. S. (2000). The merging of the senses: Integration of subthreshold taste and smell. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 431-432.
44. Danthiir, V., Roberts, R. D., Pallier, G., & Stankov, L. (2001). What the nose knows: Olfaction and cognitive abilities. Intelligence, 29, 337-361.
45. Davis, R. G. (1977). Acquisition and retention of verbal associations to olfactory and abstract visual stimuli of varying similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 37-51.
46. Davis, R. G., & Pangborn, R. M. (1985). Odor pleasantness judgments compared among samples from 20 nations using microfragrances. Chemical Senses, 30, 413.
47. Dawson, M. E., & Schell, A. M. (1987). Human autonomic and skeletal conditioning: The role of conscious cognitive factors. In G. Davey (Ed.), Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans (pp. 27-55). Chichester, England: Wiley.
48. DeSchepper, B., & Treisman, A. (1996). Visual memory for novel shapes: Implicit coding without attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 27-47.
49. Desor, J. A., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1974). The human capacity to transmit olfactory information. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 551-556.
50. De Wijk, R., & Cain., W. S. (1994a). Odor identification by name and by edibility: Life span development and safety, Human Factors, 36, 182-187.
51. De Wijk, R., & Cain, W. S. (1994b). Odor quality: Discrimination versus free and cued identification. Perception & Psychophysics, 56, 12-18.
52. Dielenberg, R. A., & McGregor, I. S. (2001). Defensive behavior in rats towards predatory odors: A review, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 597-609.
53. Dodd, G. H. (1988). The molecular dimension in perfumery. In E. Douek (Ed.), Perfumes and sensory processing (pp. 19-46). London: Chapman & Hall.
54. Doty, R. L. (1992). Influences of aging on human olfaction function. In D. G. Laing, R. L. Doty, & W. Breipohl (Eds.), The human sense of smell (pp. 181-195). New York: Springer-Verlag.
55. Doty, R. L. (2001). Olfaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 423-452.
56. Doty, R. L., Reyes, P. F., & Gregor, T. (1987). Presence of both odor identification and detection deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Research Bulletin, 18, 597-600.
57. Doty, R. L., Shaman, P., Applebaum, S. L., Giberson, R., Sikorski, L., & Rosenberg, L. (1984, December 21). Smell identification ability: Changes with age. Science, 226, 1441-1443.
58. Doty, R. L., Shaman, P., & Dann, W. (1984). Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiology & Behavior, 32, 489-502.
59. Doty, R. L., Smith, R., McKeown, D. A., & Raj, J. (1994). Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance. Perception & Psychophysics, 56, 701-708.
60. Dravnieks, A. (1982, November 19). Odor quality: Semantically generated multidimensional profiles are stable. Science, 218, 799-801.
61. Dravnieks, A. (1985). Atlas of odor character proflies (ASTM Data series DS61). Philadelphia: ASTM Publishers.
62. Dravnieks, A., Bock, F. C., Powers, J. J., Tibbetts, M., & Ford, M. (1978). Comparison of odors directly and through profiling. Chemical Senses, 3, 191-225.
63. Dyson, G. M. (1938). The scientific basis of odour. Chemical Industries, 57, 647-651.
64. Eichenbaum, H., Morton, T. H., Potter, H., & Corkin, S. (1983). Selective olfactory deficits in case H. M. Brain, 106, 459-472.
65. Eichenbaum, H., Shedlack, K. J., & Eckmann, K. W. (1980). Thalmocortical mechanisms in odor guided behavior: I. Effects of lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and frontal cortex on olfactory discriminations in the rat. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 17, 255-275.
66. Engen, T. (1982). The perception of odors. New York: Academic Press.
67. Engen, T., & Bosak, J. (1969). Facilitation in olfactory detection. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 68, 320-326.
68. Engen, T., & Engen, E. A. (1997). Relationship between development of odor perception and language. L'Enfance, 1, 125-140.
69. Engen, T., Kuisma, J. E., & Eimas, P. D. (1973). Short-term memory of odors. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99, 222-225.
