Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: Neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 553-579

  Sewards, Terence V ^a   Sewards, Mark A ^a  

^a Sandia Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Aggression; Dominance hierarchies; Fear; Hypothalamus; Medial prefrontal cortex; Periaqueductal gray matter

Indexed keywords

ANGER; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; FEAR; FRONTAL CORTEX; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MESENCEPHALON; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUTAMEN; REVIEW; REWARD; THALAMUS NUCLEUS; THALAMUS POSTERIOR NUCLEUS;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DRIVE; FEAR; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMUS; MEMORY; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); PREFRONTAL CORTEX; THALAMIC NUCLEI;

EID: 0036701915     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00020-9     Document Type: Review

References (307)

1. Abols I.A., Basbaum A.I. Afferent connections of the rostral medulla of the cat: a neural substrate for midbrain-medullary interactions in the modulation of pain. J Comp Neurol. 201:1981;285-297.
2. Adams D.B. Brain mechanisms of offense, defense and submission. Behav Brain Sci. 2:1979;201-241.
3. Adler A. Ansbacher H.L., Ansbacher R., The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: a systematic presentation in selections from his writings. 1956;Basic Books, New York.
4. Aggleton J.P., Shaw C. Amnesia and recognition memory: a reanalysis of psychometric data. Neuropsychologia. 34:1996;51-62.
5. Albers H.E., Ferris C.F. Behavioral effects of vasopressin and oxytocin within the medial preoptic area of the golden hamster. Regul Pept. 12:1985;257-260.
6. Albers H.E., Pollock J., Simmons W.H., Ferris C.F. A V1-like receptor mediates vasopressin-induced flank marking behavior in hamster hypothalamus. J Neurosci. 6:1986;2085-2089.
7. Albers H.E., Cooper T.T. Effects of testosterone on the behavioral response to arginine vasopressin microinjected into the central gray. Peptides. 16:1995;269-273.
8. Albert D.J., Dyson E.M., Walsh M.L. Competitive behavior in male rats: aggression and success enhanced by medial hypothalamic lesions as well as by testosterone implants. Physiol Behav. 40:1987;695-701.
9. Albert D.J., Jonik R.H., Walsh M.L. Hormone-dependent aggression in male and female rats: experiential, hormonal, and neural foundations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 16:1992;177-192.
10. Alexander G.E., Crutcher M.D., DeLong M.R. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, prefrontal and limbic functions. Prog Brain Res. 85:1990;119-146.
11. An X., Bandler R., Ongur D., Price J.L. Prefrontal cortical projections to longitudinal columns in the midbrain periaqueductal gray in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol. 401:1998;455-479.
12. Anagnostaras S.G., Gale G.D., Fanselow M.S. Hippocampus and contextual fear conditioning: recent controversies and advances. Hippocampus. 11:2001;8-17.
13. Antoniadis E.A., McDonald R.J. Amygdala, hippocampus, and unconditioned fear. Exp Brain Res. 138:2001;200-209.
14. Azuma M., Chiba T. Afferent projections of the infralimbic cortex (area 25) in rats: a WGA-HRP study. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 71:1996;523-540.
15. Baeg E.H., Kim Y.B., Jang J., Kim H.T., Mook-Jung I., Jung M.W. Fast spiking and regular spiking neural correlates of fear conditioning in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Cereb Cortex. 11:2001;441-451.
16. Baldi E., Ambrogi Lorenzini C., Sacchetti B., Tassoni G., Bucherelli C. Effects of coupled perirhinal cortex and medial septal area, fimbria-fornix, entorhinal cortex tetrodotoxin inactivations on passive avoidance consolidation in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 280:2000;91-94.
17. Ball T., Schreiber A., Feige B., Wagner M., Lucking C.H., Kristeva-Feige R. The role of higher-order motor areas in voluntary movement as revealed by high-resolution EEG and fMRI. Neuroimage. 10:1999;682-694.
18. Bamshad M., Albers H.E. Neural circuitry controlling vasopressin-stimulated scent marking in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). J Comp Neurol. 369:1996;252-263.
