Cholecystokinin modulation of mesolimbic dopamine function: Regulation of motivated behaviour

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Volumn 91, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 404-413

  Rotzinger, Susan ^a,b   Bush, David E A ^a   Vaccarino, Franco J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLECYSTOKININ B RECEPTOR; CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT;

ADDICTION; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; BEHAVIOR; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; HYPOTHESIS; MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; MOTIVATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; STRESS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CORTICOSTERONE; DOPAMINE; DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; RATS; RECEPTORS, CHOLECYSTOKININ; SELF ADMINISTRATION; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0036965733     PISSN: 09019928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910620.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (148)

1. Abercrombie, E. D., K. A. Keefe, D. S. Di Frischia & M. J. Zigmond: Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 1989, 52, 1655-1658.
2. Altar, C. A.: Cholecystokinin receptor subtypes and neuromodulation. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiat. 1989, 13, 381-393.
3. Angelucci, L.: The glucocorticoid hormone: from pedestal to dust and back. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 405, 139-147.
4. Antelman, S. M., A. J. Eichler, C. A. Black & D. Kocan: Interchangeability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization. Science 1980, 207, 329-331.
5. Bannon, M. J. & R. H. Roth: Pharmacology of mesocortical dopamine neurons. Pharmacol. Rev. 1983, 35, 53-68.
6. Bardo, M. T., R. L. Donohew & N. G. Harrington: Psychobiology of novelty seeking and drug seeking behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 1996, 77, 23-43.
7. Bardo, M. T., J. M. Valone & R. A. Bevins: Locomotion and conditioned place preference produced by acute intravenous amphetamine: role of dopamine receptors and individual differences in amphetamine self-administration. Psychopharmacology 1999, 143, 39-46.
8. Bartfai, T.: Regulation of the release of coexisting neurotransmitters. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1988, 28, 285-310.
9. Basso, A. M., M. Spina, J. Rivier, W. Vale & G. F. Koob: Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates the "anxiogenic-like" effect in the defensive burying paradigm but not in the elevated plus-maze following chronic cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology 1999, 145, 21-30.
10. Beinfeld, M. C., D. K. Meyer, R. L. Eskay, R. T. Jensen & M. J. Brownstein: The distribution of cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat as determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain Res. 1981, 212, 51-57.
11. Bevins, R. A., J. E. Klebaur & M. T. Bardo: Individual differences in response to novelty, amphetamine-induced activity and drug discrimination in rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 1997, 8, 113-123.
12. Brady, K. T. & S. C. Sonne: The role of stress in alcohol use, alcoholism treatment, and relapse. Alcohol Research and Health. J. Nat. Instit. Alcohol Abuse Alcohol. 1999, 23, 263-271.
13. Britton, D. R., M. Varela, A. Garcia & M. Rosenthal: Dexamethasone suppresses pituitary-adrenal but not behavioral effects of centrally administered CRF. Life Sci. 1986, 38, 211-216.
14. Bush, D. E. A., A. De Cristofaro, C. Presta & F. J. Vaccarino: Individual differences in anxiety on the elevated plus-maze are predictive of progressive ratio self-administration of intravenous cocaine. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 2000, 26(482.10).
15. Bush, D. E. A., N. J. DeSousa & F. J. Vaccarino: Self-administration of intravenous amphetamine: effect of nucleus accumbens CCKB receptor activation on fixed-ratio responding. Psychopharmacology 1999a, 147, 331-334.
16. B receptor activation on amphetamine self administration. Soc. Neurosc. Abstracts 1996, 22(279.9), 706.
17. Bush, D. E. A., J. D. Fulton & F. J. Vaccarino: Acute footshock stress produces biphasic alterations of progressive ratio intravenous coaine self-administration. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 2001, 27 (442.17).
18. Bush, D. E. A., G. R. Wunderlich, B. E. Allen & F. J. Vaccarino: Anxiolytic- and sensitization-like effects of repeated intra-VTA CCKB receptor activation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1999b, 25(31.21).
19. Cador, M., S. H. Ahmed, G. F. Koob, M. Le Moal & L. Stinus: Corticotropin-releasing factor induces a place aversion independent of its neuroendocrine role. Brain Res. 1992, 597, 304-309.
