The annual warm to cold phase transition in the eastern equatorial pacific: Diagnosis of the role of stratus cloud-top cooling

Journal of Climate

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 1997, Pages 2447-2467

  Nigam, Sumant ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLIMATE FEEDBACK; CLOUD TOP COOLING; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; STRATUS; TROPOSPHERE;

PACIFIC, (EQUATORIAL EAST);

EID: 0031410057     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2447:TAWTCP>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bond, N. A., 1992: Observations of planetary boundary-layer structure in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 5, 699-706.
2. Chang, P., and S. G. H. Philander. 1994: A coupled ocean-atmosphere instability of relevance to the seasonal cycle. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3627-3648.
3. Chelliah, M., and P. Arkin, 1992: Large-scale interannual variability of monthly outgoing longwave radiation anomalies over the global Tropics. J. Climate, 5, 371-389.
4. Da Silva, A. M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, 1994: Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994. Vol. 1, Algorithms and Procedures, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, 83 pp.
5. Gandu, A. W., and J. E. Geisler, 1991: A primitive equation model study of the effect of topography on the summer circulation over tropical South America. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1822-1836.
6. Held, I. M., S. W. Lyons, and S. Nigam, 1989: Transients and the extratropical response to El Niño. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 163-174.
7. Holton, J. R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. Academic Press, 510 pp.
8. Horel, J. D., A. N. Hahmann, and J. E. Geisler, 1989: An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas. J. Climate, 2, 1388-1403.
9. Hoskins, B. J., and D. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-1196.
10. _, H. H. Hsu, I. N. James, M. Masutani, P. D. Sardeshmukh, and G. H. White, 1989: Diagnostics of the Global Atmospheric Circulation based on ECMWF analyses 1979-1989. WCRP-27, WMO/TD-No. 326, 217 pp. [Available from WMO, Case Postale No. 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland.]
11. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
12. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
13. Kilonsky, B. J., and C. S. Ramage, 1976: A technique for estimating tropical open-ocean rainfall from satellite observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 972-975.
14. Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
15. Koberle, C., and S. G. H. Philander, 1994: On the processes that control seasonal variations of sea-surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Tellus, 46A, 481-496.
16. Li, T., and S. G. H. Philander, 1996: On the annual cycle of the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 9, 2986-2998.
17. Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea-surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
18. Ma, C.-C., C. R. Mechoso, A. W. Robertson, and A. Arakawa, 1996: Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical Pacific circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. J. Climate, 9, 1635-1646.
19. Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156.
20. Nigam, S., 1994: On the dynamical basis for the "Asian summer-monsoon rainfall-El Niño" relationship. J. Climate, 7, 1750-1771.
21. _, and Y. Chao, 1995: On the evolution of the tropical ocean-atmosphere annual-cycle. TOGA Notes, 18, 12-16.
22. _, and _, 1996: On the evolution-dynamics of tropical ocean-atmosphere annual-cycle variability. J. Climate, 9, 3187-3205.
23. Norris, J. R., and C. B. Leovy, 1994: Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
24. Oreopoulos, L., and R. Davies, 1993: Statistical dependence of albedo and cloud cover on sea surface temperature for two tropical marine stratocumulus regions. J. Climate, 6, 2434-2447.
25. PACS, 1994: Pan American Climate Studies: A scientific prospectus, 28 pp. [Available on-line from http://www.atmos.Washington. edu/gcg/PACS.hp/.]
26. Philander, S. G. H., D. Gu, D. Halpern, G. Lambert, N.-C. Lau, T. Li, and R. C. Pacanowski, 1996: Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J. Climate, 9, 2958-2972.
27. Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
28. Slingo, J. M., and A. Slingo, 1991: The response of a general circulation model to cloud longwave radiative forcing. II: Further studies. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 333-364.
29. Valdes, P., and B. J. Hoskins, 1989: Linear stationary wave simulation of the time-mean climatological flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2509-2527.
30. Wang, B., 1994: On the annual cycle in the tropical eastern central Pacific. J. Climate, 7, 1926-1942.
31. Xie, S.-P., 1994: On the genesis of the equatorial annual cycle. J. Climate, 7, 2008-2013.