Medications and substances as a cause of headache: A systematic review of the literature

Clinical Neuropharmacology

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 122-136

  Toth, Cory ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Headache; Medications; Substances

Indexed keywords

AGENTS ACTING ON THE EYE; ALCOHOL; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CAFFEINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; COCAINE; FOOD ADDITIVE; GABAPENTIN; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; HISTAMINE; ILLICIT DRUG; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; KETAMINE; NITROUS OXIDE; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VITAMIN;

ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BEVERAGE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFARCTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAPHORESIS; DRUG USE; FOOD; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INHALATION; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; META ANALYSIS; MIGRAINE; NEUROTOXICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TREMOR;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; FOOD; FOOD ADDITIVES; HEADACHE; HUMANS; MEDLINE; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; STREET DRUGS;

EID: 0037714007     PISSN: 03625664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002826-200305000-00005     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Zed PJ, Loewen PS, Robinson G. Medication-induced headache: overview and systematic review of therapeutic approaches. Ann Pharmacother 1999;33:61.
2. Evers S, Suhr B, Bauer B. A retrospective long-term analysis of the epidemiology and features of drug-induced headache. J Neurol 1999;246:802.
3. Micieli G, Manzoni GC, Granella F, et al. Clinical and epidemiological observations on drug abuse in headache patients. In: Diener HC, Wilkinson M, eds. Drug-Induced Headache. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1988:20-8.
4. Robinson RG. Pain relief for headaches. Can Fam Physician 1993; 39:867.
5. Marcus DA, Scharff L, Turk D, et al. A double-blind provocative study of chocolate as a trigger of headache. Cephalalgia 1997;17: 855-62.
6. Fisher CM. Analgesic overuse headache refuted. Headache 1988; 28:666.
7. Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Scholl M, et al. Epidemiology of headache in a general population - a prevalence study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:1147.
8. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgia, and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988;8:1.
9. Asmark H, Lundberg PO, Olsson S. Drug-related headache. Headache 1989;29:441.
10. Raskin NH. Headache. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.
11. Withdrawal syndromes. Lancet 1973;i:676.
12. Atkins FM. A critical evaluation of clinical trials in adverse reactions to food in adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;78:174-82.
13. Bigal M, Sheftell F, Rapoport AM, et al. Chronic daily headache: identification of factors associated with induction and transformation. Headache 2002;42:575-81.
14. Manzoni GC. Cluster headache and lifestyle: remarks on a population of 374 male patients. Cephalalgia 1999;19:88-94.
15. Masyczek R, Pugh CS. The "red wine" reaction. Ann J Enol Vitic 1983;34:260-4.
16. Littlewood JT, Glover V, Davies JT, et al. Red wine as a cause of migraine. Lancet 1988;i:558-9.
17. Littlewood JT, Gibb C, Glover V, et al. Red wine as a migraine trigger. In: Rose FC, ed. Advances in Headache Research. London: John Libbey, 1990:123-7.
18. Rosenberg H, Clofine R, Bialik O. Neurological changes during awakening from anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1981;54:125.
19. Jain KK. Drug-Induced Neurological Disorders. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers, 1996.
20. Davies DM, Ferner RE, de Glanville H, eds. Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions. 5th ed. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1998.
21. Beran R, Berkovic S, Black A, et al. Australian study of titration to effect profile of safety (AUS-STEPS): high-dose gabapentin (Neurontin) in partial seizures. Epilepsia 2001;42:1335-9.
22. Walters BNJ, Gubbay SS. Tetracycline and benign intracranial hypertension: report of five cases. BMJ 1981;282:19.
23. Blain PG, Stewart-Wynne E. Neurological disorders. In: Davies DM, Ferner RE, de Glanville H, eds. Textbook of Adverse Drug Reactions. 5th ed. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1998.
24. Gordon MF, Allon M, Coyle PK. Drug-induced meningitis. Neurology 1990;40:163.
25. Kremer I, Ritz R, Brummer F. Aseptic meningitis as an adverse effect of co-trimoxozole. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1841.
26. Creel G, Hurtt M. Cephalosporin-induced recurrent aseptic meningitis. Ann Neurol 1995;37:815.
27. Perry CM, Jarvis B. Linezolid: a review of its use in the management of serious Gram-positive infections. Drugs 2001;61:525.
28. Silberstein SD. Drug-induced headache. Neurol Clin 1998;16:107.
29. Croft A, Herxheimer A. Adverse effects of the antimalaria drug, mefloquine: resulting from primary liver damage with secondary thyroid involvement. BMC Public Health 2002;2:6.
