Melacine®: An allogeneic melanoma tumor cell lysate vaccine

Expert Review of Vaccines

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 353-368

  Sosman, Jeffrey A ^a   Sondak, Vernon K ^b  

^a VANDERBILT INGRAM CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjuvant therapy; Cancer vaccines; HLA antigens; Melanoma; Tumor Antigens; Tumor immunology

Indexed keywords

CANCER VACCINE; CANVAXIN; HLA A2 ANTIGEN; HLA C ANTIGEN; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; M VAX; MELACINE; MELANOMA VACCINE; PHOSPHORYL LIPID A; TUMOR ANTIGEN; TUMOR VACCINE; ALLOANTIGEN; ALPHA INTERFERON; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIER; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; DETOX ADJUVANT; DRUG DERIVATIVE; HLA ANTIGEN; LIPID A; SUBUNIT VACCINE;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL LYSATE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; MELANOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY; ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG COMBINATION; IMMUNOLOGY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; QUALITY CONTROL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; STANDARD; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS; CANCER VACCINES; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL TRIALS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; DRUG COMBINATIONS; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY, ACTIVE; INTERFERON-ALPHA; ISOANTIGENS; LIPID A; MELANOMA; QUALITY CONTROL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACCINES, SUBUNIT;

EID: 0037496082     PISSN: 14760584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.3.353     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Rosenberg SA. A new era for cancer immunotherapy based on the genes that encode cancer antigens. Immunity 10, 281-287 (1999). A good review on the isolation of cancer antigens in human tumors.
2. Livingston P. The unfulfilled promise of melanoma vaccines. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1837-1838 (2001).
3. Barnes DHW, Loutit JF. Treatment of murine leukemia with x-rays and homologous bone marrow. Br. J. Haematol. 3, 241 (1957).
4. Aboulafia DM. Malignant melanoma in an HIV-infected man: a case report and literature review. Cancer Invest. 16, 217 (1998).
5. Greene MH, Young TI. Malignant melanoma in renal transplant recipients. Lancet 318, 1196-1199 (1981).
6. Veness MJ, Quinn DI, Ong CS et al. Aggressive cutaneous malignancies following cardiothoracic transplantation: the Australian experience. Cancer 85, 1758-1764 (1999).
7. King M, Spooner D, Rowlands DC. Spontaneous regression of metastatic malignant melanoma of the parotid gland and neck lymph nodes: a case report and a review of the literature. Clin. Oncol. 13(6), 466-469 (2001).
8. Davis SD, Koizumi JH, Pitts WR. Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Urology 33(2), 141-144 (1989).
9. Mihm MC Jr, Clemente CG, Cascinelli N. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in lymph node melanoma metastases: a histopathologic prognostic indicator and an expression of local immune response. Lab. Invest. 74, 43-47, (1996).
10. Darnell RB, DeAngelis LM. Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies. Lancet 341, 21-22 (1993).
11. Graus F et al. Anti-Hu antibodies in patients with small-cell lung cancer: association with complete response to therapy and improved survival. J Clin. Oncol. 15, 2866-2872 (1997).
12. Kolb HJ, Mittermuller J, Clemm C et al. Donor leukocyte transfusions for treatment of recurrent chronic myelogenous leukemia in marrow transplant patients. Blood 76, 2462 (1990).
13. Poner DL, Roth MS, McGarigle C, Ferrara JIM, Antin JH. Induction of graft-versus-host disease as immunotherapy for relapsed chronic myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 100 (1994).
14. Drobyski WR, Keever CA, Roth MS et al. Salvage immunotherapy using donor leukocyte infusions as treatment for relapsed chronic myelogenous leukemia after bone marrow transplantation: efficacy and toxicity of a defined T-cell dose. Blood 82, 2310 (1993).
15. Verdonck L, Lokhorst H, Dekker A et al. Graft-versus-myeloma effect in two cases. Lancet 347, 800-801 (1996).
16. Childs R, Clave E, Tisdale J et al. Successful treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant: evidence for a graft-versus-tumor effect. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 2044 (1999).
17. Renkvist N, Castelli C, Robbins PF, Parmiani G. A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T-cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 50, 3-15 (2001).
18. Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Delgado CH et al. Cloning of the gene coding for a shared human melanoma antigen recognized by autologous T-cells infiltrating into tumor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3515-3519 (1994).
19. Mazzocchi A, Storkus WJ, Traversari C et al. Multiple melanoma-associated epitopes recognized by HLA-A3-restricted CTLs and shared by melanomas but not melanocytes. J. Immunol. 157, 3030-3038, (1996).
20. Robbins PF, el-Gamil M, Li YF et al. Cloning of a new gene encoding an antigen recognized by melanoma-specific HLA- A24-restricted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 154, 5944-5950 (1995).
21. Gaugler B, Van den Eynde B, van der Bruggen P et al. Human gene MAGE-3 codes for an antigen recognized on a melanoma by autologous cytolytic T-lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 179, 921-930 (1994).
22. Wang RF, Robbins PF, Kawakami Y et al. Identification of a gene encoding a melanoma tumor antigen recognized by HLA-A31-restricted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 181, 799-804 (1995).
23. Coulie PG, Brichard V, Van Pel A et al. A new gene coding for a differentiation antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T-lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanomas. J. Exp. Med. 180, 35-42 (1994).
24. Lupetti R, Pisarra P, Verrecchia A et al. Translation of a retained intron in tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) 2 mRNA generates a new cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-defined and shared human melanoma antigen not expressed in normal cells of the melanocytic lineage. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1005-1016 (1998).
25. Van den Eynde B, Peeters O, De Backer O, Gaugler B, Lucas S, Boon T. A new family of genes coding for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T-lymphocytes on a human melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 182, 689-698 (1995).
26. Wang R-F, Appella E, Kawakami Y, Kang X and Rosenberg SA. Identification of TRP-2 as a human tumor antigen recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 184, 2207-2216 (1996).
27. Van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P, et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T-lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 254, 1643-1647 (1991). The initial isolation of a cancer antigen in humans that is recognized by human T-lymphocytes.
28. Robbins PF, El-Gamil M, Li YF et al. A mutated β-catenin gene encodes a melanoma-specific antigen recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1185-1192 (1996).
29. Coulie PG, Lehmann F, Lethe B et al. A mutated intron sequence codes for an antigenic peptide recognized by cytolytic T-lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 92, 7976-7980 (1995).
30. Jager E, Jager D, Karbach J et al. Identification of NY-ESO-1 epitopes presented by human histocompatibility (HLA)-DRB4*0101-0103 and recognized by CD4(+) T-lymphocytes of patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 191, 625-630 (2000).
31. Robbins PF, El-Gamil M, Li YF et al. A mutated β-catenin gene encodes a melanoma-specific antigen recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1185-1192 (1996).
32. Wang RF, Parkhurst MR, Kawakami Y, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Utilization of an alternative open reading frame of a normal gene in generating a novel human cancer antigen. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1131-1140 (1996).
33. Berd D. M-Vax. An autologous, hapten-modified vaccine for human cancer. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2(3), 335-342 (2002).
34. Berd D, Maguire HC Jr, Schuchter LM et al. Autologous hapten-modified melanoma vaccine as postsurgical adjuvant treatment after resection of nodal metastases. J. Clin. Oncol. 15(6), 2359-2370 (1997).
35. Berd D, Sato T, Cohn H, Maguire HC Jr, Mastrangelo MJ. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous, hapten-modified melanoma vaccine: regression of pulmonary metastases. Int. J. Cancer 94(4), 531-539 (2001).
36. Hsueh EC, Essner R, Foshag LJ et al. Prolonged survival after complete resection of disseminated melanoma and active immunotherapy with a therapeutic cancer vaccine. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 4549-4554 (2002).
37. Morton DL, Hsueh EC, Essner R et al. Prolonged survival of patients receiving active immunotherapy with Canvaxin therapeutic polyvalent vaccine after complete resection of melanoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes. Ann. Surg. 236, 438-448 (2002).
38. Hsueh EC, Essner R, Foshag LJ, Ye W, Morton DL. Active immunotherapy by reinduction with a polyvalent allogeneic cell vaccine correlates with improved survival in recurrent metastatic melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 9, 486-492 (2002).