19. Bancaud J., Talairach J. Clinical semiology of frontal lobe seizures. Adv Neurol. 57:1992;3-58.
20. Bandler R. Induction of rage following microinjections of glutamate into midbrain but not hypothalamus of cats. Neurosci Lett. 30:1982;183-188.
21. Bandler R., Carrive P., Zhang S.P. Integration of somatic and autonomic reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal gray: viscerotopic, somatotopic and functional organization. Prog Brain Res. 87:1991;269-305.
22. Bard P. A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol. 84:1928;490-515.
23. Bard P. On emotional expression after decortication with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Part I. Psychol Rev. 41:1934;309-329.
24. Bard P. On emotional expression after decortication with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Part II. Psychol Rev. 41:1934;424-449.
25. Bates J.F., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Prefrontal connections of medial motor areas in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol. 336:1993;211-228.
26. Bean N.J. Modulation of agonistic behavior by the dual olfactory system in male mice. Physiol Behav. 29:1982;433-437.
27. Beck C.H., Fibiger H.C. Conditioned fear-induced changes in behavior and in the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos: with and without diazepam pretreatment. J Neurosci. 15:1995;709-720.
28. Beckstead R.M. The thalamostriatal projection in the cat. J Comp Neurol. 223:1984;313-346.
29. Behan M., Haberly L.B. Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat. J Comp Neurol. 408:1999;532-548.
30. Beitz A.J. The organization of afferent projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. Neuroscience. 7:1982;133-159.
31. Berendse H.W., Groenewegen H.J. Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum. J Comp Neurol. 299:1990;187-228.
32. Berendse H.W., Groenewegen H.J. Restricted cortical termination fields of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience. 42:1991;73-102.
33. Berendse H.W., Galis-de Graaf Y., Groenewegen H.J. Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 316:1992;314-347.
34. Bermond B., Mos J., Meelis W., van der Poel A.M., Kruk M.R. Aggression induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus: effects of androgens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 16:1982;41-45.
35. Bhatia S.C., Manchanda S.K., Kapoor B.K., Aneja I.S. Electrical and chemical stimulation of the same hypothalamic loci in relation to aggressive behaviour in cats: a comparison study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 39:1995;369-376.
36. Bhatnagar S., Viau V., Chu A., Soriano L., Meijer O.C., Dallman M.F. A cholecystokinin-mediated pathway to the paraventricular thalamus is recruited in chronically stressed rats and regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function. J Neurosci. 20:2000;5564-5573.
37. Blair H.T., Schafe G.E., Bauer E.P., Rodrigues S.M., LeDoux J.E. Synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala: a cellular hypothesis of fear conditioning. Learn Mem. 8:2001;229-242.
38. Blanchard D.C., Takahashi S.N. No change in intermale aggression after amygdala lesions which reduce freezing. Physiol Behav. 42:1988;613-616.
39. Booth C.L., Meyer P.M., Abrams J. Changes in social behavior of mice with septal lesions. Physiol Behav. 22:1979;931-937.
40. Bourgeais L., Gauriau C., Bernard J.F. Projections from the nociceptive area of the central nucleus of the amygdala to the forebrain: a PHA-L study in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 14:2001;229-255.
41. Brady J.V., Nauta W.J.H. Subcortical mechanisms in emotional behavior: affective changes following septal forebrain lesions in the albino rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 46:1953;339-346.
42. Brandao M.L., Di Scala G., Bouchet M.J., Schmitt P. Escape behavior produced by the blockade of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in mesencephalic central gray or medial hypothalamus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 24:1986;497-501.
43. Bremner J.D., Staib L.H., Kaloupek D., Southwick S.M., Soufer R., Charney D.S. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;806-816.
44. Brindley G.S. Effects of electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Hum Neurobiol. 1:1982;281-283.
45. Bucci D.J., Phillips R.G., Burwell R.D. Contributions of postrhinal and perirhinal cortex to contextual information processing. Behav Neurosci. 114:2000;882-894.
46. Burwell R.D., Amaral D.G. Cortical afferents to the perirhinal, postrhinal and entorhinal cortices of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 398:1998;520-523.
