Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel

Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 288, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 222-235

  Yeni, Patrick G ^a   Hammer, Scott M ^a   Carpenter, Charles C J ^a   Cooper, David A ^a   Fischl, Margaret A ^a   Gatell, Jose M ^a   Gazzard, Brian G ^a   Hirsch, Martin S ^a   Jacobsen, Donna M ^a   Katzenstein, David A ^a   Montaner, Julio S G ^a   Richman, Douglas D ^a   Saag, Michael S ^a   Schechter, Mauro ^a   Schooley, Robert T ^a   Thompson, Melanie A ^a   Vella, Stefano ^a   Volberding, Paul A ^a  

^a BICHAT HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; AMDOXOVIR; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CD4 ANTIGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; ENFUVIRTIDE; ETRAVIRINE; HYDROXYUREA; INDINAVIR; INTERLEUKIN 2; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS RNA; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADULT; ARTICLE; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG MONITORING; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOXIC HEPATITIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD;

EID: 0037055025     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.288.2.222     Document Type: Article

References (190)

1. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults
2. Improved survival among HIV-infected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy
3. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
4. A longitudinal analysis of hospitalization and emergency department use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women reporting protease inhibitor use
5. Predicting the duration of antiviral treatment needed to suppress plasma HIV-1 RNA
6. Constant mean viral copy number per infected cell in tissues regardless of high, low, or undetectable plasma HIV RNA
7. Antiretroviral therapy and immune reconstitution
8. Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy
9. Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy
10. Long-lasting recovery in CD4 T-cell function and viral-load reduction after highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV-1 disease
11. Rates of disease progression by baseline CD4 cell count and viral load after initiating triple-drug therapy
12. CD4+ lymphocyte level is better than HIV-1 plasma viral load in determining when to initiate HAART
13. Long-term survival after initiation of antiretroviral therapy
14. Late initiation of antiretroviral therapy (at CD4+ lymphocyte count <200 cells/μL) is associated with increased risk of death
15. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy
16. Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
17. Predictive value of CD4 lymphocyte numbers for the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies in HIV-infected persons
18. Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
19. Inflammatory reactions in HIV-1-infected persons after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy
20. Comparison of T-cell subsets' reconstitution after 12 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiated during early versus advanced states of HIV disease
21. HIV viral load response to antiretroviral therapy according to the baseline CD4 cell count and viral load
22. Long-term immunological response in HIV-1-infected subjects receiving potent antiretroviral therapy
23. Association of initial CD4 cell count and viral load with response to highly active antiretroviral therapy
24. Consistent viral evolutionary changes associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
25. 3
26. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection
27. Increase and plateau of CD4 T-cell counts in the 3(1/2) years after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy
28. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia after seroconversion and proximal to AIDS in a large cohort of homosexual men
29. Prognosis of HIV-1 infected drug naive patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy
30. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS
31. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS
32. Hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy
33. Symptomatic lactic acidosis in hospitalized antiretroviral-treated patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
34. Quantification of mitochondrial DNA relative to nuclear DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
35. Hepatomegaly and steatosis in HIV-infected patients receiving nucleoside analog antiretroviral therapy
36. Hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis associated with stavudine treatment in an HIV patient
37. Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs
38. Fatal lactic acidosis and liver steatosis associated with didanosine and stavudine treatment
39. Hyperlactatemia and hepatic abnormalities in 10 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue combination regimens
40. Serum lactate in nucleoside analogue treated HIV patients correlates with serum-lipids
41. Update on study 006-EFV + AZT+3TC versus the current 'standard of care' IDV+AZT+3TC
42. Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis during antiretroviral therapy
43. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors
44. Impaired glucose tolerance, beta cell function and lipid metabolism in HIV patients under treatment with protease inhibitors
45. Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV-1 infection
46. Effect of ritonavir on lipids and post-heparin lipase activities in normal subjects
47. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors
48. Changes in body habitus and serum lipid abnormalities in HIV-positive women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
49. Hyperlipidemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy
50. Alterations in serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins with indinavir therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
51. Switching antiretroviral drugs for treatment of metabolic complications in HIV-1 infection
52. Second report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)
53. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
54. AHA Conference Proceedings: Prevention conference V
55. Itraconazole drastically increases plasma concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid
56. Simvastatin but not prevastatin is very susceptible to interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole
57. Increased beta-cell secretory capacity as mechanism for islet adaptation to nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance
58. Primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia
59. Metabolic effects of indinavir in healthy HIV-seronegative men
60. Prospective study of the effects of amprenavir-based therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism in HIV-infected patients
61. HIV-1 protease inhibitors induce an increase of triglyceride level in HIV-infected men without modification of insulin sensitivity
62. "Buffalo hump" in men with HIV-1 infection
63. A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy
64. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection
65. Serious adverse events attributed to nevirapine regimens for postexposure prophylaxis after HIV exposures- Worldwide, 1997-2000
66. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy
67. Equivalent osteopenia in HIV-infected subjects studied before and during the era of HAART
68. Assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive patients
69. Osteopenia in HIV-infected patients
70. Bone mineral content is lower in prepubertal HIV-infected children
71. Osteonecrosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
72. Osteonecrosis in HIV
73. Increasing incidence of avascular necrosis of the hip in HIV-infected patients
74. DRESS (drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) syndrome associated with nevirapine therapy
75. Hypersensitivity syndrome associated with efavirenz therapy
76. HIV drug allergy
77. Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor abacavir
78. Antiretroviral regimen complexity, self-reported adherence, and HIV patients' understanding of their regimens
79. Indinavir (IDV), zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC)
80. ABT-378/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection
81. Dual protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected patients
82. The influence of low doses of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir 1250 mg BID
83. Comparison of time to achieve HIV RNA <400 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL in a phase III, blinded, randomized clinical trial of ABT-378/r vs NFV in ARV-naive patients
84. Safety and antiviral activity at 48 weeks of lopinavir/ritonavir plus nevirapine and 2 nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected protease inhibitor-experienced patients
85. Absence of resistance to Kaletra (ABT-378/r) observed through 48 weeks of therapy in antiretroviral-naive subjects
86. Maintenance antiretroviral therapies in HIV infected patients with undetectable plasma HIV RNA after triple-drug therapy
87. Treatment with amprenavir alone or amprenavir with zidovudine and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection
88. Randomized trial of three maintenance regimens given after three months of induction therapy with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir in previously untreated HIV-1-infected patients
89. Continued indinavir (800 mg tid) versus switching to indinavir+ritonavir (800/100 mg bid) in HIV patients having achieved viral load suppression
90. Ritonavir and saquinavir combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection
91. FOCUS study
92. Influence of 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg ritonavir (RTV) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of amprenavir (APV) after multiple doses in healthy volunteers for once daily (QD) and twice daily (BID) regimens
93. Randomized study of saquinavir with ritonavir or nelfinavir together with delavirdine, adefovir, or both in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults with virologic failure on indinavir
94. Competing drug-drug interactions among multidrug antiretroviral regimens used in the treatment of HIV-infected subjects
95. The Atlantic study
96. Final 12-month results from the COMBINE study
97. The effects of a short course of prednisone (pred) on the incidence of rash associated with nevirapine (NVP, VIRAMUNE)
98. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile
99. Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults
100. Abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine vs indinavir-lamivudine-zidovudine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults
101. Efficacy of combivir (COM) (lamivudine 150 mg/zidovudine 300 mg) plus ziagen (abacavir[ABC] 300 mg) BID compared to trizivir (TZV) (3TC 150 mg/ZDV 300 mg/ ABC 300 mg) BID in patients receiving prior COM plus ABC
102. Abacavir expanded access program for adult patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
103. Epidemiological risk factors and immunological mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions to abacavir
104. Determination of a clinically relevant phenotypic resistance "cut-off" for abacavir using the PhenoSense assay
105. Time to appearance of NRTI-associated mutations and response to subsequent therapy for patients on failing ABC/COM
106. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection
107. The virological and immunological consequences of structured treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infection
108. HIV dynamics and T-cell immunity after three structured treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infection
109. Short-cycle structured intermittent treatment of chronic HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy
110. Virologic and immunologic consequences of discontinuing combination antiretroviral-drug therapy in HIV-infected patients with detectable viremia
111. Structured treatment interruptions
112. Structured treatment interruptions for the management of HIV infection
113. Determinants of virological response to antiretroviral therapy
114. Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population
115. Impact of directly observed therapy on outcomes in HIV clinical trials
116. Enhancing adherence to HAART
117. Prospective randomized two-arm controlled study to determine the efficacy of a specific intervention to improve long-term adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy
118. Use of changes in plasma levels of human immunodefidency virus type 1 RNA to assess clinical benefit to antiretroviral therapy