70. Engen, T., & Ross, B. M. (1973). Long-term memory of odors with and without verbal descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 100, 221-227.
71. Epple, G., & Herz, R. S. (1999). Ambient odors associated to failure influence cognitive performance in children. Developmental Psychobiology, 35, 103-107.
72. Eskenazi, B., Cain, W. S., Novelly, R. A., & Friend, K. B. (1983). Olfactory functioning in temporal lobectomy patients. Neuropsychologia, 21, 365-374.
73. Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, A. R., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1982). Olfactory dysfunction in man: Anatomical and behavioral aspects. Brain and Cognition, 1, 259-285.
74. Findley, A. E. (1924). Further studies of Henning's system of olfactory qualities. American Journal of Psychology, 35, 436-445.
75. Frank, R. A., & Byram, J. (1988). Taste-smell interactions are tastant and odorant dependent. Chemical Senses, 13, 445-455.
76. Frank, R. A., Ducheny, K., & Mize, S. J. S. (1989). Strawberry odor, but not red color, enhances the sweetness of sucrose solutions. Chemical Senses, 14, 371-377.
77. Fuster, J. M. (2000). The prefrontal cortex of the primate: A synopsis. Psychobiology, 28, 125-131.
78. Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 87-115.
79. Gabrieli, J. D. E., Milberg, W., Keane, M., & Corkin, S. (1990). Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory. Neuropsychologia, 28, 417-427.
80. Gibson, E. J. (1953). Improvement in perceptual judgments as a function of controlled practice or training. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 401-431.
81. Goldstein, E. B. (1999). Sensation and perception (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
82. Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). Selective effects of interference on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 45-53.
83. Green, B. G., & Lawless, H. T. (1991). The psychophysics of somatosensory chemoreception in the nose and mouth. In T. V. Getchell, L. M. Bartoshuk, R. L. Doty, & J. B. Snow (Eds.), Smell and taste in health and disease (pp. 235-254). New York: Raven Press.
84. Gross-Isseroff, R., & Doron, L. (1989). Concentration-dependent changes of perceived odor quality. Chemical Senses, 13, 191-204.
85. Haberly, L. B. (1969). Single unit responses to odor in the prepyriform cortex of the rat. Brain Research, 12, 477-481.
86. Haberly, L. B. (1985). Neuronal circuitry in olfactory cortex. Chemical Senses, 10, 219-238.
87. Haberly, L. B. (1998). Olfactory cortex. In G. M. Shepherd (Ed.), The synaptic organization of the brain (pp. 377-416). New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Haberly, L. B. (2001). Parallel-distributed processing in olfactory cortex: New insights from morphological and physiological analysis of neuronal circuitry. Chemical Senses, 26, 551-577.
89. Haberly, L. B., & Bower, J. M. (1989). Olfactory cortex: Model circuit for study of associative memory? Trends in Neuroscience, 12, 258-264.
90. Hall, G. (1991). Perceptual and associative learning. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
91. Harper, R., Bate-Smith, E. C., & Land, D. G. (1968). Odour description and odour classification. London: Churchill.
92. Hasselmo, M. E., Anderson, B. P., & Bower, J. H. (1992). Cholinergic modulation of cortical associative memory function. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67, 1230-1246.
93. Hazzard, F. W. (1930). A descriptive account of odors. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 13, 297-331.
94. Heimer, L., Van Hoesen, G. W., & Rosene, D. L. (1977). The olfactory pathways and the anterior perforated substance in the primate brain. International Journal of Neurology, 12, 42-52.
95. Henning, H. (1916). Der Geruch [Odor]. Leipzig, Germany: Barth.
96. Herholz, K., Ehlen, P., Kessler, J., Strotmann, T., Kalbe, E., & Markowitsch, H. (2001). Learning face-name associations and the effect of age and performance: A PET activation study. Neuropsychologia, 39, 643-650.
97. Herz, R. S., & Engen, T. (1996). Odor memory. Review and analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 300-313.
