Syndiotactic polystyrene catalysts and polymerization

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 27, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 1925-1982

  Schellenberg, Jürgen ^a   Tomotsu, Norio ^b  

^a Research and Development Engineering Plastics   (Germany)

^b IDEMITSU KOSAN CO LTD   (Japan)

Author keywords

Metallocenes; Stereospecific polymerization; Syndiotactic polystyrene; Transition metal catalysis

Indexed keywords

CATALYSTS; CHEMICAL BONDS; HOMOPOLYMERIZATION; STYRENE; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); TRANSITION METALS;

SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE CATALYSTS;

POLYSTYRENES;

EID: 0036833206     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00026-6     Document Type: Review

References (241)

1. Ziegler-Natta catalysts for olefin polymerization: Mechanistic insights from metallocene systems
2. Recent trends in polymerization of α-olefins catalyzed by organometallic complexes of early transition metals
3. Living polymers with Ziegler catalysts of high productivity
4. Ziegler-Natta catalysis
5. Metallocene complexes of group 4 elements in the polymerization of monoolefins
6. Homogeneous metallocene-methylaluminoxane catalyst systems for ethylene polymerization
7. Stereospecific polymerization of olefins with chiral metallocene catalysts
8. Ziegler-Natta catalysts for olefin polymerizations
9. Group 4 ansa-cyclopentadienyl-amido catalysts for olefin polymerization
10. Crystalline high polymers of α-olefins
11. Stereospecific polymerization of α-olefins
12. Synthesis and properties of polystyrene with new stereoregularity
13. Crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene
14. Stereospecific polymerization of styrene giving the syndiotactic polymer
15. Novel homogeneous titanium catalysts for the preparation of syndiotactic polystyrene
16. Polymerization of styrene with the catalyst system prepared from hydrated transition metal (titanium, zirconium) compounds and trimethylaluminum
17. Reactivity of some substituted styrenes in the presence of a syndiotactic specific polymerization catalyst
18. Soluble catalysts for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
19. Selective synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene
20. Some preliminary information on syndiotactic polystyrene catalysts
21. Synthesis of highly syndiotactic polystyrene with organometallic catalysts and monomer insertion
22. β-hydrogen abstraction and regiospecific insertion in syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
23. Preliminary kinetic investigation on syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
24. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene with supported Kaminsky-Sinn catalysts
25. Highly active soluble catalysts for polymerization of styrene and dienes
26. Polymerization of styrene and copolymerization of styrene with olefin in the presence of soluble Ziegler-Natta catalysts
27. Polymerization of vinyl monomers with achiral titanocene catalysts. From like to unlike 1,3 asymmetric induction
28. Polymerization of styrene by rare earth coordination catalysts
29. 4 catalysts combined with methylaluminoxane
30. Synthesis and properties of polystyrene and its copolymers prepared with organometallic catalysts
31. Synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene: Reaction mechanisms and catalysis
32. Syndiotactic polystyrene
33. Structures and vibrational spectra of isotactic and syndiotactic polystyrenes: Molecular structure, polymorphs, and crystallization bands
34. 5-cyclopentadienyl trichlorides of titanium and zirconium
35. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene: Mode of addition to the double bond
36. Copolymerization of styrene and ethylene in the presence of different syndiospecific catalysts
37. Zirconium catalysts for the syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
38. Fluorinated half-sandwich complexes as catalysts in syndiospecific styrene polymerization
39. Syndiotactic specific polymerization of styrene: Driving energy of the steric control and reaction mechanism
40. Sterically encumbered (perfluoroaryl) borane and aluminate cocatalysts for tuning cation-anion ion pair structure and reactivity in metallocene polymerization processes. A synthetic, structural, and polymerization study
41. 2
42. 2 and implications to the mechanism of polymerization
43. Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, and styrene with catalyst systems based on bis-cyclopentadienyl derivatives of titanium
44. 2,3/MAO
45. Syntheses and properties of syndiotactic polystyrene
46. Recent development of catalysts for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
47. The catalyst for syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene
48. MAO based catalysts for syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)
49. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene using fluorinated indenyltitanium complexes
50. Synthesis and mechanism of formation of syndiotactic polystyrene using a (tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)titanium complex
51. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
52. New syndiospecific catalysts for styrene polymerization
53. Syndiospecific styrene polymerization and efficient ethylene/styrene copolymerization catalyzed by (cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy)titanium(IV) complexes-MAO system
54. The formation and polymerization behavior of (pentafluorophenyl)-cyclopentadienyl titanium compounds
55. Homogeneous phosphametallocene-based catalysts for olefin polymerization
