Orientational transitions of liquid crystals driven by binding of organoamines to carboxylic acids presented at surfaces with nanometer-scale topography

Langmuir

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 275-284

  Shah, Rahul R ^a,b   Abbott, Nicholas L ^a  

^a Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power Electronics Consortium   (United States)

^b 3M COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINES; CARBOXYLIC ACIDS; CRYSTAL ORIENTATION; ELLIPSOMETRY; GOLD; MASS TRANSFER; SURFACE PHENOMENA; THIN FILMS; VAPORS;

TOPOGRAPHY;

NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS;

EID: 0037458020     PISSN: 07437463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/la0259914     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. (a) Swager, T. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 201.
2. (b) Delamarche, E.; Bernard, A.; Schmid, H.; Michel, B.; Biebuyck, H. A. Science 1997, 276, 779.
3. Groman, E. V.; Rothenberg, J. M.; Bayer, E. A.; Wichek, M. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 184, 208-217.
4. Yang, L.; Saavedra, S. S. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 1307.
5. Jung, L. S.; Campbel, C. T.; Chinowsky, T. M.; Mar, M. N.; Yee, S. S. Langmuir 1998, 14, 5636.
6. Buck, R. P.; Lindner, E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 257.
7. (a) Niculescu, M.; Nistor, C.; Frébort, I.; Peč, P.; Mattiasson, B.; Csöregi, E.Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 1591.
8. (b) Wang, J.; Chen, Q.; Renschler, C. L.; White, C. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1988.
9. Bayley, H.; Martin, C. R. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 2575.
10. (a) Barnes, C.; D'Silva, C.; Jones, J. P.; Lewis, T. J. Sens. Actuators, A 1992, 31, 159.
11. (b) Rodahl, M.; Hoeoek, F.; Kasemo, B. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2219.
12. (c) Yao, S.; Chen, K.; Liu, D.; Nie, L. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 294, 311.
13. (a) Grate, J. W. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 2627.
14. (b) Martin, S. J.; Frye, G. C.; Senturia, S. D. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2201.
15. (a) deGennes, P. G.; Prost, J. The Physics of Liquid Crystals; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1993.
16. (b) Cognard, J. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Suppl. 1982, 78, 1-76.
17. (c) Jérôme, B. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1991, 54, 391-451.
18. (a) Pieranski, P.; Jérôme, B.; Gabay, M. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 179: 285-315.
19. (b) Bechhoefer, J.; Jérôme, B.; Pieranski, P. Phase Trans. 1991, 33, 227.
20. Jérôme, B.; Shen, Y. R. Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 1991, 48, 4556.
21. (a) Pieranski, P.; Jérôme, B. Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 1989, 40, 317.
22. (b) Bechhoefer, J.; Jérôme, B.; Pieranski, P. Phys. Rev. A: At., Mol., Opt. Phys. 1989, 41, 3187.
23. (a) Wells, M.; Dermody, D. L.; Yang, H. C.; Kim, T.; Crooks, R. M.; Ricco, A. J. Langmuir 1996, 12, 1989.
24. (b) Yang, H. C.; Dermody, D. L.; Xu, C.; Ricco, A. J. Crooks, R. M. Langmuir 1996, 12, 726.
25. (a) Gupta, V. K.; Abbott, N. L. Langmuir 1996, 12, 2587.
26. (b) Gupta, V. K.; Abbott, N. L. Phys. Rev. E: Stat. Phys., Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 1996, 54, R4540.
27. Skaife, J. J.; Abbott, N. L. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 612.
28. Shah, R. R.; Abbott, N. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11300. This reference also discusses the possible role of water on the orientational behavior of liquid crystals on surfaces presenting carboxylic acid groups.
29. Israelachvili, J. N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: New York, 2000.
30. Thomas, R. C.; Houston, J. E.; Crooks, R. M.; Kim, T.; Michalske, T. A. J. Am Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830.
31. Shah, R. R.; Abbott, N. L. Science 2001, 293, 1296.
32. (a) Tombelli, S.; Mascini, M. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 358, 277.
33. Chemnitius, G. C.; Bilitewski, U. Sens. Actuators, B 1996, 32, 107.
34. Troughton, E. B.; Bain, C. D.; Whitesides, G. M.; Nuzzo, R. G.; Allara, D. L.; Porter, M. D. Langmuir 1988, 4, 365.