98. Herz, R. S., McCall, C., & Cahill, L. (1999). Hemispheric lateralization in the processing of odor pleasantness versus odor names. Chemical Senses, 24, 691-697.
99. Hildebrand, J. G., & Shepherd, G. M. (1997). Mechanisms of olfactory discrimination: Converging evidence for common principles across phyla. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 20, 595-631.
100. Homewood, J., & Stevenson, R. J. (2001). Differences in naming accuracy of odors presented to the left and right nostrils. Biological Psychology, 58, 65-73.
101. Honey, R. C., & Hall, G. (1989). The acquired equivalence and distinctiveness of cues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 15, 338-346.
102. Horowitz, L. M., & Prytulak, L. S. (1969). Redintegrative memory. Psychological Review, 76, 519-531.
103. Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1959). Receptive fields of single neurons in the cat's striate cortex. Journal of Physiology, 148, 574-591.
104. Hudson, R. (1999). From molecule to mind: The role of experience in shaping olfactory function. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 185(A), 297-304.
105. Hughson, A. L., & Boakes, R. A. (2001). Perceptual and cognitive aspects of wine expertise. Australian Journal of Psychology, 53, 103-108.
106. Issel-Tarver, L., & Rine, J. (1997). The evolution of mammalian olfactory receptor genes. Genetics, 145, 185-195.
107. Jacoby, L. J., Allan, L. G., Collins, J. C., & Larwill, L. K. (1988). Memory influences subjective experience: Noise judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 240-247.
108. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
109. Jehl, C., Royet, J. P., & Holley, A. (1994). Very short term recognition memory for odors. Perception & Psychophysics, 56, 658-668.
110. Jehl, C., Royet, J. P., & Holley, A. (1995). Odor discrimination and recognition memory as a function of familiarization. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 1002-1011.
111. Jehl, C., Royet, J. P., & Holley, A. (1997). Role of verbal encoding in short- and long-term odor recognition. Perception & Psychophysics, 59, 100-110.
112. Jones, B. P., Butters, N., Moskowitz, H. R., & Montgomery, K. (1978). Olfactory and gustatory capacities of alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Neuropsychologia, 16, 323-337.
113. Jones, F. N., Roberts, K., & Holman, E. W. (1978). Similarity judgments and recognition in memory for some common spices. Perception & Psychophysics, 24, 2-6.
114. Jones-Gotman, M., & Zatorre, R. J. (1988). Olfactory identification deficits in patients with focal cerebral excision. Neuropsychologia, 26, 387-400.
115. Jones-Gotman, M., & Zatorre, R. J. (1993). Odor recognition memory in humans: Role of right temporal and orbitofrontal regions. Brain and Cognition, 22, 182-198.
116. Kanter, E. D., & Haberly, L. B. (1993). Associative long-term potentiation in piriform cortex requires GABAa blockade. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 2477-2482.
117. Kareken, D. A., Doty, R. L., Moberg, P. J., Mosnik, D., Chen, S. H., Farlow, M. R., & Hutchins, G. D. (2001). Olfactory-evoked regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 15, 18-29.
118. Katz, P. A. (1963). Effects of labels on children's perception and discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 423-428.
119. Knafo, S., Grossman, Y., Barkai, E., & Benshalom, G. (2001). Olfactory learning is associated with increased spine density along apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the rat piriform cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 633-638.
120. Koss, E., Weiffenbach, J. M., Haxby, J. V., & Friedland, R. P. (1988). Olfactory detection and identification performance are dissociated in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 38, 1228-1231.
121. Koster, E. P. (1971). Adaptation and cross-adaptation in olfaction: An experimental study with olfactory stimuli at low levels of intensity. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Bronder Offset, NV.
122. Laffort, P., & Gortan, C. (1987). Olfactory properties of some gases in hyperbaric atmosphere. Chemical Senses, 12, 139-142.
123. Laing, D. G., & Francis, G. W. (1989). The capacity of humans to identify odors in mixtures. Physiology & Behavior, 46, 809-814.