119. Both serum HIV type 1 RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts predict clinical outcome in HIV type 1-infected subjects with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter
120. Monitoring plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in addition to CD4+ lymphocyte count improves assessment of antiretroviral therapeutic response
121. Immunologic and virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
122. Predictors of long-term increase in CD4(+) cell counts in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving a protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen
123. The contribution of assay variation and biological variation to the total variability of plasma HIV-1 RNA measurements
124. The effect of high-dose saquinavir on viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV-infected patients
125. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less
126. Predictors of virologic and clinical outcomes in HIV-1-infected patients receiving concurrent treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine
127. Predictors of optimal virological response to potent antiretroviral therapy
128. The virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy over the first 24 weeks of therapy according to the pre-therapy viral load and the weeks 4-8 viral load
129. Immunologic predictors of discordance between CD4+ T-cell and HIV-1 RNA responses during antiretroviral therapy
130. A randomized study of the utility of human immunodeficiency virus RNA measurement for the management of antiretroviral therapy
131. Prevalence and predictive value of intermittent viremia with combination HIV therapy
132. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults with HIV infection
133. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult HIV-1 infection
134. Drug resistance mutations in HIV-1
135. A randomized trial assessing the impact of phenotypic resistance testing on antiretroviral therapy
136. Clinical utility of HIV-1 genotyping and expert advice
137. The relation between baseline HIV drug resistance and response to antiretroviral therapy
138. Sequencing of protease in hibitor therapy
139. Differences between genotype and phenotype in the NARVAL trial, ANRS 088
140. A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy
141. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing predicts long-term virologic suppression better than treatment history in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
142. Reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection
143. The potential role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of HIV infection
144. Results from the ATHENA study
145. The duration of viral suppression during protease inhibitor therapy for HIV-1 infection is predicted by plasma HIV-1 RNA at the nadir
146. Correlation between reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration 1 week after start of antiretroviral treatment and longer-term efficacy
147. Suppression of plasma viral load below 20 copies/μL is required to achieve a long-term response to therapy
148. Durability of HAART regimens overtime
149. Immunological, virological and clinical response to highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment regimens in a complete clinic population
150. Loss of antiretroviral drug susceptibility at low viral load during early virological failure in treatment-experienced patients
151. HIV-1 genotype resistance patterns predict response to saquinavir-ritonavir therapy in patients in whom previous protease inhibitor therapy had failed
152. Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and appearance of drug-resistant virus populations in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC)
153. Effect of baseline nucleoside-associated resistance on response to tenofovir DF (TDF) therapy
154. Tenofovir, adefovir, and zidovudine susceptibilities of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates with non-B subtypes or nucleoside resistance
155. Antiviral activity of tenofovir (PMPA) against nucleoside-resistant clinical HIV samples
156. Tenofovir DF
157. Tenofovir DF
158. Determining the relative efficacy of tenofovir DF using frequent measurements of HIV-1 RNA during a short course of monotherapy in antiretroviral drug naive individuals
159. Sustained CD4+ T cell response after virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based regimens in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
160. Changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations after treatment interruption in patients failing antiretroviral therapy
161. Protease inhibitor resistant HIV-1 has marked decreased fitness in vivo
162. The relationship between virus load response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and change in CD4 cell counts
163. Virological and immunological effects of treatment interruptions in HIV-1 infected patients with treatment failure
164. HIV drug susceptibility and treatment response to mega-HAART regimen in patients from the Frankfurt HIV cohort
165. Multiple drug rescue therapy for HIV-infected individuals with prior virologic failure to multiple regimens
166. CD4+ T cell kinetics and activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who remain viremic despite long-term treatment with protease inhibitor-based therapy
167. Immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus
168. Increases in CD4 T lymphocytes with intermittent courses of interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
169. Comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection
170. Immunologic and virologic effects of subcutaneous interleukin 2 in combination with antiretroviral therapy
171. Randomized trial of high- versus low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 outpatient therapy for early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
172. Effects of tapering doses of oral prednisone on viral load among HIV-infected patients with unexplained weight loss
173. Hydroxyurea and HIV
174. First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
175. Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys
176. Immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 induced by canarypox expressing HIV-1MN gp120, HIV-1SF2 recombinant gp120, or both vaccines in seronegative adults
177. Effects of treatment intensification with hydroxyurea in HIV-infected patients with virologic suppression