47. Burwell R.D., Amaral D.G. Perirhinal and postrhinal cortices of the rat: interconnectivity and connections with the entorhinal cortex. J Comp Neurol. 391:1998;293-321.
48. Cahill L., Vazdarjanova A., Setlow B. The basolateral amygdala complex is involved with, but is not necessary for, rapid acquisition of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Eur J Neurosci. 12:2000;3044-3050.
49. Campeau S., Watson S.J. Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses and brain pattern of c-fos induction associated with audiogenic stress. J Neuroendocrinol. 9:1997;577-588.
50. Campeau S., Akil H., Watson S.J. Lesions of the medial geniculate nuclei specifically block corticosterone release and induction of c-fos mRNA in the forebrain associated with audiogenic stress in rats. J Neurosci. 17:1997;5979-5992.
51. Campeau S., Falls W.A., Cullinan W.E., Helmreich D.L., Davis M., Watson S.J. Elicitation and reduction of fear: behavioural and neuroendocrine indices and brain induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos. Neuroscience. 78:1997;1087-1104.
52. Cannon W.B. The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. Am J Psychol. 39:1927;106-124.
53. Cannon W.B. The James-Lange theory and the thalamic theories of emotions. Psychol Rev. 38:1931;281-292.
54. Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. The dorsal premammillary nucleus: an unusual component of the mammillary body. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;10089-10093.
55. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 348:1994;41-79.
56. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 360:1995;213-245.
57. Canteras N.S., Chiavegatto S., Valle L.E., Swanson L.W. Severe reduction of rat defensive behavior to a predator by discrete hypothalamic chemical lesions. Brain Res Bull. 44:1997;297-305.
58. Canteras N.S., Goto M. Fos-like immunoreactivity in the periaqueductal gray of rats exposed to a natural predator. Neuroreport. 10:1999;413-418.
59. Carrive P., Bandler R. Control of extracranial and hindlimb blood flow by the midbrain periaqueductal grey of the cat. Exp Brain Res. 84:1991;599-606.
60. Cezário AF. Characterization of Behavioral Functions of Dorsal Premammillary Nucleus of the Hypothalamus. MSc. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; 2001.
61. Chapman W.P., Schroeder H.R., Geyer G., Brazier M.A.B., Fanger C., Poppen J.L., Solomon H.C., Yakovlev P.I. Physiological evidence concerning importance of the amygdaloid nuclear region in the integration of circulatory function and emotion in man. Science. 120:1954;949-950.
62. Chastrette N., Pfaff D.W., Gibbs R.B. Effects of daytime and nighttime stress on Fos-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the habenula, and the posterior paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Res. 563:1991;339-344.
63. Chen S., Su H.S. Afferent connections of the thalamic paraventricular and parataenial nuclei in the rat - a retrograde tracing study with iontophoretic application of fluoro-gold. Brain Res. 522:1990;1-6.
64. Chiba T., Kayahara T., Nakano K. Efferent projections of infralimbic and prelimbic areas of the medial prefrontal cortex in the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata. Brain Res. 888:2001;83-101.
65. Clancy A.N., Coquelin A., Macrides F., Gorski R.A., Noble E.P. Sexual behavior and aggression in male mice: involvement of the vomeronasal system. J Neurosci. 4:1984;2222-2229.
66. Comoli E., Ribeiro-Barbosa E.R., Canteras N.S. Afferent connections of the dorsal premammillary nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 423:2000;83-98.
67. Conde F., Audinat E., Maire-Lepoivre E., Crepel F. Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. A study using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes. I. Thalamic afferents. Brain Res Bull. 24:1990;341-354.
68. Costanzo D.J., Enloe L.J., Hothersall D. Effects of septal lesions on social dominance in rats. Behav Biol. 20:1997;454-462.
69. Cousens G., Otto T. Both pre- and posttraining excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala abolish the expression of olfactory and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci. 112:1998;1092-1103.
70. Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P., Battaglia D.F., Akil H., Watson S.J. Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress. Neuroscience. 64:1995;477-505.
71. Davis M., Shi C. The extended amygdala: are the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis differentially involved in fear versus anxiety? Ann NY Acad Sci. 877:1999;281-291.