124. Lansky, P., & Rospars, J. P. (1993). Coding of odor intensity. BioSystems, 31, 15-38.
125. Lanza, D. C., & Clerico, D. M. (1995). Anatomy of the human nasal passages. In R. L. Doty (Ed.), Handbook of olfaction and gustation (pp. 53-75). New York: Dekker.
126. Larjola, K., & Von Wright, J. (1976). Memory for odors: Developmental data. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 1138.
127. Larsson, M. (1997). Semantic factors in episodic recognition of common odors in early and late adulthood: A review. Chemical Senses, 22, 623-633.
128. Laska, M., Ayabe-Kanamura, S., Hubener, F., & Saito, S. (2000). Olfactory discrimination ability for aliphatic odorants as a function of oxygen moiety. Chemical Senses, 25, 189-197.
129. Laska, M., Distel, H., & Hudson, R. (1997). Trigeminal perception of odorant quality in congenitally anosmic subjects. Chemical Senses, 22, 447-456.
130. Laska, M., & Teubner, P. (1999). Olfactory discrimination ability for homologous series of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes. Chemical Senses, 23, 263-270.
131. Laska, M., Trolp, S., & Teubner, P. (1999). Odor structure-activity relationships compared in human and nonhuman primates. Behavioral Neuroscience, 113, 998-1007.
132. Laurent, G. (1999, October 22). A systems perspective on early olfactory coding. Science, 286, 723-728.
133. Lawless, H. T. (1978). Recognition of common odors, pictures, and simple shapes. Perception & Psychophysics, 24, 493-495.
134. Lawless, H. T. (1984). Flavor description of white wine by "expert" and nonexpert wine consumers. Journal of Food Science, 49, 120-123.
135. Lawless, H. T. (1997). Olfactory psychophysics. In G. K. Beauchamp & L. Bartoshuk (Eds.), Tasting and smelling (pp. 125-174). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
136. Lawless, H. T. (1999). Descriptive analysis of complex odors: Reality, model or illusion? Food Quality and Preference, 10, 325-332.
137. Lawless, H. T., & Cain, W. S. (1975). Recognition memory for odors. Chemical Senses and Flavour, 1, 331-337.
138. Lawless, H. T., & Engen, T. (1977). Associations to odors: Interference, mnemonics, and verbal labeling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 52-59.
139. Lehrner, J. P., Gluck, J., & Laska, M. (1999). Odor identification, consistency of label use, olfactory threshold and their relationships to odor memory over the human lifespan. Chemical Senses, 24, 337-346.
140. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
141. Livermore, A., & Laing, D. G. (1996). Influence of training and experience on the perception of multicomponent odor mixtures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 267-277.
142. Livermore, A., & Laing, D. G. (1998a). The influence of chemical complexity on the perception of multicomponent odor mixtures. Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 650-661.
143. Livermore, A., & Laing, D. G. (1998b). The influence of odor type on the discrimination and identification of odorants in multicomponent odor mixtures. Physiology & Behavior, 65, 311-320.
144. Logothetis, N. K., & Sheinberg, D. L. (1996). Visual object recognition. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 19, 577-621.
145. Lu, X. M., & Slotnick, B. M. (1994). Recognition of propionic acid vapour after removal of the olfactory bulb area associated with high 2-DG uptake. Brain Research, 639, 26-32.
146. Lyman, B. J., & McDaniel, M. A. (1990). Memory for odors and odor names: Modalities of elaboration and imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 656-664.
147. MacDonald, M. K. (1922). An experimental study of Henning's system of olfactory qualities. American Journal of Psychology, 33, 535-596.
148. Mair, R., Capra, C., McEntree, W. J., & Engen, T. (1980). Odor discrimination and memory in Korsakoff's psychosis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 433-458.
149. Mair, R., Harrison, L. M., & Flint, D. L. (1995). The neuropsychology of odor memory. In F. R. Schab & R. G. Crowder (Eds.), Memory for odors (pp. 39-69). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
150. Malnic, B., Hirono, J., Sato, T., & Buck, L. B. (1999). Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. Cell, 96, 713-723.