20. Cador, M., B. J. Cole, G. F. Koob, L. Stinus & M. Le Moal: Central administration of corticotropin releasing factor induces long-term sensitization to D-amphetamine. Brain Res. 1993, 606, 181-186.
21. Camp, D. M., K. E. Browman & T. E. Robinson: The effects of methamphetamine and cocaine on motor behavior and extracellular dopamine in the ventral striatum of Lewis versus Fischer 344 rats. Brain Res. 1994, 668, 180-193.
22. Cole, B. J., M. Cador, L. Stinus, J. Rivier, W. Vale, G. F. Koob & M. Le Moal: Central administration of a CRF antagonist blocks the development of stress-induced behavioral sensitization. Brain Res. 1990, 512, 343-346.
23. Crawley, J. N.: Subtype-selective cholecystokinin receptor antagonists block cholecystokinin modulation of dopamine-mediated behaviors in the rat mesolimbic pathway. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12, 3380-3391.
24. Crawley, J. N., J. A. Stivers, D. W. Hommer, L. R. Skirboll & S. M. Paul: Antagonists of central and peripheral behavioral actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1986, 236, 320-330.
25. Dauge, V., G. A. Bohme, J. N. Crawley, C. Durieux, J. M. Stutzmann, J. Feger, J. C. Blanchard & B. P. Roques: Investigation of behavioral and electrophysiological responses induced by selective stimulation of CCKB receptors by using a new highly potent CCK analog, BC 264. Synapse 1990, 6, 73-80.
26. De Vries, T. J., A. N. Schoffelmeer, R. Binnekade, A. H. Mulder & L. J. Vanderschuren: Drug-induced reinstatement of heroin- and cocaine-seeking behaviour following long-term extinction is associated with expression of behavioural sensitization. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 3565-3571.
27. de Wit, H., E. H. Uhlenhuth, C. E. Johanson: Individual differences in the reinforcing and subjective effects of amphetamine and diazepam. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1986, 16, 341-360.
28. Della-Fera, M. A. & C. A. Baile: Cholecystokinin octapeptide: Continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding. Science 1979, 206, 471-473.
29. Dellu, F., P. V. Piazza, W. Mayo, M. Le Moal & H. Novelty-seeking in rats-biobehavioral characteristics and possible relationship with the sensation-seeking trait in man. Neuropsychobiol. 1996, 34, 136-145.
30. Deminiere, J. M., P. V. Piazza, G. Guegan, M. Abrous, S. Maccari, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Increased locomotor response to novelty and propensity to intravenous amphetamine self-administration in adult offspring of stressed mothers. Brain Res. 1992, 586, 135-139.
31. Deminiere, J. M., P. V. Piazza, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Experimental approach to individual vulnerability to psychostimulant addiction. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1989, 13, 141-147.
32. Deroche, V., P. V. Piazza, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Social isolation-induced enhancement of the psychomotor effects of morphine depends on corticosterone secretion. Brain Res. 1994, 640, 136-139.
33. B receptor activation: a behavioral dissociation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1997, 23(630.2).
34. DeSousa, N. J., D. E. A. Bush & F. J. Vaccarino: Self-administration of intravenous amphetamine is predicted by individual differences in sucrose feeding in rats. Psychopharmac. 2000, 148, 52-58.
35. DeSousa, N. J., F. M. Placenza, A. De Cristofaro, C. Presta & F. J. Vaccarino: CCKB receptor activation in the amygdala; effects on reward- and anxiety-related behaviors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1999, 25(31.22).
36. DeSousa, N. J. & F. J. Vaccarino: Individual differences in sucrose intake predict the locomotor response during amphetamine withdrawal. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 2000a, 26(484.10).
37. DeSousa, N. J. & F. J. Vaccarino: Preclinical behavioral approaches for assessing the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse. In: In vivo neuromethods. Eds.: A. A. Boulton, G. B. Baker & A. N. Bateson. Humana Press Inc., 2000b, pp 227-251.
38. DeSousa, N. J., G. R. Wunderlich, C. de Cabo & F. J. Vaccarino: Individual differences in sucrose intake predict behavioral reactivity in rodent models of anxiety. Pharmacol, Biochem. Behav. 1998, 60, 841-846.
39. Dieterich, K. D., H. Lehnert & E. B. De Souza: Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors: an overview. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 1997, 105, 65-82.