30. Ekbom K. Nitroglycerin as a provocative agent in cluster headache. Arch Neurol 1968;19:487-93.
31. Meyer JS, Dalessio DJ. Headache associated with chemicals, toxins, systemic infections, and metabolic disorders (toxic vascular headache). In: Silberstein SO, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ, eds. Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
32. Lassen LH, Heinig JH, Oestergaard S, et al. Histamine inhalation is a specific but insensitive laboratory test for migraine. Cephalalgia 1996;16:550-3.
33. Guerrero RO, Cardenas MA, Ocampo AA, et al. Histamine as a therapeutic alternative in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Headache 1999;39:576-80.
34. Christiansen I, Iversen H, Olesen J. Induction of nitrate tolerance is not a useful treatment in cluster headache. Cephalalgia 2000;20: 444-54.
35. Pogarell O, Gasser T, van Hilten JJ, et al. Pramipexole in patients with Parkinson's disease and marked drug resistant tremor: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicenter study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:713-20
36. Reed CE, Offord KP, Nelson HS, et al. Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate spray compared with theophylline as primary treatment for chronic mild-to-moderate asthma. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology Beclomethasone Dipropionate-Theophylline Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:14.
37. Yang WH, Dolovich J, Drouin MA, et al. Comparison of budesonide Turbohaler with budesonide aqua in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Rhinocort Study Group. Can Respir J 1998; 5:455.
38. Levine A, Watemberg N, Hager H, et al. Benign intracranial hypertension associated with budesonide treatment in children with Crohn's disease. J Child Neurol 2001;16:458.
39. Spector SL, Antileukotriene Working Group. Safety of antileukotriene agents in asthma management. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86(suppl 1):18-23.
40. Dalessio DJ, Silberstein SD, eds. Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
41. Silverman K, Evans SM, Strain EC, et al. Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1109.
42. Couturier EG, Laman DM, van Duijn MA, et al. Influence of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on headache and cerebral blood flow velocities. Cephalalgia 1997;17:188-90.
43. Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Human coffee drinking: reinforcing and physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986;230:416.
44. Lakos G. Comparative haemodynamic examination of Nitromint (sublingual tablet and aerosol). Ther Hung 1992;40:12.
45. Schwartz AM. The cause, relief, and prevention of headaches arising from contact with dynamite. N Engl J Med 1946;306:541-4.
46. Cowan JC. Nitrate tolerance. Int J Cardiol 1986;12:1-19.
47. Wurdeman RL, Mooss AN, Mohiudin SM, et al. Comparison of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure data in hypertensive patients switched from nifedipine-GITS to nifedipine-CC. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19:94.
48. Bonk J. Migraine with aura after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Headache 2001;41:84.
49. Iversen HK. Nitric oxide and migraine. Cephalalgia 1997;17:144.
50. Christiansen I, Iversen H, Olesen J. Headache characteristics during the development of tolerance to nitrates: pathophysiologic implications. Cephalalgia 2000;20:437-44.
51. Wei EP, Moskowitz MA, Boccalini P, et al. Calcitonin generelated peptide mediates nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprussideinduced vasodilation in feline cerebral arterioles. Circ Res 1992; 70:1313-9.
52. Thomsen LL, Iversen HK, Lassen LH, et al. The role of nitric oxide in migraine pain. Therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 1994;2: 417-22.
53. Roffey P, Mikhail M, Thangathurai D. NMDA receptor blockade prevents nitroglycerin-induced headaches. Headache 2001;41: 733.
54. Lassen LH, Ashina M, Christiansen I, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition: a new principle in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1998;18:27-32.
55. Ernst ME, Kelly MW. Mibefradil, a pharmacologically distinct calcium antagonist. Pharmacotherapy 1998;18:463.
56. Gennari C, Nami R, Pavese G, et al. Calcium-channel blockade (nitrendipine) in combination with ACE inhibition (captopril) in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1989;3(suppl 1):319.
57. Zsoter TT, Church JG. Calcium antagonists. Pharmacodynamic effects of management of action. Drugs 1983;25:93.
58. Bayne L, McLeod PJ, Oglivie RI. Antihypertensive drugs. In: Dukes MNG, ed. Meyer's Side Effects of Drugs. 9th ed. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1980:317.
59. Fikkers BG, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, et al. Pseudotumor cerebri with amiodarone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:606.
60. Peatfield RC, Glover V, Littlewood JT, et al. The prevalence of diet-induced migraine. Cephalalgia 1984;4:179-83.
61. Hanington E, Harper AM. The role of tyramine in the etiology of migraine, and related studies on the cerebral and extracerebral circulations. Headache 1968;8:84-97.