151. Marinkovic, K., Schell, A. M., & Dawson, M. E. (1989). Awareness of the CS-UCS contingency and classical conditioning of skin conductance responses with olfactory CSs. Biological Psychology, 29, 39-60.
152. McLaughlin, S., & Margolskee, R. F. (1994). The sense of taste: The internal molecular workings of the taste bud help it distinguish the bitter from the sweet. American Scientist, 82, 538-545.
153. Melcher, J. M., & Schooler, J. W. (1996). The misremembrance of wines past: Verbal and perceptual expertise differentially mediate verbal overshadowing of taste memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 231-245.
154. Mesholam, R. I., Moberg, P. J., Mahr, R. N., & Doty, R. L. (1998). Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease. Archives of Neurology, 55, 84-90.
155. Mombaerts, P. (1999, October 22). Seven-transmembrane proteins as odorant and chemosensory receptors. Science, 286, 707-711.
156. Moncrieff, R. W. (1951). The chemical senses, London: Leonard Hill.
157. Moncrieff, R. W. (1966). Odour preferences. London: Leonard Hill.
158. Montaldi, D., & Parkin, A. (1989). Retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff's syndrome. An experimental and theoretical analysis. In J. Crawford & D. Parker (Eds.), Developments in clinical and experimental neuropsychology (pp. 213-218). New York: Plenum.
159. Moore, F. W. (1970). Food habits in non-industrial societies. In J. Dupont (Ed.), Dimensions of nutrition (pp. 181-221). Denver, CO: Associated University Press.
160. Morgan, C. D., Nordin, S., & Murphy, C. (1995). Odor identification as an early marker for Alzheimer's disease: Impact of lexical functioning and detection sensitivity. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 793-803.
161. Mori, K., Nagao, H., & Yoshihara, Y. (1999, October 22). The olfactory bulb: Coding and processing of odor molecule information. Science, 286, 711-715.
162. Morrot, G., Brochet, F., & Dubourdieu, D. (2001). The color of odors. Brain and Language, 79, 309-320.
163. Murphy, C. (1993). Nutrition and chemosensory perception in the elderly. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 33, 3-15.
164. Myles-Worsley, M., Johnston, W. A., & Simons, M. A. (1988). The influence of expertise on X-ray image processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 553-557.
165. Nissen, M. J., Willingham, D., & Hartman, M. (1989). Explicit and implicit remembering. When is learning preserved in amnesia? Neuropsychologia, 27, 341-352.
166. Noble, A. C., Arnold, R. A., Buechsenstein, J., Leach, E. J., Schmidt, J. O., & Stern, P. M. (1987). Modification of a standardized system of wine aroma terminology. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 143-146.
167. Ohloff, G., Winter, B., & Fehr, C. (1991). Chemical classification and structure-odour relationship. In P. M. Muller and D. Lamparsky (Eds.), Perfumes: Art, science and technology (pp. 287-330). London: Elsevier Applied Science.
168. Pangborn, R. M. (1975). Cross-cultural aspects of flavour preferences. Food Technology, 29, 34-36.
169. Pelosi, P. (1996). Perireceptor events in olfaction. Journal of Neurobiology, 30, 3-19.
170. Peto, E. (1935). Contribution to the development of smell feeling. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 15, 314-320.
171. Pierce, J. D., & Halpern, B. (1996). Orthonasal and retronasal odorant identification based upon vapor phase input from common substances. Chemical Senses, 21, 529-543.
172. Pierce, J. D., Wysocki, C. J., Aronov, E. V., Webb, J. B., & Boden, R. M. (1996). The role of perceptual and structural similarity in cross-adaptation. Chemical Senses, 21, 223-237.
173. Pierce, J. D., Zeng, X., Aronov, E. V., Preti, G., & Wysocki, C. J. (1995). Cross-adaptation of sweaty-smelling 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid by a structurally-similar, pleasant smelling odorant. Chemical Senses, 20, 401-411.
174. Pointer, S., & Bond, N. W. (1998). Context-dependent memory: Colour versus odour. Chemical Senses, 23, 359-362.
175. Polak, E. H. (1973). Multiple profile-multiple receptor site model for vertebrate olfaction. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 40, 469-484.
176. Potter, H., & Butters, N. (1980). An assessment of olfactory deficits in patients with damage to prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 18, 621-628.
177. Prescott, J. (1999). Flavour as a psychological construct: Implications for perceiving and measuring the sensory qualities of foods. Food Quality and Preference, 10, 1-8.
178. Rabin, M. D. (1988). Experience facilitates olfactory quality discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 532-540.
179. Rabin, M. D., & Cain, W. S. (1984). Odor recognition: Familiarity, identifiability, and encoding consistency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 316-325.
180. Reed, P. (2000). Serial position effects in recognition memory for odors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 411-422.
181. Ressler, K. J., Sullivan, S. L., & Buck, L. B. (1993). A zonal organization of odorant receptor gene expression in olfactory epithelium. Cell, 73, 597-609.
182. Rezek, D. L. (1987). Olfactory deficits as a neurologic sign in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 44, 1030-1032.
183. Richardson, J. T. E. (1999). Imagery. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
184. Richardson, J. T. E., & Zucco, G. M. (1989). Cognition and olfaction: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 352-360.
185. Rolls, E. T., & Baylis, L. L. (1994). Gustatory, olfactory and visual convergence within the primate orbitofrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 5437-5452.
186. Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., Wade, D., & McGrath, J. (1994). Emotion-related learning in patients with social and emotional changes associated with frontal lobe damage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57, 1518-1524.
187. Rozin, P. (1978). The use of characteristic flavourings in human culinary practice. In M. Apt (Ed.), Flavour: Its chemical behavioural and commercial aspects (pp. 101-127). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
188. Rozin, P. (1982). "Taste-smell confusions" and the duality of the olfactory sense. Perception & Psychophysics, 31, 397-401.
189. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23-41.
190. Rubin, B. D., & Katz, L. C. (1999). Optical imaging of odorant representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Neuron, 23, 499-511.
191. Sahakian, W. S. (1981). History of psychology. Chicago: Peacock.
192. Savic, I. (2001). Processing of odorous signals in humans. Brain Research Bulletin, 54, 307-312.
193. Schaal, B., Marlier, L., & Soussignan, R. (2000). Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet. Chemical Senses, 25, 729-738.
194. Schaal, B., Soussignan, R., Marlier, L., Kontar, F., Karima, I. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (1997). Variability and invariants in early odour preferences: Comparative data from children belonging to three cultures. Chemical Senses, 22, 212.
195. Schab, F. R. (1991). Odor memory: Taking stock. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 242-251.
196. Schab, F. R., & Crowder, R. G. (1991). Implicit measures of odor memory. In F. R. Schab & R. G. Crowder (Eds.), Memory for odors (pp. 71-91). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
197. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
198. Schifferstein, H. N. J. (1999). Perceptual and imaginary mixtures in chemosensation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 278-288.
199. Schiffman, S. S. (1974, July 12). Physicochemical correlates of olfactory quality. Science, 185, 112-117.
200. Schiffman, S. S. (1993). Perceptions of taste and smell in elderly persons. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 33, 17-26.
201. Schiffman, S. S., Robinson, D. E., & Erickson, R. P. (1977). Multidimensional scaling of odorants: Examination of psychological and physicochemical dimensions. Chemical Senses and Flavor, 2, 375-390.
202. Schild, D. (1988). Principles of odor coding and a neural network for odor discrimination. Biophysical Journal, 54, 1001-1011.
203. Schmidt, H. J., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1988). Adult-like odor preferences and aversions in three-year-old children. Child Development, 59, 1136-1143.
204. Schoenbaum, G., & Eichenbaum, H. (1995). Information coding in the rodent prefrontal cortex. I: Single neuron activity in orbitofrontal cortex compared with that in pyriform cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 74, 733-762.
205. Schultz, H. G. (1964). A matching-standards method for characterizing odor qualities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 116, 517-526.
206. Shanks, D. R., & St. John, M. F. (1994). Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 17, 367-395.
207. Sharp, F. R., Kauer, J. S., & Shepherd, G. M. (1977). Laminar analysis of 2-Deoxyglucose uptake in olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex of rabbit and rat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 40, 800-813.
208. Sheehan, P. W. (1967). A shortened form of Betts' questionnaire on mental imagery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 386-389.
209. Shepherd, G. M., & Greer, C. A. (1998). Olfactory bulb. In G. M. Shepherd (Ed.), The synaptic organization of the brain (pp. 159-203). New York: Oxford University Press.
210. Slotnick, B. M., Bell, G. A., Panhuber, H., & Laing, D. G. (1997). Detection and discrimination of propionic acid after removal of its 2-DG identified major focus in the olfactory bulb: A psychophysical analysis. Brain Research, 762, 89-96.
211. Slotnick, B. M., & Schoonover, F. W. (1992). Olfactory pathways and the sense of smell. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 16, 453-472.
212. Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., Goode, R. L., Sullivan, E. V., & Gabrieli, J. E. D. (1998, March 19). Sniffing and smelling: Separate subsystems in the human olfactory cortex. Nature, 392, 282-286.
213. Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., Sullivan, E. V., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000). Time course of odorant-induced activation in the human primary olfactory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83, 537-551.
214. Solomon, G. E. A. (1990). Psychology of novice and expert wine talk. American Journal of Psychology, 103, 495-517.
215. Soussignan, R., Schaal, B., Marlier, L., & Jiang, T. (1997). Facial and autonomie responses to biological and artificial olfactory stimuli in human neonates: Reexamining early hedonic discrimination of odors. Physiology & Behavior, 62, 745-758.
216. Steiner, J. E. (1979). Human facial expressions in response to taste and smell stimulation. In R. W. Reese and L. P. Lipsitt (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 13, pp. 257-295). New York: Academic Press.
217. Steiner, J. E., Glaser, D., Hawilo, M. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001). Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 53-74.
218. Stevenson, R. J. (2001a). The acquisition of odour quality. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 54(A), 561-578.
219. Stevenson, R. J. (2001b). Associative learning and odor quality perception: How sniffing an odor mixture can alter the smell of its parts. Learning and Motivation, 32, 154-177.
220. Stevenson, R. J. (2001c). Perceptual learning with odors: Implications for psychological accounts of odor quality perception. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 708-712.
221. Stevenson, R. J., & Boakes, R. A. (in press). Sweet and sour smells: Learned synesthesia between the senses of taste and smell. In C. Spence, G. Calvert, & B. Stein (Eds.), Handbook of multisensory processing. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
222. Stevenson, R. J., Boakes, R. A., & Prescott, J. (1998). Changes in odor sweetness resulting from implicit learning of a simultaneous odor-sweetness association: An example of learned synesthesia. Learning and Motivation, 29, 113-132.
223. Stevenson, R. J., Boakes, R. A., & Wilson, J. P. (2000a). Counter-conditioning following human odor-taste and color-taste learning. Learning and Motivation, 31, 114-127.
224. Stevenson, R. J., Boakes, R. A., & Wilson, J. P. (2000b). Resistance to extinction of conditioned odor perceptions: Evaluative conditioning is not unique. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 423-440.
225. Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (in press). Preexposure to the stimulus elements, but not training to detect them, retards human odour-taste learning. Behavioural Processes.
226. Stevenson, R. J., Case, T. I., & Boakes, R. A. (in press). Smelling what was there: Acquired olfactory percepts are resistant to further modification. Learning and Motivation.
227. Stevenson, R. J., Dempsey, R., & Button, M. (2003). Olfactory quality and familiarity: The subjective effects of mere exposure to an odor. Manuscript in preparation.