56. Novel catalysts for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
57. Siloxy-substituted tetramethylcyclopentadienyl and indenyl trichlorotitanium complexes for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
58. Steric and electronic effects of alkyl substituents in soluble titanocene catalysts on syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
59. [1-(2-Phenylethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl]-titanium compounds. Synthesis and their use for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
60. Syndiotactic polystyrene polymerization results with phenethyltetramethylcyclopentadienyltitanium trimethoxide
61. Pendent aminoalkyl-substituted monocyclopentadienyltitanium compounds and their polymerization behavior
62. {[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]cyclopentadienyl}trichloro titanium: A new type of olefin polymerization catalysts
63. {[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]cyclopentadienyl} titanium complexes. Influence of the dimethylamino group in Ziegler-Natta polymerization catalysis
64. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene with half-sandwich titanocenes
65. The synthesis and polymerization behavior of methoxy-substituted (indenyl)trichlorotitanium complexes
66. 2
67. New ansa-metallocenes of the group 4 transition metals as homogeneous catalysts for the polymerization of propene and styrene
68. Synthesis and olefin polymerization using supported and non-supported geometry constrained titanium complexes
69. Stereospecific polymerization of styrene catalyzed by Kaminsky-type titanium complexes. 2. Isolation and structure of active intermediates
70. Preparation of cationic titanocene complexes and their polymerization activities
71. Polymerization of ethylene, styrene, and acrylic monomers using linked amidocyclopentadienyl metal complexes
72. Olefin polymerization by monocyclopentadienyl compounds of titanium, zirconium and hafnium
73. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
74. A catalyst for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
75. 2(OPri)/methylaluminoxane
76. 2(OR)/MAO system
77. 5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)trimethyltitanium as a precursor for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
78. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene. II. Monocyclopentadienyltributoxy titanium/methyl aluminoxane catalyst
79. Monocyclopentadienyl titanium catalyst
80. Syndiospecific styrene polymerization promoted by half-titanocene catalysts: A kinetic investigation providing a closer insight to the active species
81. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene with cyclopentadienyltribenzyloxytitanium/methylaluminoxane catalyst
82. New cycloolefin copolymers and syndiotactic polystyrene from highly active metallocene catalysts
83. Progress in the syndiotactic polymerization of styrene with metallocene/MAO catalysts
84. Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization
85. New polyolefins by metallocene catalysts
86. New polyolefins by metallocene catalysts
87. Metallocenes for polymer catalysis
88. Metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization
89. 5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl titanium trifluoride
90. New polymers by metallocene catalysis
91. Cationic titanocene catalysts for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
92. (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)titanatrane: A new class of catalyst for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
93. The syndiospecific polymerization of styrene in the presence of fluorine-containing half-sandwich metallocenes
94. New bicyclic dialcoholate of titanocene and its performance in styrene polymerization
95. 5-ethyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl) titanium trifluoride
96. Synthesis of metallocene catalyst and syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
97. Synthesis of three new titanocene catalysts and syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
98. Oxygen-heterocycle-containing titanocene for styrene syndiotactic polymerization
99. Synthesis of high molecular weight syndiotactic polystyrene
100. Metallocene catalysts for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
101. 3 homogeneous catalytic systems
102. Studies on bulk syndiotactic polymerization of styrene catalyzed by metallocene
103. 3/MAO catalyst system
104. 4]-catalyst system
105. 5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyltribenzyloxytitanium and methylaluminoxane catalyst system
106. Synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene with novel titanocene catalysts activated by modified methylaluminoxane
107. Studies on syndiospecific polymerization of styrene and polymerization of ethylene with new titanocene catalyst
108. Molecular design of new metallocene catalysts and styrene syndiospecific polymerization
109. 3/MAO catalyst system
110. 3 catalyst
111. 3
112. 5-Indenyl)trichlorotitanium. An improved syndiotactic polymerization catalyst for styrene
113. Alkyl-substituted indenyl titanium precursors for syndiospecific Ziegler-Natta polymerization of styrene
114. New syndiospecific titanium catalysts for the polymerization of styrene
115. Oxidation states of active species for syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene
116. New and improved catalysts for syndiotactic polystyrene
117. New indenyl titanium catalysts for syndiospecific styrene polymerizations
118. Highly stable catalysts for the stereospecific polymerization of styrene