72. Deiber M.P., Honda M., Ibañez V., Sadato N., Hallett M. Mesial motor areas in self-initiated versus externally triggered movements examined with fMRI: effect of movement type and rate. J Neurophysiol. 81:1999;3065-3077.
73. Delville Y., De Vries G.J., Ferris C.F. Neural connections of the anterior hypothalamus and agonistic behavior in golden hamsters. Brain Behav Evol. 55:2000;53-76.
74. Depaulis A., Bandler R., Vergnes M. Characterization of pretentorial periaqueductal gray matter neurons mediating intraspecific defensive behaviors in the rat by microinjections of kainic acid. Brain Res. 486:1989;121-132.
75. Depaulis A., Keay K.A., Bandler R. Longitudinal neuronal organization of defensive reactions in the midbrain periaqueductal gray region of the rat. Exp Brain Res. 90:1992;307-318.
76. Derryberry D., Tucker D.M. The adaptive base of the neural hierarchy: elementary motivational controls on network function. Nebr Symp Motiv. 38:1990;289-342.
77. Dielenberg R.A., Hunt G.E., McGregor I.S. When a rat smells a cat: the distribution of Fos immunoreactivity in rat brain following exposure to a predatory odor. Neuroscience. 104:2001;1085-1097.
78. Dobelle W.H., Turkel J., Henderson D.C., Evans J.R. Mapping the representation of the visual field by electrical stimulation of human visual cortex. Am J Ophthalmol. 88:1979;727-735.
79. Dong H.W., Petrovich G.D., Watts A.G., Swanson L.W. Basic organization of projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 436:2001;430-455.
80. Dougherty D.D., Shin L.M., Alpert N.M., Pitman R.K., Orr S.P., Lasko M., Macklin M.L., Fischman A.J., Rauch S.L. Anger in healthy men: a PET study using script-driven imagery. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;466-472.
81. Drexler K., Schweitzer J.B., Quinn C.K., Gross R., Ely T.D., Muhammad F., Kilts C.D. Neural activity related to anger in cocaine-dependent men: a possible link to violence and relapse. Am J Addict. 9:2000;331-339.
82. Drickamer L.C., Vandenbergh J.G., Colby D.R. Predictors of dominance in the male golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Anim Behav. 21:1973;557-563.
83. Druga R., Rokyta R., Benes V. Jr. Thalamocaudate projections in the macaque monkey (a horseradish peroxidase study). J Hirnforsch. 32:1991;765-774.
84. Dulac C., Axel R. Expression of candidate pheromone receptor genes in vomeronasal neurons. Chem Senses. 23:1998;467-475.
85. Duncan G.E., Knapp D.J., Breese G.R. Neuroanatomical characterization of Fos induction in rat behavioral models of anxiety. Brain Res. 713:1996;79-91.
86. Eblen F., Graybiel A.M. Highly restricted origin of prefrontal cortical inputs to striosomes in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci. 15:1995;5999-6013.
87. Eichelman B. Effect of subcortical lesions on shock-induced aggression in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 74:1971;331-339.
88. Elazar Z., Paz M. Catalepsy induced by carbachol microinjected into the pontine reticular formation of rats. Neurosci Lett. 115:1990;226-230.
89. Emmert M.H., Herman J.P. Differential forebrain c-fos mRNA induction by ether inhalation and novelty: evidence for distinctive stress pathways. Brain Res. 845:1999;60-67.
90. Engel A.K., Roelfsema P.R., Fries P., Brecht M., Singer W. Role of the temporal domain for response selection and perceptual binding. Cereb Cortex. 7:1997;571-582.
91. Fanselow M.S. Contextual fear, gestalt memories, and the hippocampus. Behav Brain Res. 110:2000;73-81.
92. Fernandez de Molina A., Hunsperger R.W. Organization of the subcortical system governing defense and flight reactions in the cat. J Physiol. 160:1962;200-213.
93. Ferris C.F., Albers H.E., Wesolowski S.M., Goldman B.D., Luman S.E. Vasopressin injected into the hypothalamus triggers a stereotypic behavior in golden hamsters. Science. 224:1984;521-523.