62. Brainard JB. Salt load as a trigger for migraine. Minn Med 1976; 59:232-3.
63. Henderson WR, Raskin NH. "Hot-dog" headache: individual susceptibility to nitrite. Lancet 1972;ii:1162-3.
64. Schaumburg HH, Byck R, Gerstl R, et al. Monosodium L-glutamate: its pharmacology and role in the Chinese restaurant syndrome. Science 1969;163:826-8.
65. Johns DR. Migraine provoked by aspartame. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:456.
66. Moffett AM, Swash M, Scott DF. Effect of chocolate in migraine: a double-blind study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974;37: 445-8.
67. Gibb CM, Davies PT, Glover V, et al. Chocolate is a migraine-provoking agent. Cephalalgia 1991;11:93-5.
68. Reif-Lehrer L. A questionnaire study of the prevalence of Chinese restaurant syndrome. Fed Proc 1977;36:1617-23.
69. Kenney RA. Placebo-controlled studies of human reaction to oral monosodium L-glutamate. In: Filer LJ Jr, Garrantini S, Kare MR, et al., eds. Glutamic Acid: Advances in Biochemistry and Physiology. New York: Raven Press, 1979:363-73.
70. Kenney RA, Tidball CS. Human susceptibility to oral monosodium L-glutamate. Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25:140-6.
71. Yang WH, Drouin MA, Herbert M, et al. The monosodium glutamate symptom complex: assessment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99: 757-62.
72. Deleted in proof.
73. Blumenthal HJ, Vance DA. Chewing gum headaches. Headache 1997;37:665-6.
74. Schiffman SS, Buckley CE, Sampson HA, et al. Aspartame and susceptibility to headache. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1181-5.
75. Strong FC. Why do some dietary migraine patients claim they get headaches from placebos? Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30:739-43.
76. Bird N, MacGregor EA, Wilkinson MI. Ice cream headache - site, duration, and relationship to migraine. Headache 1992;32:35-8.
77. [No author]. Comparison of two doses of cimetidine and placebo in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicenter trial. Gut 1979;20: 68.
78. Langtry HD, Wilde MI. Omeprazole. A review of its use in Helicobacter pylori infection, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcers induced by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Drugs 1998;56:447.
79. Ballas ZK, Donta ST. Suldinac-induced aseptic meningitis. Arch Intern Med 1982;142:165.
80. Ruppert GB, Barth WF. Tolmetin-induced aseptic meningitis. JAMA 1981;245:67.
81. Giansurca DF, Blumberg S, Kantowitz FG. Aseptic meningitis associated with ibuprofen. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:1553.
82. Kremer I, Ritz R, Brummer F. Aseptic meningitis as an adverse effect of co-trimoxozole. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1841.
83. Chez M, Glia CA, Ransohoff RM, et al. Ibuprofen-induced meningitis: detection of intrathecal IgG synthesis and immune complexes. Neurology 1989;39:1578.
84. Sylvia LM, Forlenza SW, Brocavich JM. Aseptic meningitis associated with naproxen. Drug Intel Clin Pharmacol 1988;22:399.
85. Aminoff MJ, ed. Neurology and General Medicine. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:594.
86. Becker WJ. Use of oral contraceptives in patients with migraine. Neurology 1999;53:S19.
87. Schipper HM. Neurology of sex steroids and oral contraceptives. Neurol Clin 1986;4:721.
88. Arber N, Fadila R, Pinkhas J, et al. Pseudotumor cerebri associated with leuprorelin acetate. Lancet 1990;i:668.
89. Davidson SI. Reported adverse effects of oral contraceptives on the eye. Trans Ophthalmol Soc 1971;91:561.
90. Bickerstaff ER. Neurological Complications of Oral Contraceptives. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.
91. Partziguian T, Camerlingo M, Castro L, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in young adults. Experience in a stroke unit, 1988-1994. Ital J Neurol Sci 1996;17:419.
92. Strachan R, Hughes D, Cowie R. Thrombosis of the straight sinus complicating hormone replacement therapy. Br J Neurosurg 1995; 9:805.
93. Rahman NU, Al-Tahan AR. Computed tomagraphic evidence of an extensive thrombosis and infarction of the deep venous system. Stroke 1993;24:744-6.
