Design of surfaces for patterned alignment of liquid crystals on planar and curved substrates

Science

Volumn 276, Issue 5318, 1997, Pages 1533-1536

  Gupta, Vinay K ^a   Abbott, Nicholas L ^a  

^a University of California   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DEVICE; ELECTRIC FIELD; LIGHT REFRACTION; LIQUID CRYSTAL; OPTICS; POLARIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURFACE PROPERTY;

EID: 0030906651     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5318.1533     Document Type: Article

References (48)

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28. n-1SH [W. J. Miller, N. L. Abbott, J. D. Paul, M. Prentiss, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 1852 (1996)].
29. x) and metals can be used to align LCs at surfaces [W. Urbach, M. Boix, E. Guyon, ibid. 25, 479 (1974); J. L. Janning, ibid. 21, 173 (1972)]. This method, however, is not economically competitive with methods based on rubbed polymers when uniform alignment of a LC over a large area is required. In contrast, when patterned orientations of LCs are required, processes based on rubbing become complex, and oblique deposition of metals can, we believe, form the basis of simple and economical procedures.
30. x) and metals can be used to align LCs at surfaces [W. Urbach, M. Boix, E. Guyon, ibid. 25, 479 (1974); J. L. Janning, ibid. 21, 173 (1972)]. This method, however, is not economically competitive with methods based on rubbed polymers when uniform alignment of a LC over a large area is required. In contrast, when patterned orientations of LCs are required, processes based on rubbing become complex, and oblique deposition of metals can, we believe, form the basis of simple and economical procedures.
31. V. K. Gupta and N. L. Abbott, Phys. Rev. E 54, 4540 (1996).
32. The alignment of 5CB on "bare," obliquely deposited gold is planar and perpendicular to the direction of deposition of the gold.
33. 3) at the surface of these SAMs [P. E. Laibinis et al., ibid. 113, 7152 (1991); T. J. Lenk et al., Langmuir 10, 4610 (1994)]. We do not observe an odd-even dependence of the orientation of 5CB on SAMs formed from alkanethiols on silver or perfluorinated alkanethiols on gold: the anchoring of 5CB was perpendicular to the direction of deposition of the gold.
34. 3) at the surface of these SAMs [P. E. Laibinis et al., ibid. 113, 7152 (1991); T. J. Lenk et al., Langmuir 10, 4610 (1994)]. We do not observe an odd-even dependence of the orientation of 5CB on SAMs formed from alkanethiols on silver or perfluorinated alkanethiols on gold: the anchoring of 5CB was perpendicular to the direction of deposition of the gold.
35. 3) at the surface of these SAMs [P. E. Laibinis et al., ibid. 113, 7152 (1991); T. J. Lenk et al., Langmuir 10, 4610 (1994)]. We do not observe an odd-even dependence of the orientation of 5CB on SAMs formed from alkanethiols on silver or perfluorinated alkanethiols on gold: the anchoring of 5CB was perpendicular to the direction of deposition of the gold.
36. A 90° azimuthal reorientation of a LC on a corrugated surface can be caused by a coupling of elastic and fiexolectric effects [G. Barbero and G. Durand, J. Appl. Phys. 68, 5549 (1990)]. The observed odd-even effects of SAMs on the orientations of LCs can be described by the theory of Barbero and Durand by modulation of the dielectric constant of odd and even SAMs about a critical value.
37. P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Layered Media (Wiley, New York, 1988).
38. The planar to homeotropic transition in anchoring of 5CB observed on mixed SAMs formed from long and short alkanethiol on gold differs from past reports in which Langmuir-Blodgett films of lecithin were used: the anchoring of 5CB is homeotropic for all packing densities of lecithin [K. Hiltrop, J. Hasse, H. Stegmeyer, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 98, 209 (1994)].
39. In-plane switching refers to the use of an electric field that is applied parallel to the surface of the cell. Devices based on in-plane switching of a LC have been used in FPDs with wide viewing angles [M. Oh-e and K. Kondo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 623 (1996); M. Ohta, K. Kondo, M, Oh-e, IEICE (Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Trans. Electron. E79-C, 1069 (1996)).
40. In-plane switching refers to the use of an electric field that is applied parallel to the surface of the cell. Devices based on in-plane switching of a LC have been used in FPDs with wide viewing angles [M. Oh-e and K. Kondo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 623 (1996); M. Ohta, K. Kondo, M, Oh-e, IEICE (Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Trans. Electron. E79-C, 1069 (1996)).
41. Past studies have reported electrochemical desorption of SAMs in aqueous solutions of electrolytes [C. A. Widrig, C. Chung, M. D. Porter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 310, 335 (1991); M. M. Watezak et al., Langmuir 7, 2687 (1991)].
42. Past studies have reported electrochemical desorption of SAMs in aqueous solutions of electrolytes [C. A. Widrig, C. Chung, M. D. Porter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 310, 335 (1991); M. M. Watezak et al., Langmuir 7, 2687 (1991)].
43. T. Kim et al., Langmuir 12, 6065 (1996).
44. LCs have been anchored within pores of alumina and vycor glass coated with surface-active reagents [G. P. Crawford, R. J. Ondris-Crawford, J. W. Doane, S. Zumer, Phys. Rev. E 53, 3647 (1996). and references therein). Our work differs from this past work in two principal ways, (i) Scale: We have anchored LCs on curved surfaces with radii of curvature that are large compared with the thickness of the layer of LC. The local state of the LC is similar to that of LC anchored on a planar surface and thus properties of the LC are not dominated by elastic energies caused by curva-ture. Methodologies used for anchoring LCs on planar surfaces (for example, twisted nematic cells) can be translated to our curved surfaces, (ii) Patterns: We used patterned curved surfaces.
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48. We thank D. Yankelevich and S. Hamilton (University of California, Davis) for help in fabrication of the elastomeric stamp and A. Knoesen (University of California, Davis), P. Drziac (Raychem), and J. Gordon (IBM) for helpful suggestions and discussions. Supported, in part, by NSF (CTS-9410147 and DMR-9400354).