39. Mitchell MS, Harel W, Kemph RA et al. Active specific immunotherapy for melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 856-869 (1990). Clinical activity of Melacine alone and in combination with cydophosphamide is described by Dr Mitchell.
40. Bystryn JC, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Oratz R, Shapiro RL, Harris MN, Roses DF. Double-blind trial of a polyvalent, shed-antigen, melanoma vaccine. Clin. Cancer Res. 7(7), 1882-1887 (2001).
41. Reynolds SR, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Shapiro RL et al. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell responses to MAGE-3 correlate with clinical outcome in patients with melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(2), 657-662 (2003).
42. Marincola FM, Jaffe EM, Hicklin DJ, Ferrone S. Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and funcional significance. Adv. Immunol. 74, 181-273 (2000).
43. Finke J, Ferrone S, Frey A, Mufson A, Ochoa A. Where have all the T-cells gone? Mechanisms of immune evasion by tumors. Immunol. Today 20, 158-160 (1999).
44. Restifo NP. Not so fast: re-evaluating the mechanisms of immune privilege and tumor escape. Nat. Med. 6, 493-495 (2000).
45. Mocellin S, Wang E, Marincola FM. Cytokines and immune response in the tumor microenvironment. J. Immunother. 24, 392-407 (2001).
46. Jäger E, Chen Y-T, Drijfhout JW et al. Simultaneous humoral and cellular immune response against cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1: definition of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-binding peptide epitopes. J. Exp. Med. 187, 265-270 (1998).
47. Lee PP, Yee C, Savage PA et al. Characterization of circulating T-cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients. Nat. Med. 5, 677-685, (1999). Description of circulating T-cells specific for melanoma antigens that in some cases are not functionally active.
48. + progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 61, 6451-6458 (2001).
49. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ et al. Impact of cytokine administration on the generation of antitumor reactivity in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving a peptide vaccine. J. Immunol. 163, 1690-1695 (1999).
50. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Cancer Statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J. Clin. 53, 5-26 (2003).
51. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience. The prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 976-983 (1999).
52. Balch M, Buzaid AC, Soong S-J et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3635-3648 (2001).
53. Buzaid AC, Ross MI, Balch CM et al. Critical analysis of the current AJCC staging system for cutaneous melanoma and proposal of a new staging system. J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 1039-1051 (1997).
54. Gershenwald JE, Prieto V, Colome-Grimmer MI et al. The prognostic significance of microscopic tumor burden in 925 melanoma patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 19, 551a (Abstract 2169) (2000).
55. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS et al. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: The ECOG Trial EST 1684. J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 7-17 (1996). Description of ECOG trial that led to approval of IFN-α2b for adjuvant therapy of high-risk melanoma. First and one of only two trials to show a survival advantage to IFN therapy.
56. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK et al. High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: First analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 2444-2458 (2000).
57. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA et al. High-dose interferon α-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 2370-2380 (2001).
58. Kirkwood JM, Manola J, Ibrahim J et al. Pooled-analysis of four ECOG/Intergroup trials of high-dose interferon α-2b (HDI) in 1916 patients with high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 20, 350a (Abstract 1395) (2001).
59. Lens MB, Dawes M. Interferon atherapy for malignant melanoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 1818-1825 (2002).
60. Wheatley K, Hancock B, Gore M et al. Interferon-α as adjuvant therapy for melanoma: a meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 20 (Abstract 1394) (2001).
61. Rivoltini L, Loftus DJ, Barracchini K et al. Binding and presentation of peptides derived from melanoma antigens MART-1 and glycoprotein-100 by HLA-A2 subtypes: Implications for peptide- based immunotherapy. J. Immunol. 156, 3882-3891 (1996).
62. Wolfel T, Van Pel A, Brichard V et al. Two tyrosinase nonapeptides recognized on HLA-A2 melanomas by autologous cytolytic T-lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 759-764 (1994).
63. Cox AL et al. Identification of a peptide recognized by five melanoma-specific human cytotoxic T-cell lines. Science 264, 716-719 (1994).
64. Rosenberg SA. Cancer vaccines based on the identification of genes encoding cancer regression antigens. Immunol. Today 18, 175-182 (1997).