94. O'Dea JPK, Davis EH. Tamoxifen in the treatment of menstrual migraine. Neurology 1990;40:1470.
95. Mathew P, Fung F. Recapitulation of menstrual migraine with tamoxifen. Lancet 1999;353:467.
96. Carlton G, Burnett J. Danazol and migraine. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:721.
97. Vincent FM. Migraine responsive to danazol. Neurology 1985;35: 618.
98. Shah A, Roberts T, McQueen INF, et al. Danazol and benign intracranial hypertension. BMJ 1987;294:1323.
99. Stein MD. Medical consequences of substance abuse. Psychiatry Clin North Am 1999;22:351.
100. Litchenfeld PJ, Rubin DB, Feldman RS. Subarachnoid hemorrhage precipitated by cocaine snorting. Arch Neurol 1984;41:223.
101. Kaku DA, Lowenstein DH. Emergence of recreational drug abuse as a major risk factor for stroke in young adults. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:821.
102. Levine SR, Welch KM. Cocaine and stroke. Stroke 1988;19:779.
103. Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, et al. Cerebrovascular complications of the use of the "crack" form of alkaloidal cocaine. N Engl J Med 1990;323:669.
104. Dhuna A, Pascual-Leone A, Belgrade M. Cocaine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:803.
105. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:621.
106. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, et al. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 1993;14:169.
107. Brust JC. Vasculitis owing to substance abuse. Neurol Clin 1997; 15:945.
108. Merkel PA, Koroshetz WJ, Irizarry MC, et al. Cocaine-associated cerebral vasculitis. Semin Arthritis Rheumatol 1995;25:172.
109. Krendel DA, Ditter SM, Frankel MR, et al. Biopsy-proven cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse. Neurology 1990;40: 1092.
110. King J, Richards M, Tress B. Cerebral arteritis associated with heroin abuse. Med J Aust 1978;2:444.
111. De Marinis M, Janiri L, Agnoli A. Headache in the use and withdrawal of opiates and other associated substances of abuse. Headache 1991;31:159-63.
112. Amenta V, Pitari GM, Caff M, et al. An epidemiological study on the activity of cannabis in idiopathic headache. Cephalalgia 1996; 16:377.
113. Alvaro LC, Iriondo I, Villaverde FJ. Sexual headache and stroke in a heavy cannabis smoker. Headache 2002;42:224-6.
114. Bertonini TE, Nance AM, Horner LH, et al. Complications of intravenous gammaglobulin in neuromuscular and other diseases. Muscle Nerve 1986;19:388.
115. Reess J, Haas J, Gabriel K, et al. Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in managing flu-like symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta-1a (AVONEX) therapy. Multiple Sclerosis 2002;8:15-8.
116. Odievre M, Gros-Desormeaux A, Jouannault S, et al. [Headache: an unrecognized risk of ribavirin in infants?] Arch Pediatr 1998; 5:347.
117. Shah AK, Lisak R. Neurological complications of immunomodulating therapy. In: dewolff FA, ed. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1995:547.
118. Bernat JL, Sadowsky CH, Vincent FM, et al. Sclerosing spinal pachymeningitis. A complication of intrathecal administration of Depo-Medrol for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:1124-8.
119. Edwards JG, Anderson I. Systemic review and guide to selection of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drugs 1999;58:1207.
120. Brewerton TD, Murphy DL, Mueller EA, et al. Induction of migraine-like headaches by the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;43:605.
121. Mattila MA, Salmeda J, Vaananen A, et al. Midazolam versus lorazepam and placebo as hypnotic premedication before surgery. A controlled, double-blind study. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1985;11:841.
122. Saul RF, Hamburger HA, Selhorst JB. Pseudotumor cerebri secondary to lithium carbonate. JAMA 1985;253:2869-70.
123. Kahan BD. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1725.
124. Gijtenbeek JMM, van der Bent MJ, Vecht CHJ. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol 1999;246:339.
125. Wijdicks EFM. Neurological manifestations of immunosuppressive agents. In: Widjicks EFM, ed. Neurological Complications in Organ Transplant Recipients. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
126. Freise CE, Rowley H, Lake J, et al. Similar clinical presentation of neurotoxicity following FK 506 and cyclosporine in a liver transplant recipient. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3173.
127. Pescatore SL, Lindley C. Anagrelide: a novel agent for the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2000;1:537.
128. Boogerd W. Neurological complications of chemotherapy. In: deWolff FA, ed. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1995:527.
129. Bock HA, Gallati H, Zurcher RM, et al. A randomized prospective trial of prophylactic immunosuppression with ATG-Fresenius versus OKT3 after renal transplantation. Transplantation 1995;59: 830-40.