119. Synthesis and polymerization behavior of tetrahydro-2-methylbenzindenyltitanium and zirconium compounds
120. Molecular weight distribution of syndiotactic polystyrenes prepared over different kinds of catalysts
121. Synthesis and polymerization behavior of various substituted indenyl titanium complexes as catalysts for syndiotactic polystyrene
122. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene with half-sandwich titanocene catalysts. Influence of ligand pattern on polymerization behavior
123. Syntheses and properties of syndiotactic polystyrene
124. Homo- and copolymerization of styrene by bridged zirconocene complexes with benzindenyl ligands
125. Cyclopenta[1]phenanthrene titanium trichloride derivatives: Syntheses, crystal structure and properties as catalysts for styrene polymerization
126. Kinetics and mechanisms of CO substitution of metal carbonyls
127. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene catalyzed by mono-indenyl titanium complexes and β-diketonate titanium complexes
128. Preparation and properties of crystalline polystyrene. I: Effects of catalyst
129. A novel fluorenyltitanium(IV) complex as initiator for syndiotactic polystyrene and highly 1,4-cis polybutadiene polymerizations
130. Preparation of polymethylene-bridged half-titanocenes and investigation of their styrene polymerization properties
131. Preparation of syndiotactic polystyrene having bimodal molecular weight distribution with dinuclear titanocenes
132. Syndiospecific polymerizations of styrene with siloxane-bridged dinuclear titanocenes and MAO catalyst systems
133. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene catalyzed by dinuclear half-titanocenes with bridging hexamethyltrisiloxanediylbis(cyclopentadienyl) and pentamethylenediylbis(cyclopentadienyl) ligands
134. Binuclear monoindenyl-titanium(IV) complexes. Synthesis and styrene polymerization catalysis
135. Syntheses of titanium μ-arylimido and μ-pyridylimido complexes bearing (un)substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand
136. Polymerization of styrene with the titanium trichloride/methylaluminoxane catalyst system
137. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene. I: Tetrabenzyl titanium/methyl aluminoxane catalyst
138. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene by soluble alkoxytitanium catalysts
139. Synthesis and characterization of syndiotactic polystyrene and poly[styrene-co-(p-methylstyrene)]
140. Ti complex catalysts including thiobisphenoxy group as a ligand for olefin polymerization
141. Group 4 metal complexes containing a pentadienyl group
142. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene using methylaluminoxane-activated bis(phenolato)titanium complexes
143. Titanium complexes of chelating bis(phenolato) ligands with long titanium-sulfur bonds. A novel type of ancillary ligand for olefin polymerization catalysts
144. Olefin polymerization promoted by monodicarbollide complexes of group 4 metals
145. Synthesis, structure and catalytic activity of a seven-coordinate titanium(IV) tris(pyridine-2-thiolate) complex
146. [N,N′-Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinato] titanium and -zirconium compounds. Synthesis and application as precursors for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
147. (N,N′-Dimethyl-p-toluamidinato)trichlorotitanium: Synthesis, structure, and polymerization catalysis
148. Effects of ligands in novel non-titanocene on syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
149. Studies and developments of non-metallocene-based catalysts for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
150. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene using titanium-diketonate complex/methylaluminoxane systems
151. Syndiotactic polymerization of styrene using titanium-8-hydroxyquinolinate complex/methyl aluminoxane systems
152. 3Ti(O pH)/MAO
153. Synthesis of calixtitanium compounds and their use in ethylene and styrene polymerizations
154. Rare earth metal-initiated living polymerizations of polar and nonpolar monomers
155. 5M' ligand (ER = Oar, Sar, NRR′, or PHAr; M = K or Na): A unique catalytic system for polymerization and block-copolymerization of styrene and ethylene
156. Homogeneous organolanthanide catalysts for the selective polymerization of styrene without aluminum cocatalysts
157. Single-component polymerization catalysts for ethylene and styrene: Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of alkyl and hydride yttrium complexes containing a linked amido-cyclopentadienyl ligand
158. Half-metallocene-type ruthenium complexes as active catalysts for living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene
159. Polymerization of styrene with nickel complex methylaluminoxane catalytic systems
160. Isospecific polymerization of styrene with supported nickel acetylacetonate/methylaluminoxane catalysts
161. 3(3,3′-dimethyl-2,2′-biquinoline)-diphe nylzinc with and without MAO systems
162. 2/MAO system
163. Polymerization of styrene and conjugated diolefins in the presence of nickelocenes-based catalysts
164. Nickel- and palladium-based catalysts for the insertion polymerization of olefins
165. High polymerization of methyl methacrylate with organonickel/MMAO systems
166. Living radical polymerization of styrene by half-metallocene iron carbonyl complexes
167. Preliminary investigations on polymerization catalysts composed of lanthanocene and methylaluminoxane
168. Alkylalumoxanes: Synthesis, structure and reactivity