40. Dunn, A. J. & C. W. Berridge: Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res. Rev. 1990, 15, 71-100.
41. Emeric-Sauval, E.: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) - a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986, 11, 277-294.
42. Emson, P. C., C. M. Lee & J. F. Rehfeld: Cholecystokinin octapeptide: vesicular localization and calcium dependent release from rat brain in vitro. Life Sci. 1980, 26, 2157-2163.
43. Epping-Jordan, M. P., A. Markou & G. F. Koob: The dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 injected into the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis decreased cocaine reinforcement in the rat. Brain Res. 1998, 784, 105-115.
44. Fink, H., A. Rex & C. A. Marsden: Behavioural and neurochemical effects of CCK-fragments in animal models of anxiety. Behav. Pharmacol. 1994, 5, 30 (Abstract).
45. Finlay, J. M. & M. J. Zigmond: A critical analysis of neurochemical methods for monitoring transmitter dynamics in the brain. Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Eds.: F. E. Bloom & D. J. Kupfer. Raven Press Ltd. New York 1995, 29-40.
46. Frankland, P. W., S. A. Josselyn, J. Bradwejn, F. J. Vaccarino & J. S. Yeomans: Intracerebroventricular infusion of the CCKB receptor agonist pentagastrin potentiates accoustic startle. Brain Res. 1996, 733, 129-132.
47. B receptors potentiates the acoustic startle response in the rat. J. Neurosc. 1997, 17, 1838-1847.
48. Fuxe, K., V. Locatelli, L. F. Agnati, T. Hökfelt, L. Skirboil & V. Mutt: Cholecystokinin peptides produce marked reduction of dopamine turnover in discrete areas in the rat brain following intraventricular injection. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1980, 67, 329-331.
49. Gaudreau, P., S. St-Pierre, C. Pert & R. Quirion: Cholecystokinin receptors in mammalian brain: a comparative characterization and visualization. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1985, 448, 198-219.
50. Ghijsen, W. E., A. G. Leenders & V. M. Wiegant: Regulation of cholecystokinin release from central nerve terminals. Peptides 2001, 22, 1213-1221.
51. Gilad, G. M., J. M. Rabey & V. H. Gilad: Presynaptic effects of glucocorticoids on dopaminergic and cholinergic synaptosomes. Implications for rapid endocrine-neural interactions in stress. Life Sci. 1987, 40, 2401-2408.
52. Goeders, N. E. & G. F. Guerin: Non-contingent electric footshock facilitates the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 1994, 114, 63-70.
53. Goltermann, N. R., K. Stengaard-Pedersen, J. F. Rehfeld & N. J. Christensen: Newly synthesized cholecystokinin in subcellular fractions of the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 1981, 36, 959-965.
54. Gorriti, M. A., D. F. Rodriguez, M. Navarro & T. Palomo: Chronic(-)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment induces sensitization to the psychomotor effects of amphetamine in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 365, 133-142.
55. Gray, T. S.: Amygdaloid CRF pathways. Role in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral response to stress. Ann. New York Acad Sci. 1993, 697, 53-60.
56. Harfstrand, A., K. Fuxe, C. Cintra, L. F. Agnati, I. Zini, A. C. Wikstrom, S. Okret, Z. Y. Yu, M. Goldstein & H. Steinbusch: Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoaminergic neurons of rat brain. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1986, 83, 9779-9783.
57. Harris, H. W. & E. J. Nestler: Immunohistochemical studies of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. Brain Res. 1996, 706, 1-12.
58. Hatalski, C. G., C. Guirguis & T. Z. Baram: Corticotropin releasing factor mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the central nucleus of the amygdala is modulated by repeated acute stress in the immature rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1998, 10, 663-669.
59. Heinrichs, S. C., F. Menzaghi, P. E. Merlo, K. T. Britton & G. F. Koob: The role of CRF in behavioral aspects of stress. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1995, 771, 92-104.
60. B receptor mechanisms to individual differences in amphetamine-induced locomotion. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994a, 48, 1019-1024.
61. Higgins, G. A., T. L. Sills, D. M. Tomkins, E. M. Sellers & F. J. Vaccarino: Evidence for the contribution of CCKB receptor mechanisms to individual differences in amphetamine-induced locomotion. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994b, 48, 1019-1024.