94. Ferris C.F., Pollock J., Albers H.E., Leeman S.E. Inhibition of flank-marking behavior in golden hamsters by microinjection of a vasopressin antagonist into the hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett. 55:1985;239-243.
95. Ferris C.F., Meenan D.M., Axelson J.F., Albers H.E. A vasopressin antagonist can reverse dominant/subordinate behavior in hamsters. Physiol Behav. 38:1986;135-138.
96. Ferris C.V., Exelson J.F., Shinto L.H., Albers H.E. Scent marking and the maintenance of dominant/subordinate status in male golden hamsters. Physiol Behav. 40:1987;661-664.
97. Ferris C.F., Potegal M. Vasopressin receptor blockade in the anterior hypothalamus suppresses aggression in hamsters. Physiol Behav. 44:1988;235-239.
98. Ferris C.F., Gold L., De Vries G.J., Potegal M. Evidence for a functional and anatomical relationship between the lateral septum and the hypothalamus in the control of flank marking behavior in golden hamsters. J Comp Neurol. 293:1990;476-485.
99. Ferris C.F., Delville Y. Vasopressin and serotonin interactions in the control of agonistic behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 19:1994;593-601.
100. Ferris C.F., Melloni R.H. Jr, Koppel G., Perry K.W., Fuller R.W., Delville Y. Vasopressin/serotonin interactions in the anterior hypothalamus control aggressive behavior in golden hamsters. J Neurosci. 17:1997;4331-4340.
101. Ferry A.T., Ongur D., An X., Price J.L. Prefrontal cortical projections to the striatum in macaque monkeys: evidence for an organization related to prefrontal networks. J Comp Neurol. 425:2000;447-470.
102. Fischer H., Andersson J.L., Furmark T., Fredrikson M. Brain correlates of an unexpected panic attack: a human positron emission tomographic study. Neurosci Lett. 251:1998;137-140.
103. Fisk G.D., Wyss J.M. Associational projections of the anterior midline cortex in the rat: intracingulate and retrosplenial connections. Brain Res. 825:1998;1-13.
104. Floyd N.S., Price J.L., Ferry A.T., Keay K.A., Bandler R. Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to distinct longitudinal columns of the periaqueductal gray in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 422:2000;556-578.
105. Floyd N.S., Price J.L., Ferry A.T., Keay K.A., Bandler R. Orbitomedial prefrontal cortical projections to hypothalamus in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 432:2001;307-328.
106. Freeman J.H. Jr, Cuppernell C., Flannery K., Gabriel M. Context-specific multi-site cingulate cortical, limbic thalamic, and hippocampal neuronal activity during concurrent discriminative approach and avoidance training in rabbits. J Neurosci. 16:1996;1538-1549.
107. Freeman J.H. Jr, Gabriel M. Changes of cingulothalamic topographic excitation patterns and avoidance response incubation over time following initial discriminative conditioning in rabbits. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 72:1999;259-272.
108. Frien A., Eckhorn R., Bauer R., Woelbern T., Kehr H. Stimulus-specific fast oscillations at zero phase between visual areas V1 and V2 of awake monkey. Neuroreport. 5:1994;2273-2277.
109. Fritts M.E., Asbury E.T., Horton J.E., Isaac W.L. Medial prefrontal lesion deficits involving or sparing the prelimbic area in the rat. Physiol Behav. 64:1998;373-380.
110. Fuchs S.A., Siegel A. Neural pathways mediating hypothalamically elicited flight behavior in the cat. Brain Res. 306:1984;263-281.
111. Fuchs S.A., Edinger H.M., Siegel A. The organization of the hypothalamic pathways mediating affective defense behavior in the cat. Brain Res. 330:1985;77-92.
112. Fuchs S.A., Edinger H.M., Siegel A. The role of the anterior hypothalamus in affective defense behavior elicited from the ventromedial hypothalamus of the cat. Brain Res. 330:1985;93-107.
113. Gabriel M., Miller J.D., Saltwick S.E. Unit activity in cingulate cortex and anteroventral thalamus of the rabbit during differential conditioning and reversal. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 91:1977;423-433.