65. Rivoltini I, Kawakami Y, Sakaguchi K et al. Induction of tumor-reactive CTL from peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of melanoma patients by in vitro stimulation with an immunodoniinant peptide of the human melanoma antigen MART-1. J. Immunol. 154, 2257-2265 (1995).
66. Sahin U, Tureci O, Schmitt H et al. Human neoplasms elicit multiple immune responses in the autologous host. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11810-11803 (1995).
67. Marchand M, Van Baren N, Weynants P et al. Tumor regression observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigen peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1. Int. J. Cancer 80, 219-230 (1999).
68. Kang X, Kawakami Y, el-Gamil M et al. Identification of a tyrosinase epitope recognized by HLA-A24-restricted, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 155, 1343-1348 (1995).
69. Salgaller ML, Afshar A, Marincola FM, Rivoltini L, Kawakami Y, Rosenberg SA. Recognition of multiple epitopes in the human melanoma antigen gp100 by peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with synthetic peptides. Cancer Res. 55, 4972-4979 (1995).
70. Falk K, Rotzschke O, Stevanovic S, Jung G, Rammensee HG. Allele-specific motifs revealed by sequencing of self-peptides eluted from MHC molecules. Nature 351, 290-296 (1991).
71. Anichini A, Molla A, Mortarini R et al. An expanded peripheral T-cell population to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-defined, melanocyte-specific antigen in metastatic melanoma patients impacts on generation of peptide-specific CTLs but does not overcome tumor escape from immune surveillance in metastatic lesions. J. Exp. Med. 190, 651-667 (1999).
72. Lee KH, Wang E, Nielsen MB et al. Increased vaccine-specific T-cell frequency after peptide-based vaccination correlates with increased susceptibility to in vitro stimulation but does not lead to tumor regression. J. Immunol. 163, 6292-6300 (1999).
73. Marchand M, Van Baren N, Weynants P et al. Tumor regression observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1. Int. J. Cancer 80, 219-230 (1999).
74. Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 4, 328-332 (1998).
75. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat. Med. 4, 321-327 (1998). Trial that suggested the combination of peptide vaccine and high-dose IL-2 was more effective than IL-2 in advanced melanoma. This showed clinical responses without evidence for T-lymphocyte activation in the blood.
76. Mackensen A, Herbst B, Chen JL et al. A. Phase I study in melanoma patients of a vaccine with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells generated in vitro from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. Int. J. Cancer 86, 385-392 (2000).
77. Cormier JN, Salgaller ML, Prevette T, Barracchini KC, Rivoltini L, Restifo NP et al. Enhancement of cellular immunity in melanoma patients immunized with a peptide from MART-1/Melan A. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 3, 37-44 (1997).
78. Rosenberg SA et al. Immunizing patients with metastatic melanoma using recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART-1 or gp 100 melanoma antigens. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 90, 1894-1900 (1998).
79. + progenitors and from monocytes are not functionally equivalent antigen-presenting cells in the induction of melan-A/Mart-1 (27-35)-specific CTLs from peripheral blood lymphocytes of melanoma patients with low frequency of CTL precursors. Cancer Res. 57, 5534-5541 (1997).
80. Kuss I, Saito T, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL. Clinical significance of decreased alpha chain expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 329-334 (1999).
81. Gabrilovich DI, Nadaf S, Corak J, Berzofsky JA, Carbone DP. Dendritic cells in antitumor immune responses. II. Dendritic cells grown from bone marrow precursors but not mature DC from tumor-bearing mice, are effective antigen carriers in the therapy of established tumors. Cell Immunol. 170, 111-119 (1996).
82. Restifo, N.P. et al Identification of human cancers deficient in antigen processing. J. Exp. Med. 177, 265-272 (1993).
83. Restifo, N.P. et al. Loss of functional beta 2-microglobulin in metastatic melanomas from five patients receiving immunotherapy. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 88, 100-108 (1996).
84. + Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma or Melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 196, 619-628 (2002).