169. Experimental and theoretical investigations of the structure of methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalysts for olefin polymerization
170. Catalysts for syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene: A tentative interpretation of some experimental data
171. Effect of aluminum alkyls on the synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene with titanium complexes/methylaluminoxane catalytic systems
172. Determination of TMA and characterization of MAO using proton NMR
173. Characterization of methylaluminoxanes and determination of trimethylaluminum using proton NMR
174. Effects of residual and external alkylaluminum on the synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene with cyclopentadienyltitanium tribenzyloxide-methylaluminoxane catalyst
175. 3/MMAO: Effect of monomer addition on catalyst activity
176. 5-cyclopentadienyl ligand titanium metallocene catalytic systems for styrene syndiospecific polymerization
177. Novel aluminoxane-free catalysts for syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene
178. Reductive decomposition of cationic half-titanocene(IV) complexes, precursors of the active species in syndiospecific styrene polymerization
179. 3] complexes identified as active species in syndiospecific styrene polymerization
180. 3: A true Ziegler-Natta catalyst for the syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene
181. An extremely active catalyst for the polymerization of styrene
182. 2] + (R = alkyl) as both coordination polymerization catalysts and carbocationic polymerization initiators
183. Synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) containing a terminal polar group and diblock copolymers containing s-PS and polar polymers
184. Synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene derivatives containing amino groups
185. 3 catalytic system active in the syndiospecific styrene polymerization
186. Non-bridged amido cyclopentadienyl complexes of titanium: Synthesis, characterization, and olefin polymerization catalysis
187. 2-MAO systems
188. 2Zn-metallocene-MAO systems
189. 2Zn-Met-MAO systems
190. 4 compounds
191. Silane as chain transfer agents in metallocene-mediated olefin polymerization. Facile in situ catalytic synthesis of silyl-terminated polyolefins
192. Silicon-modified Ziegler-Natta polymerization. Catalytic approaches to silyl-capped and silyl-linked polyolefins using single-site cationic Ziegler-Natta catalysts
193. 3 catalysts
194. 2-supported half-titanocene catalyst for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
195. Improvement of supported catalysts for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
196. Polymerization of styrene with supported half-sandwich complexes
197. 3 (Cp: Cyclopentadienyl, Cp(*): 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) catalyst activated by trialkylaluminums
198. 2/methylaluminoxane compared with magnesium chloride-supported and unsupported tetraethoxytitanium
199. Olefin polymerization catalyzed over zeolite-supported metallocene catalysts
200. Polymer-supported titanium catalysts for syndiotactic polymerization of styrene
201. Polymer-supported half-titanocene catalysts for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
202. Polymer-supported half-titanocene catalysts for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
203. 3
204. 2-supported half-titanocene catalyst for syndiospecific polymerization of styrene
205. 3]
206. 3: A carbocationic olefin polymerization initiator masquerading as a Ziegler-Natta catalyst
207. Noncoordinating anions in carbocationic polymerization
208. Syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene: Catalyst structure and polymerization mechanism
209. ESR studies on oxidation state of titanocene and zirconocene catalysts
210. Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene. 3. Catalyst structure
211. Comparison of activities of homogeneous Ti-based catalysts in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) for synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene by UV/visible spectroscopic study
212. The activation of metal-fluorine bonds in compounds of group 4 by aluminum alkyls
213. Base-free cationic mono(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium complexes: Synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic activity in olefin polymerization
214. 6-arene zirconium tris(hydrocarbyl)
215. 7 coordination mode of a benzyl ligand in a cationic zirconium complex
216. 2Ph)] + adducts: A model for the insertion mechanism in Ziegler-Natta polymerization
217. 3-MAO: Some information on the reaction mechanism from kinetic data and model compounds
218. Mechanism of syndiotactic-specific polymerization of styrene
219. Novel arene complexes of Ti(IV), Zr(IV), and Hf(IV)
220. Electrochemical activation of syndiotactic polystyrene catalysts
221. NMR data on the stereoregularity of polypropylene
222. Stereospecific polymerization of α-olefins: End groups, polymer structure and reaction mechanism
223. Fractionation of syndiotactic polystyrene with preparative supercritical fluid chromatography
224. Specification of the steric course of asymmetric syntheses
225. Epimerization of syndiotactic polystyrene
226. Stereospecific polymerization of 1-olefins and styrene in the presence of homogeneous catalysts
227. Styrene and conjugated dienes polymerization with half sandwich titanocene catalysts
228. Pressure effects on polymerization of syndiotactic polystyrene
229. A density functional and molecular mechanics study of β-hydrogen transfer in homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysis