The structure of gradually transforming marine stratocumulus during the ASTEX first Lagrangian experiment

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 129, Issue 589 PART C, 2003, Pages 1071-1100

  Tjernström, Michael ^a   Rune, Anna ^b  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Airborne measurements; Planetary boundary layer; Turbulence measurements

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY LAYERS; CLOUDS; LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; TURBULENCE;

SURFACE-LAYER SCALING;

METEOROLOGY;

BOUNDARY LAYER; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; STRATOCUMULUS; TURBULENCE; VERTICAL PROFILE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0037255556     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1256/qj.02.02     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Albrecht, B. A., Randall, D. A. and Nicholls, S. 1988 Observations of marine stratocumulus clouds during FIRE. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 618-626
2. Albrecht, B. A., Bretherton, C. S., Johnson, D., Schubert, W. H. and Frisch, A. S. 1995 The Atlantic Stratocumulus Experiment-ASTEX. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 889-904
3. Andrén, A. 1990 Evaluation of a turbulence closure scheme suitable for air- pollution applications. J. Appl. Meteorol. 29, 224-239
4. Andrén, A. 1992 A TKE-dissipation model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 56, 207-221
5. Bechtold, P., Kreuger, S. K., Lewellen, W. S., van Meijgaard, F., Moeng, C.-H., Randall, D. A., van Ulden, A. and Wang, S. 1996 Modelling a stratocumulus-topped PBL: Intercomparison among different one-dimensional codes with large eddy simulation. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 2033-2042
6. Bougeault, Ph. and Lacarrére, P. 1989 Parameterization of orography induced turbulence in a mesoscale model. Mon. Weather Rev., 17, 1872-1890
7. Bretherton, C. S. and Pincus, R. 1995 Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part I: Synoptic setting and the vertical structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2707-2723
8. Bretherton, C. S., Austin, P. and Siems, S. T. 1995 Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagrangian experiments. Part II: Cloudiness, drizzle, surface fluxes, and entrainment. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2724-2735
9. Bretherton, C. S., Kreuger, S. K., Wyant, M. C., Bechtold, P., van Meijgaard, E., Stevens, B. and Teixeira, J. 2000 A GCSS boundary layer cloud model intercomparison study of the First ASTEX Lagrangian. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 93, 341-380
10. Brost, R. A., Lenschow, D. H. and Wyngaard, J. C. 1982 Marine stratocumulus layers. Part I: Mean conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 800-817
11. Brown, E. N., Friehe, C. A. and Lenschow, D. H. 1983 The use of pressure fluctuations on the nose of an aircraft for measuring air motion. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 171-180
12. Burns, S. P., Khelif, D., Friehe, C. A., Williams, A. G., Hignett, P., Grant, A. L. M., Hacker, J. M., Rogers, D. P., Bradley, E. F., Weller, R. A., Cronin, M. F., Anderson, S. P., Fairall, C. F. and Paulson, C. A. 1999 Comparison of aircraft, ship and buoy meteorological measurements from TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30853-30883
13. Burns, S. P., Khelif, D., Friehe, C. A., Hignett, P., Williams, A. G., Grant, A. L. M., Hacker, J. M., Hagan, D. E., Serra, Y. L., Rogers, D. P., Bradley, E. F., Weller, R. A., Fairall, C. F., Anderson, S. P., Paulson, C. A. and Coppin, P. A. 2000 Comparison of aircraft, ship and buoy radiation and SST measurements from TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15627-15652
14. Caughey, S. J. and Palmer, S. G. 1979 Some aspects of turbulence structure through the depth of the convective boundary layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 811-827
15. Cuxart, J. P., Bougeault, Ph. and Redelsberger, J.-L. 2000 A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large-eddy simulations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1-30
16. de Roode, S. R. and Duynkerke, P. G. 1997 Observed Lagrangian transition of stratocumulus into cumulus during ASTEX: Mean state and turbulence structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2157-2173
17. Deardorff, J. W. 1980 Cloud top entrainment instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 131-147
18. Durand, P. and Bourcy, T. 2001 Observations of the turbulence structure within two stratocumulus-topped, marine boundary layers. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 99, 105-125
19. Duynkerke, P. G. and Teixeira, J. 2001 Comparison of the ECMWF reanalysis with FIRE 1 observations: Diurnal variability of marine stratocumulus. J. Climate, 14, 1466-1478