228. Stevenson, R. J., & Prescott, J. (1997). Judgments of chemosensory mixtures in memory. Acta Psychologica, 95, 195-214.
229. Stevenson, R. J., Prescott, J., & Boakes, R. A. (1995). The acquisition of taste properties by odors. Learning and Motivation, 26, 433-455.
230. Stevenson, R. J., Prescott, J., & Boakes, R. A. (1999). Confusing tastes and smells: How odours can influence the perception of sweet and sour tastes. Chemical Senses, 24, 627-635.
231. Strickland, M., Jessee, P. O., & Filsinger, E. E. (1988). A procedure for obtaining young children's reports of olfactory stimuli. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 379-383.
232. Sullivan, S. L., & Dryer, L. (1996). Information processing in mammalian olfactory system. Journal of Neurobiology, 30, 20-36.
233. Sullivan, S. L., Ressler, K. J., & Buck, L. B. (1995). Spatial patterning and information coding in olfactory system. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 5, 516-523.
234. Teghtsoonian, R., Teghtsoonian, M., Berglund, B., & Berglund, U. (1978). Invariance of odor strength with sniff vigor: An olfactory analogue to size constancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 144-152.
235. Todrank, J., Wysocki, C. J., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1991). The effects of adaptation on the perception of similar and dissimilar odors. Chemical Senses, 16, 467-482.
236. Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
237. Turin, L. (1996). A spectroscopic mechanism for primary olfactory reception. Chemical Senses, 21, 773-791.
238. Ueno, Y. (1993). Cross-cultural study of odor perception in Sherpa and Japanese people. Chemical Senses, 18, 352-353.
239. Van den Burgh, O., Stegen, K., Van Diest, I., Raes, C., Stulens, P., Eelen, et al. (1999). Acquisition and extinction of somatic symptoms in response to odours: A Pavlovian paradigm relevant to multiple chemical sensitivity. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 295-301.
240. Varney, N. R. (1988). The prognostic significance of anosmia in patients with closed-head trauma. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 250-254.
241. Voirol, E., & Daget, N. (1986). Comparative study of nasal and retronasal olfactory perception. Food Science and Technology, 19, 316-319.
242. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1992). The organization and reorganization of human speech perception. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 377-402.
243. West, S. E., & Doty, R. L. (1995). Influence of epilepsy and temporal lobe resection on olfactory function. Epilepsia, 36, 531-542.
244. White, T. L. (1998). Olfactory memory: The long and short of it. Chemical Senses, 23, 433-441.
245. Wilson, D. A. (1998). Synaptic correlates of odor habituation in the rat anterior piriform cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80, 998-1001.
246. Wilson, D. A. (2000). Odor specificity of habituation in the rat anterior piriform cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83, 139-145.
247. Winograd, E., Goldstein, F. C., Monarch, E. S., Peluso, J. P., & Goldman, W. P. (1999). The mere exposure effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 13, 41-46.
248. Wise, P. M., Olsson, M. J., & Cain, W. S. (2000). Quantification of odor quality. Chemical Senses, 25, 429-443.
249. Wright, R. H. (1977). Odor and molecular vibration: Neural coding of olfactory information. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 64, 473-502.
250. Wysocki, C. J., Pierce, J. D., & Gilbert, A. N. (1991). Geographic, cross-cultural, and individual variation in human olfaction. In T. V. Getchell, L. M. Bartoshuk, R. L. Doty, & J. B. Snow (Eds.), Smell and taste in health and disease (pp. 287-314). New York: Raven Press.
251. Yokoi, M., Mori, K., & Nakanishi, S. (1995). Refinement of odor molecule tuning by dendrodendritic synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92, 3371-3375.
252. Zald, D. H., & Pardo, J. V. (2000). Functional neuroimaging of the olfactory system in humans. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 36, 165-181.
253. Zou, Z., Horowitz, L. F., Montmayeur, J., Snapper, S., & Buck, L. (2001, November 8). Genetic tracing reveals a stereotyped sensory map in the olfactory cortex. Nature, 414, 173-179.