62. Hökfelt, T.: Neuropeptides in perspective: the last ten years. Neuron 1991, 7, 867-879.
63. Hökfelt, T., D. Millhorn, K. Seroogy, Y. Tsuruo, S. Ceccatelli, B. Lindh, B. Meister, T. Melander, M. Schalling, T. Bartfai & L. Terenius: Coexistence of peptides with classical neurotransmitters. Experientia 1987, 43, 768-780.
64. Hökfelt, T., J. F. Rehfeld, L. R. Skirboll, B. Ivemark, M. Goldstein & K. Markey: Evidence for coexistence of dopamine and CCK in meso-limbic neurones. Nature 1980, 285, 476-478.
65. Hooks, M. S., A. C. Colvin, J. L. Juncos & J. B. J. Justice: Individual differences in basal and cocaine-stimulated extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens using quantitative microdialysis. Brain Res. 1992a, 587, 306-312.
66. Hooks, M. S., D. N. Jones, S. G. Holtzman, J. L. Juncos, P. W. Kalivas & J. B. J. Justice: Individual differences in behavior following amphetamine, GBR-12909, or apomorphine but not SKF-38393 or quinpirole. Psychopharmacology 1994, 116, 217-225.
67. Hooks, M. S., G. H. Jones, B. J. Liem & J. B. J. Justice: Sensitization and individual differences to IP amphetamine, cocaine, or caffeine following repeated intracranial amphetamine infusions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1992b, 43, 815-823.
68. Hooks, M. S., G. H. Jones, B. J. Liem & J. B. Justice Jr.: Sensitization and individual differences to IP amphetamine, cocaine, or caffeine following repeated intra-cranial amphetamine infusions. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1992c, 654, 444-447.
69. Hooks, M. S., G. H. Jones, D. B. Neill & J. B. J. Justice: Individual differences in amphetamine sensitization: dose-dependent effects. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1992d, 41, 203-210.
70. Hooks, M. S., G. H. Jones, A. D. Smith, D. B. Neill & J. B. J. Justice: Individual differences in locomotor activity and sensitization. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991a, 38, 467-470.
71. Hooks, M. S., G. H. Jones, A. D. Smith, D. B. Neill & J. B. Justice Jr.: Response to novelty predict the locomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine response to cocaine. Synapse 1991b, 9, 121-128.
72. Hooks, M. S., J. L. Juncos, J. B. Justice Jr. & P. W. Kalivas: Individual locomotor response to novelty predicts selective alterations in D1 and D2 receptors and mRNA. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14, 6144-6152.
73. Imperato, A., L. Angelucci, P. Casolini, A. Zocchi & S. Puglisi-Allegra: Repeated stressful experiences differently affect limbic dopamine release during and following stress. Brain Res. 1992, 577, 194-199.
74. Joels, M., W. Hesen, H. Karst & E. R. De Kloet: Steroids and electrical activity in the brain. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1994, 49, 391-398.
75. Johnson, P. I. & T. C. Napier: Ventral pallidal injections of a mu antagonist block the development of behavioral sensitization to systemic morphine. Synapse 2000, 38, 61-70.
76. Josselyn, S. Aa, V. P. Franco & F. J. Vaccarino: PD-135158, a CCKB receptor antagonist, microinjected into the nucleus accumbens and the expression of conditioned reward behavior. Neurosci. Letters 1996, 209, 85-88.
77. B antagonist, L-365,260, attenuates fear-potentiated startle. Peptides 1995, 16, 1313-1315.
78. Josselyn, S. A. & F. J. Vaccarino: Blockade of CCKB receptors potentiates responding for conditioned rewards. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1994, 380, 20(163.1).
79. Josselyn, S. A. & F. J. Vaccarino: Interaction of CCKB receptors with amphetamine in responding for conditioned rewards. Peptides 1995, 16, 959-964.
80. Kabbaj, M., D. P. Devine, V. R. Savage & H. Akil: Neurobiological correlates of individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in the rat: Differential expression of stress-related molecules. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20, 6983-6988.
81. Kalivas, P. W., P. Duffy & L. G. Latimer: Neurochemical and behavioral effects of corticotropin-releasing factor in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1987, 242, 757-763.
82. Kalivas, P. W. & J. Stewart: Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Res. Rev. 1991, 16, 223-244.
83. Kiianmaa, K., P. Tuomainen, N. Makova, T. Seppa, J. A. Mikkola, L. Ahtee & P. Hyytia: The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity and dopamine overflow in the alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 407, 293-302.
84. Kita, K., T. Shiratami, K. Takenouchi, H. Fukuzako & M. Takigawa: Effects of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists on cocaine-induced self-stimulation and locomotor activity in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999, 9, 1-7.
85. Koob, G. F.: Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, and stress. Biol. Psychiatry 1999a, 46, 1167-1180.
86. Koob, G. F.: Stress, corticotropin-releasing factor, and drug addiction. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1999b, 897, 27-45.
87. Koob, G. F. & F. E. Bloom: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988, 242, 715-723.
88. Koob, G. F. & M. Le Moal: Drug Addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001, 24, 97-129.
89. Lanca, A. J., C. de Cabo, A. I. Arifuzzaman & F. J. Vaccarino: Cholecystokinergic innervation of nucleus accumbens subregions. Peptides 1998, 19, 859-868.
90. Lodge, D. J. & A. J. Lawrence: Comparative analysis of the central CCK system in fawn Hooded and Wistar Kyoto rats: extended localisation of CCK-A receptors throughout the rat brain using a novel radioligand. Regul. Pept. 2001, 99, 191-201.
91. Lucas, L. R., J. A. Angulo, M. Le Moal B. S. McEwen & P. V. Piazza: Neurochemical characterization of individual vulnerability to addictive drugs in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 3153-3163.
92. Marinelli, M. M. Barrot, H. Simon, C. Oberlander, A. Dekeyne, M. Le Moal & P. V. Piazza: Pharmacological stimuli decreasing nucleus accumbens dopamine can act as positive reinforcers but have a low addictive potential. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 3269-3275.
93. Marinelli, M., P. V. Piazza, V. Deroche, S. Maccari, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Corticosterone circadian secretion differentially facilitates dopamine-mediated psychomotor effect of cocaine and morphine. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14, 2724-2731.
94. Markou, A., F. Weiss, L. H. Gold, S. B. Caine, G. Schulteis & G. F. Koob: Animal models of drug craving. Psychopharmacology 1993, 112, 163-182.
95. Moncek, F., R. Kvetnansky & D. Jezova: Differential responses to stress stimuli of Lewis and Fischer rats at the pituitary and adrenocortical level. Endocr. Regul. 2001, 35, 35-41.
96. Moran, T. H., P. H. Robinson, M. S. Goldrich & P. R. McHugh: Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions. Brain Res. 1986, 362, 175-179.
97. Munch, A., P. M. Guyre & N. J. Holbrook: Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Rev. 1984, 5, 25-44.
98. Palmour, R. M., J. Bradwejn & F. R. Ervin: The anxiogenic effects of CCK-4 in vervet monkeys are blocked by benzodiazepines, CCKB antagonists and adenosine A2 agonists. Eur. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1992, 2, 193-195.
99. Piazza, P. V., M. Barrot, F. Rouge-Pont, M. Marinelli, S. Maccari, D. N. Abrous, H. Simon & M. Le Moal: Suppression of glucocorticoid secretion and antipsychotic drugs have similar effects on the mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1996a, 93, 15445-15450.
100. Piazza, P. V., J. M. Deminiere, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Stress-and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res. 1990a, 514, 22-26.
101. Piazza, P. V., J. M. Deminiere, S. Maccari, M. Le Moal, P. Mormede & H. Simon: Individual vulnerability to drug self-administration: action of corticosterone on dopaminergic systems as a possible pathophysiological mechanism. In: The mesolimbic dopamine system: From motivation to action. Eds.: P. Willner & J. Scheel-Krüger. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 1991, pp. 473-495.
102. Piazza, P. V., J. M. Deminiere, S. Maccari, P. Mormede, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Individual reactivity to novelty predicts probability of amphetamine self-administration. Behav. Pharmacol. 1990b, 1, 339-345.
103. Piazza, P. V., V. Deroche-Gamonent, F. Rouge-Pont & M. Le Moal: Vertical shifts in self-sdministration dose-response functions predict a drug-vulnerable phenotype predisposed to addiction. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20, 4226-4232.
104. Piazza, P. V. & M. Le Moal: Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1996b, 36, 359-378.
105. Piazza, P. V. & M. Le Moal: Glucocorticoids as a biological substrate of reward: physiological and pathophysiological implications. Brain Res. Rev. 1997, 25, 359-372.
106. Piazza, P. V. & M. Le Moal: The role of stress in drug self-administration. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1998, 19, 67-74.
107. Piazza, P. V., S. Maccari, J. M. Deminiere, M. Le Moal, P. Mormede & H. Simon: Corticosterone levels determine individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1991a, 88, 2088-2092.
108. Piazza, P. V., S. Maccari, J. M. Deminiere, M. Le Moal, P. Mormede & H. Simon: Corticosterone levels determine individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1991b, 88, 2088-2092.
109. Piazza, P. V., G. Mittleman, J. M. Deminiere, M. Le Moal & H. Simon: Relationship between schedule-induced polydipsia and amphetamine intravenous self-administration. Individual differences and role of experience. Behavioural Brain Res. 1993, 55, 185-193.
110. Piazza, P. V., F. Rouge-Pont, V. Deroche, S. Maccari, H. Simon & M. Le Moal: Glucocorticoids have state-dependent stimulant effects on the mesencephalic dopaminergic transmission. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1996c, 93, 8716-8720.
111. Pickens, R. & T. Thompson: Cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1968, 161, 122-129.
112. Pisegna, J. R., A. de Weerth, K. Huppi & S. A. Wank: Molecular cloning of the human brain and gastric cholecystokinin receptor: structure, functional expression and chromosomal localization. Biochem. Biophys.l Res. Commun. 1992, 189, 296-303.
113. Reichardt, H. M. & G. Schutz: Glucocorticoid signalling-multiple variations of a common theme. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1998, 146, 1-6.
114. Rex, A., T. Barth, J. P. Voigt, A. M. Domeney & H. Fink: Effects of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide and sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide in rat models of anxiety. Neurosci. Letters 1994a, 172, 139-142.
115. Rex, A., H. Fink & C. A. Marsden: Effects of boc-CCK-4 and L365,260 on cortical 5-HT release in guinea-pigs on exposure to the elevated plus maze. Neuropharmacology 1994b, 33, 559-565.
116. Richardson, N. R. & D. C. Roberts: Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy. J. Neurosci. Meth. 1996, 66, 1-11.
117. Rivier, C. & W. Vale: Cocaine stimulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion through a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-mediated mechanism. Brain Res. 1987, 422, 403-406.
118. Roberts, A. J., C. N. Lessov & T. J. Phillips: Critical role for glucocorticoid receptors in stress- and ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1995, 275, 790-797.
119. Robinson, T. E. & J. B. Becker: Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Res. Rev. 1986, 11, 157-198.
120. Robinson, T. E., J. B. Becker, E. A. Young, H. Akil & E. Castaneda: The effects of footshock stress on regional brain dopamine metabolism and pituitary beta-endorphin release in rats previously sensitized to amphetamine. Neuropharmacology 1987, 26, 679-91.
121. Robinson, T. E. & K. C. Berridge: The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Rev. 1993, 18, 247-291.
122. Rotzinger, S. E., D. E. Bush, G. A. Rauw, G. B. Baker & F. J. Vaccarino: The efffects of ICV CRF on nucleus accumbens dopamine and serotonin metabolites in rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 2000, 26(658.19).
123. Rouge-Pont, F., V. Deroche, M. Le Moal & P. V. Piazza: Individual differences in stress-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens are influences by corticosterone. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 3903-3907.
124. Rouge-Pont, F., M. Marinelli, M. Le Moal, H. Simon & P. V. Piazza: Stress-induced sensitization and glucocorticoids. II. sensitization of the increase in extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine depends on stress-induced corticosterone secretion. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15, 7189-7195.
125. Schenk, S., G. Lacelle, K. Gorman & Z. Amit: Cocaine self-administration in rats influenced by environmental conditions: implications for the etiology of drug abuse. Neurosci. Letters 1987, 81, 227-231.
126. Schneirla, T. C.: An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Ed.: M. R. Jones. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1959, pp. 1-42.
127. Sills, T. L. & J. N. Crawley: Individual differences in sugar consumption predict amphetamine-induced dopamine overflow in nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 303, 177-181.