20. Duynkerke, P. G., Zhang, H. and Jonker, P. J. 1995 Microphysical and turbulent structure of nocturnal stratocumulus as observed during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2763-2777
21. Enger, L. 1990 Simulation of dispersion in moderately complex terrain. Part A: The fluid dynamic model. Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2431-2446
22. Fouilloux, A. and Iaquinta, J. 1997 Comparison of stratocumulus cloud modeling with satellite observations and in situ measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13597-13602
23. Freedman, F. R. and Jacobsen, M. Z. 2002 Transport-dissipation analytical solutions to the E-epsilon turbulence model and their role in predictions of the neutral ABL. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 102, 117-138
24. Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J. and Stauffer, D. R. 1995 'A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)'. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Tech. Note TN-398. Available from NCAR, Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO 80305, USA
25. Hack, J. J. 1998 Sensitivity of the simulated climate to a diagnostic formulation for cloud liquid water. J. Climate, 11, 1497-1515
26. Hodur, R. M. 1997 The Naval Research Laboratory's coupled ocean/atmosphere mesoscale prediction system (COAMPS). Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 1414-1430
27. Hojstrup, J. 1982 Velocity spectra in the unstable boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2239-2248
28. Holtslag, A. A. M. and Boville, B. A. 1993 Local versus non-local boundary layer diffusion in a global climate model. J. Climate. 6, 1825-1842
29. Kaimal, J. C. and Finnegan, J. J. 1994 Atmospheric boundary layer flows. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
30. Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y. and Coté, O. R. 1972 Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 563-589
31. Khelif, D., Burns, P. and Friehe, C. A. 1999 Improved wind measurements on research aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 16, 860-875
32. Leidner, S. M., Stauffer, D. R. and Seaman, N. L. 2001 Improving short-term numerical weather prediction in the California coastal zone by dynamic initialization of the marine boundary layer. Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 275-294
33. Lenschow, D. H., Wyngaard, J. C. and Pennell, W. T. 1980 Mean fields and second moment budgets in a baroclinic convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1313-1326
34. Lenschow, D. H., Li, X. S., Zhu, C. J. and Stankov, B. B. 1988 The stably stratified boundary layer over the Great Plains. I: Mean and turbulence structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 42, 95-121
35. Lenschow, D. H., Miller, E. R. and Friesen, R. B. 1991 A three-aircraft intercomparison of two types of air motion measurement systems. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 8, 41-50
36. Lenschow, D. H., Zhou, M., Zeng, X., Chen, L. and Xu, X. 2000 Measurements of line-scale structure at the top of marine stratocumulus. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 97, 331-357
37. Martin, G. M., Johnson, D. W., Rogers, D. P., Jonas, P. R., Minnis, P. and Hegg, D. A. 1995 Observations of interaction between cumulus clouds and warm stratocumulus in the marine boundary layer during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2902-2922
38. Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T. 1982 Development of a closure model of geophysical flows. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875
39. Miller, M. A. and Friesen, R. B. 1989 'Standard output data products from the NCAR research aviation facility'. National Center for Atmospheric Research Aviation Facility Research Bulletin No. 9. Available from NCAR, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
40. Nicholls, S. 1978 Measurements of turbulence by an instrumented aircraft in a convective boundary layer over the sea. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 104, 653-676
41. Nicholls, S. 1984 The dynamics of stratocumulus: Aircraft observations and comparisons with a mixed layer model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 110, 783-820
42. Nicholls, S. 1989 The structure of radiatively driven convective in stratocumulus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 115, 487-511
43. Nicholls, S. and Leighton, J. 1986 An observational study of the structure of stratiform cloud sheets: Part I: Structure. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 431-460
44. Nigam, S. 1997 The annual warm to cold phase transition in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Diagnosis of the role of stratus cloud-top cooling. J. Climate, 10, 2447-2467