35. Bigelow, W. C.; Pickett, D. L.; Zisman, W. A. J. Colloid Sci. 1946, 1, 513.
36. Analysis of atomic force micrographs indicates the roughness of these gold films to be greatest in a direction parallel to the direction of incidence of the gold during its deposition (see ref 16).
37. Bain, C. D.; Whitesides, G. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 6560.
38. Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G. M. Agnew Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550.
39. (a) Kumar, A.; Biebuyck, H. A.; Whitesides, G. M. Langmuir 1994, 10, 1498.
40. (b) Zhao, X.; Wilbur, J. L.; Whitesides, G. M. Langmuir 1996, 12, 3257.
41. (c) Libioulle, L.; Bietsch, A.; Schmid, H.; Michel, B.; Delamarche, E. Langmuir 1999, 15, 300.
42. Ulman, A. An Introduction to Ultrathin Organic Films: From Langmuir Blodgett to Self-Assembly; Academic Press: Boston, 1991.
43. Bain, C. D.; Troughton, E. B.; Tao, Y.; Evall, J.; Whitesides, G. M.; Nuzzo, R. G. J. Am. Chem Soc. 1989, 111, 321.
44. By measuring interference fringes formed by monochromatic light transmitted through the optical cells, we determined the thicknesses of the cells to be within 15-20% of the nominal cell thicknesses of the Mylar spacers (12 μm). Optical cells formed using 2 μm thick Mylar were measured to have thicknesses that ranged from 2 to 4 μm.
45. Scheffer, T. J.; Nehring, J. J. Appl. Phys. 1977, 48, 1783.
46. Interference colors result from the transmission of particular wavelengths of light when using a white light source of illumination. The extent of transmission of a particular wavelength of light depends on the retardation, Δnd, where An is the birefringence and d is the thickness of the birefringent film. Light propagating through the liquid crystal will be extinguished under conditions where Δnd = i, j = 0, 1, 2, ..., where λ is the wavelength of light. Interference colors are divided into orders according to the magnitude of the retardation: 0-550 nm (first order), 550-1100 nm (second order), 1100-1650 nm (third order). (Hartshorne, N. H.; Stuart, A. Crystals and the Polarizing Microscope; Edward Arnold & Co.: New York, 1970.)
47. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th ed.; Weast, R. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
48. Bird, R. B.; Stewart, W. E.; Lightfoot, E. N. Transport Phenomena; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1960.
49. Dubois, L. H.; Nuzzo, R. G. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1992, 43, 437.
50. Nuzzo, R. G.; Dubois, L. H.; Allara, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558.
51. 3/min, and the exposure time is 2 min.
52. (a) Crooks, R. M.; Ricco, A. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 219.
53. (b) Crooks, R. M.; Ricco, A. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 289.
54. Berger, R.; Delamarche, E.; Lang, H. P.; Gerber, C.; Gimzewski, J. K.; Meyer, E.; Güntherodt, H.-J. Science 1997, 276, 2021.
55. Crooks, R. M.; Yang, H. C.; McEllistrem, L. J.; Thomas, R. C.; Ricco, A. J. Faraday Discuss. 1997, 107, 285.
56. (a) Bertilsson, L.; Potje-Kamloth, K.; Liess, H.-D.; Leidberg, B. Langmuir 1999, 15, 1128.
57. (b) Bertilsson, L.; Potje-Kamloth, K.; Liess, H.-D.; Engquist, I.; Leidberg, B. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 1260.
58. 15 (Gupta, V. K.; Skaife, J. J.; Dubrovsky, T. B.; Abbott, N. L. Science 1998, 279, 2077. Gupta, V. K.; Abbott, N. L. Science 1997, 276, 1533.)
59. 15 (Gupta. V. K.; Skaife, J. J.; Dubrovsky, T. B.; Abbott, N. L. Science 1998, 279, 2077. Gupta, V. K.; Abbott, N. L. Science 1997, 276, 1533.)
60. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Washington, DC, 1990.
61. (a) Huisman, B.-H.; Kooyman, R. P. H.; van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 561.
62. (b) Granito, C.; Wilde, J. N.; Petty, M. C.; Houghton, S.; Iredale, P. J. Thin Solid Films 1996, 284-285, 98.
63. (a) Albert, K. J.; Lewis, N. S.; Schauer, C. L.; Sotzing, G. A.; Stitzel, S. E.; Vaid, T. P.; Walt, D. R. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 2595.
64. (b) Bodenhöher, K.; Hierlemann, A.; Noetzel, G.; Weimar, U.; Göpel, W. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2210.
65. Sugimoto, I.; Seyama, M.; Nakmura, M. J. Environ. Monit. 1999, 1, 135.