130. Radhakrishnan J, Cohen DJ. Cytokine-release syndrome: general risk-factor modification - preparation of high-risk patients for use of OKT3. Transplant Proc 1993;25(suppl 1):60-2.
131. Figg WD. Aseptic meningitis associated with muromonab-CD3. DICP 1991;25:1395.
132. Deleted in proof.
133. Thomas MC, Walker R, Wright A. HaNDL syndrome after "benign" OKT3-induced meningitis. Transplantation 1999;67: 1384-5.
134. Chen MYM, Ansell G, Ott DJ. Complications of diagnostic studies of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Ansell EG, Bettman, MA, Kaufman JA, et al., eds. Complications in Diagnostic Imaging and interventional Radiology. 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science, 1996.
135. Leroy MP, Cantineau D, Brasdefer D, et al. [Adverse effects of Neo-Synephrine.] Bull Soc Ophthalmol Fr 1989;89:243.
136. Grant WM, Schuman JS. Toxicology of the Eye. 4th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 1993.
137. Wheatcroft S, Sharma A, McAllister J. Reduction in mydriatic drop size in premature infants. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77:364.
138. Erkilic K, Ekinciler OF, Mirza GE, et al. Effects of topically applied prostaglandin F2 alpha on normotensive human eyes. Ophthalmic Res 1996;28:351.
139. Hampson NB, Hampson LA. Characteristics of headache associated with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Headache 2002;42: 220.
140. Bonnetblanc JM, Hugon J, Dumas M, et al. Intracranial hypertension with etretinate. Lancet 1983;ii:974.
141. Gerber A, Raab AP, Sobel AE. Vitamin A poisoning in adults. Am J Med 1954;16:729-5.
142. Tiamkao S, Sirijirachai C. Pseudotumor cerebri caused by all-trans retinoic acid: a case report. J Med Assoc Thai 2000;83:1420.
143. Stephens WP, Eddy JD, Parsons LM, et al. Raised intracranial pressure resulting from perhexiline maleate. BMJ 1978;i:21.
144. Vespignani H, Lepori JCI, Gehin PH, et al. Benign intracranial hypertension: apropos of 4 drug-induced cases. Rev Oto Neuroophthalmol 1984;56:277.
145. Van Dop C, Conte FA, Koch TK, et al. Pseudotumor cerebri associated with initiation of levothyroxine therapy for juvenile hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1076.
146. Radley SC, Chapple CR, Bryan NP. Effect of methoxamine on maximum urethral pressure in women with genuine stress incontinence: a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Neurourol Urodyn 2001;20:43.
147. Crandall C. Tolterodine: a clinical review. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:735.
148. Facchinetti F, Sgarbi L, Piccinini F, et al. A comparison of glyceryl trinitrite with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: an open, randomized, cross-over trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16:39.
149. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ. Headache in Clinical Practice. Oxford: Isis Medical Media Ltd., 1998.
150. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Sliwinski M. Classification of daily and near-daily headaches: field trial of revised IHS criteria. Neurology 1996;47:871-5.
151. Limmroth V, Katsarva Z, Fritsche G, et al. Features of medication overuse headache following overuse of different acute headache drugs. Neurology 2002;59:1011-4.
152. Olesen J. Analgesic headache. BMJ 1995;310:479.
153. Saper JR. Ergotamine dependency - a review. Headache 1987;27: 435.
154. Diener H, Dahlöf C. Headache associated with chronic use of substances. In: Olesen J, Thought-Hansen P, Welch KMA, eds. The Headaches. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
155. Moore K. Headache associated with abortive antimigraine drugs. In: Gilman S, ed. Medlink Neurology. San Diego: MedLink Corporation. Available at www.medlink.com. Accessed June 28, 2002.
156. Bowdler I, Kilian J, Gansslen-Blumberg S. The association between analgesic abuse and headache - coincidental or causal? Headache 1988;28:494.
157. Lance F, Parkes C, Wilkinson M. Does analgesic abuse cause headaches de novo? Headache 1988;28:61-2.
158. Post RM, Silberstein SD. Shared mechanisms in affective illness, epilepsy and migraine. Neurology 1994;44:S37.
159. Welch KM, Nagesh V, Aurora S, et al. Periaqueductal gray matter dysfunction in migraine: cause or the burden of illness? Headache 2001;41:629-37.
160. Sternfeld B, Stang P, Sidney S. Relationship of migraine headaches to experience of chest pain and subsequent risk for myocardial infarction. Neurology 1995;45:2135-42.
161. Jaffe JH, Martin WR. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, eds. Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990:485-521.