45. Nucciarone, J. J. and Young, G. S. 1991 Aircraft measurements of turbulence spectra in the marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2382-2392
46. O'Brian, J. J. 1970 A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1213-1215
47. Paluch, I. R. and Lenschow, D. H. 1991 Stratiform cloud formation in the marine boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2141-2158
48. Pielke, R. A., Cotton, W. R., Walko, R. L., Tremback, C. J., Lyons, W. A., Grasso, L. D., Nicholls, M. E., Doran, M. D., Wesley, D. A., Lee, T. J. and Copeland, J. H. 1992 A comprehensive meteorological model system-RAMS. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 49, 69-91
49. Randall, D. A. 1980 Conditional instability of the first kind upside-down. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 125-130
50. Randall, D. A., Coakley, J. A. Jr., Fairall, C. W., Kropfli, R. A. and Lenschow, D. H. 1984 Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratocumulus clouds. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 65, 1290-1301
51. Rogers, D. P., Johnson, D. W. and Friehe, C. A. 1995 The stable internal boundary layer of a coastal sea. Part I: Airborne measurements of mean and turbulence structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 667-683
52. Scott, J. D. and Alexander, M. A. 1999 Net short-wave fluxes over the ocean. J. Phys. Ocean., 29, 3167-3174
53. Slingo, A. 1990 Sensitivity of the earth radiation budget to changes in clouds. Nature, 343, 49-51
54. Smedman, A.-S., Tjernström, M. and Högström, U. 1993 Analysis of the turbulence structure of a marine low-level jet. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 66, 105-126
55. Smedman, A.-S., Tjernström, M. and Högström, U. 1994 The near-neutral marine atmospheric boundary layer with no surface shearing stress-a case study. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3399-3411
56. Stevens, B., Cotton, W. R., Feingold, G. and Moeng, C.-H. 1998 Large-eddy simulations of strongly precipitating, shallow, stratocumulus-topped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616-3638
57. Stull, R. B. 1988 An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
58. Sundararajan, R. and Tjernström, M. 2000 Observations and simulations of a non-stationary coastal atmospheric boundary layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 445-476
59. Svensson, G., Tjernström, M. and Koračin, D. 2000 The sensitivity of a stratocumulus transition: Model simulations of the first ASTEX Lagrangian. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 95, 57-90
60. Teixeira, J. 1999 Simulation of fog with the ECMWF prognostic cloud scheme. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 529-552
61. Therry, G. and Lacarrére, P. 1983 Improving the eddy kinetic energy model for planetary boundary- layer description. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 25, 63-88
62. Tjernström, M. 1993 Turbulence length scales in stably stratified free shear flow analysed from slant aircraft profiles. J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 948-963
63. Tjernström, M. and Friehe, C. A. 1991 Analysis of a radome air motion system on a twin-jet aircraft for boundary-layer research. J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 8, 19-40
64. Tjernström, M. and Koračin, D. 1995 Modeling the impact of stratocumulus on boundary layer structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 863-878
65. Tjernström, M. and Rogers, D. P. 1996 Turbulence structure in decoupled marine stratocumulus: A case study from the ASTEX field experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 598-619
66. Tjernström, M. and Smedman, A.-S. 1993 The vertical turbulence structure of the coastal marine atmospheric boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4809-4826
67. Turton, J. D. and Nicholls, S. 1987 A study of the diurnal variation of stratocumulus using a multiple mixed layer model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 969-1009
68. Twomey, S. 1991 Aerosols, clouds and radiation. Atmos. Environ., 25, 2435-2442
69. Wang, Q. and Lenschow, D. H. 1995 An observational study of the role of penetrating cumulus in a marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2778-2787
70. Wetzel, M. A., Thompson, W. T., Vali, G., Chai, S. K., Haack, T., Szumowski, M. J. and Kelly, R. 2001 Evaluation of COAMPS forecasts of coastal stratocumulus using satellite microphysical retrievals and aircraft measurements. Weather and Forecasting. 16, 588-599
71. Wyngaard, J. C. and Coté, O. R. 1972 Cospectral similarity in the atmospheric surface layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 590-603
72. 2l turbulence closure model. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 91-106