128. Sills, T. L., A. O. Onalaja & J. N. Crawley: Mesolimbic dopaminergic mechanisms underlying individual differences in sugar consumption and amphetamine hyperlocomotion in Wistar rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 1895-1902.
129. Sills, T. L. & F. J. Vaccarino: Facilitation and inhibition of feeding by a single dose of amphetamine: relationship to baseline intake and accumbens cholecystokinin. Psychopharmacology 1991, 105, 329-334.
130. Sills, T. L. & F. J. Vaccarino: Individual differences in sugar intake predict the locomotor response to acute and repeated amphetamine administration. Psychopharmacology 1994, 116, 1-8.
131. Stafford, D., M. G. Le Sage & J. R. Glowa: Progressive-ratio schedules of drug delivery in the analysis of drug self-administration: a review. Psychopharmacology 1998, 139, 169-184.
132. Stewart, J.: Pathways to relapse: the neurobiology of drug- and stress-induced relapse to drug-taking. J. Psychiat. Neurosci. 2000, 25, 125-136.
133. Strecker, R. E., W. F. Eberle & C. R. Ashby: Extracellular dopamine and its metabolites in the nucleus accumbens of Fischer and Lewis rats: basal levels and cocaine-induced changes. Life Sci. 1995, 56, L135-L141.
134. Swerdlow, N. R., G. F. Koob, M. Cador, M. Lorang & R. L. Hauger: Pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute amphetamine in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1993, 45, 629-637.
135. Thierry, A. M., J. P. Tassin, G. Blanc & J. Glowinski: Selective activation of mesocortical SA system by stress. Nature 1976, 263, 242-244.
136. Vaccarino, F. J.: Nucleus accumbens dopamine-CCK interactions in psychostimulant reward and related behaviors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1994, 18, 207-214.
137. Vaccarino, F. J., A. I. Arifuzzaman, S. M. Sabijan, G. R. Wunderlich, N. J. DeSousa, D. E. Bush & J. Bradwejn: CCKB receptor activation and anxiogenic behavior: a neuroanatomical analysis. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1997, 23(630.8).
138. Vaccarino, F. J. & J. Rankin: Nucleus accumbens cholecystokinin (CCK) can either attenuate or potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotor activity: evidence for rostral-caudal differences in accumbens CCK function. Behav. Neurosci. 1989, 103, 831-836.
139. Voigt, M. M. & R. Y. Wang: In vivo release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat: modulation by cholecystokinin. Brain Res. 1984, 296, 189-193.
140. 3H]dopamine from the nucleus accumbens of the rat. J. Neurosci. 1985, 5, 2744-2749.
141. Weiss, F., A. Ettenberg & G. F. Koob: CCK-8 injected into the nucleus accumbens attenuates the supersensitive locomotor response to apomorphine in 6-OHDA and chronic-neuroleptic treated rats. Psychopharmacology 1989, 99, 409-415.
142. Wise, R. A. & P. P. Rompre: Brain dopamine and reward. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 1989, 40, 191-225.
143. Wunderlich, G. R., N. J. DeSousa & F. J. Vaccarino: Cholecystokinin modulates both the development and the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2000, 151, 283-990.
144. Wunderlich, G. R., R. Raymond, J. N. Nobrega & F. J. Vaccarino: Region-specific decreases in CCKB receptor binding in animals demonstrating greater "anxiety-like" responding in rodent models of anxiety. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1999, 25(31.23).
145. Yim, C. C. & G. J. Mogenson: Electrophysiological evidence of a modulatory interaction between dopamine and cholecystokinin in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 1991, 541, 12-20.
146. Yokel, R. A.: Intravenous self-administration: Response rates, the effects of pharmacological challenges, and drug preference. In: Methods for assessing the reinforcing properties of abused drugs. Ed.: M. A. Bozasth, New York; Springer-Verlag 1987, pp. 1-33.
147. Zhou, Y., A. I. Arifuzzaman, S. A. Josselyn, P. W. Frankland, J. Bradwejn & F. J. Vaccarino: Effects of intraperitoneal administration of CCK agonist and antagonist on acoustic startle response, an "anxiety" model in rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts 1996, 22(455.8).
148. Zuckerman, M.: Sensation seeking: A comparative approach to a human trait. Behav. Brain Sci. 1984, 7, 413-471.