85. Dallal RM, Lotze MT. The dendritic cell and human cancer vaccines. Curr Opin. Immunol. 12, 583-538 (2000).
86. Dieckmann D, Plottner H, Berchtold S, Berger T, Schuler G. Ex vivo isolation and characterization of CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells with regulatory properties from human blood. J. Exp. Med. 193, 1303-1310 (2001).
87. Shevach EM. Regulatory T-cells in autoimmmunity. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 18, 423-449 (2000).
88. Roncarolo MG, Levings MK, Traversari C. Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 193, F5-F9 (2001).
89. Tamura Y, Peng P, Liu K et al. Immunotherapy of tumors with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein preparations. Science 278, 117-120 (1997).
90. Srivastava PK. Interaction of heat shock proteins with peptides and with antigen-presenting cells: chaperoning of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 20, 395-425 (2002).
91. Wallack MK, Sivanandham M, Balch CM et al. Surgical adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for patients with Stage III melanoma: the final analysis of data from a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter vaccinia melanoma oncolysate trial. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 187(1), 69-77 (1998).
92. Hersey P, Coates AS, McCarthy WH et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of patients with high-risk melanoma using vaccinia viral lysates of melanoma: results of a randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 4181-4190 (2002).
93. Belli F, Testori A, Rivoltini L, Maio M et al. Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96-peptide complexes: clinical and immunologic findings. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(20), 4169-4180 (2002).
94. Cohen L, de Moor C, Parker PA, Amato RJ. Quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma participating in a Phase I trial of an autologous tumor-derived vaccine. Urol. Oncol. 7(3), 119-124 (2002).
95. Mitchell MS, Kan-Mitchell J, Kempf RA et al. Active specific immunotherapy for melanoma: Phase I trial of allogeneic lysates and a novel adjuvant. Cancer Res. 48, 5883-5893 (1988).
96. Bumol TF, Reisfeild RA. Unique glycoprotein-proteoglycan complex defined by monoclonal antibody on human melanoma cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 79, 1245-1249 (1982).
97. Mitchell MS, von Eschen KB: Phase III trial of Melacine melanoma theraccine versus combination chemotherapy in the treatment of stage IV melanoma. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 16, 494a (Abstract) (1997).
98. Elliott GT, Mcleod RA, Perez J et al. Interim results of a Phase II multicenter clinical trial evaluating the activity of a therapeutic allogeneic melanoma vaccine (theraccine) in the treatment of disseminated malignant melanoma. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 2, 41-53 (1993).
99. Mitchell MS, Jakowatz J, Harel W et al. Increased effectiveness of interferon alfa-2b following active specific immunotherapy for melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 12, 402-411 (1994).
100. Vaishampayan U, Abrams J, Darrah D et al. Active immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma with allogeneic melanoma lysates and IFN alpha. Clin Cancer Res. 8, 3696-3701 (2003).
101. Sondak VK, Liu P-Y, Tuthill RJ et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: I. Overall results of a randomized trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2058-2066 (2002).
102. Mitchell MS, Harel W, Groshen S. Association of HLA phenotype with response to active specific immunotherapy of melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 1158-1164 (1992). Initial observation of an association of clinical outcome and HLA class I antigen expression by the host in patients with advanced cancer receiving Melacine.
103. Marincola FM, Venzon D, White D et al. HLA association with response and toxicity in melanoma patients treated with interleukin-2-based immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 52, 6561-6566 (1992).
104. Sosman JA, Unger JM, Liu P-Y et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: II. Impact of HLA class I antigen expression on outcome. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 2067-2075 (2002). This manuscript describes evidence from Phase III adjuvant trial of melanoma in early-stage disease that HLA-A2 and/or HLA-C3 expressing patients from Melacine.
105. Marincola FM, Shamamian P, Rivoltini L et al. HLA associations in the antitumor response against malignant melanoma. J. Immunother. 18, 242-252 (1995).
106. Hoon DS, Okamoto T, Wang HJ et al. Is the survival of melanoma patients receiving polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine linked to the human leukocyte antigen phenotype of patients? J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 1430-1437 (1998).
107. Kast W, Brandt R, Sidney J et al. Role of HLA-A motifs in identification of potential CTL epitopes in human papilloma virus Type 16, E6 and E7 proteins. J. Immunol. 152, 3904-3904 (1994).