114. Gabriel M., Kubota Y., Sparenborg S., Straube K., Vogt B.A. Effects of cingulate cortical lesions on avoidance learning and training-induced unit activity in rabbits. Exp Brain Res. 86:1991;585-600.
115. Gaffan D. Dissociated effects of perirhinal cortex ablation, fornix transection and amygdalectomy: evidence for multiple memory systems in the primate temporal lobe. Exp Brain Res. 99:1994;411-422.
116. Garcia-Rill E., Skinner R.D. The mesencephalic locomotor region. I. Activation of a medullary projection site. Brain Res. 411:1987;1-12.
117. Gewirtz J.C., Falls W.A., Davis M. Normal conditioned inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear-potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medial prefrontal cortex in rats. Behav Neurosci. 111:1997;712-726.
118. Gewirtz J.C., McNish K.A., Davis M. Is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning? Behav Brain Res. 110:2000;83-95.
119. Gloor P. Experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Facts and hypotheses. Brain. 113:1990;1673-1694.
120. Gloor P., Olivier A., Quesney L.F., Andermann F., Horowitz S. The role of the limbic system in experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 12:1982;129-144.
121. Gomez D.M., Newman S.W. Differential projections of the anterior and posterior regions of the medial amygdaloid nucleus in the Syrian hamster. J Comp Neurol. 317:1992;195-218.
122. Graeff F.G. Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals. Braz J Med Biol Res. 27:1994;811-829.
123. Gray J.A. Physiology, Emotion and Psychosomatic Illness, Ciba Foundation Symposium 8 (new series). Physiology, Emotion and Psychosomatic Illness, Ciba Foundation Symposium 8 (new series). 1972;Elsevier, New York. p. 87-120.
124. Gregg T.R., Siegel A. Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 25:2001;91-140.
125. Groenewegen H.J., Vermeulen-Van der Zee E., te Kortschot A., Witter M.P. Organization of the projections from the subiculum to the ventral striatum in the rat. A study using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Neuroscience. 23:1987;103-120.
126. Groenewegen H.J., Berendse H.W., Wolters J.G., Lohman A.H.M. The anatomical relationship of the prefrontal cortex with the striatopallidal system, the thalamus and the amygdala: evidence for a parallel organization. Prog Brain Res. 85:1990;95-116.
127. Grossman S.P. An experimental dissection of the septal syndrome. Ciba Found Symp. 58:1977;227-273.
128. Haberly L.B. Parallel-distributed processing in olfactory cortex: new insights from morphological and physiological analysis of neuronal circuitry. Chem Senses. 26:2001;551-576.
129. Harding M.E. Psychic energy: its source and transformation. 1973;Princeton University Press, Princeton.
130. Hayakawa T., Ito H., Zyo K. Neuroanatomical study of afferent projections to the supramammillary nucleus of the rat. Anat Embryol. 188:1993;139-148.
131. Heath R.G. Brain function and behavior: I. Emotion and sensory phenomena in psychotic patients and in experimental animals. J Nerv Ment Dis. 160:1975;159-175.
132. Heilman K.M., Gilmore R.L. Cortical influences in emotion. J Clin Neurophysiol. 15:1998;409-423.
133. Henderson L.A., Keay K.A., Bandler R. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray projects to caudal brainstem depressor regions: a functional - anatomical and physiological study. Neuroscience. 82:1998;201-221.
134. Hennessey A.C., Whitman D.C., Albers H.E. Microinjection of arginine-vasopressin into the periaqueductal gray stimulates flank marking in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Brain Res. 569:1992;136-140.
135. Hermann D.M., Luppi P.H., Peyron C., Hinckel P., Jouvet M. Afferent projections to the rat nuclei raphe magnus, raphe pallidus and reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha demonstrated by iontophoretic application of choleratoxin (subunit b). J Chem Neuroanat. 13:1997;1-21.
136. Herzog C., Otto T. Odor-guided fear conditioning in rats: 2. Lesions of the anterior perirhinal cortex disrupt fear conditioned to the explicit conditioned stimulus but not to the training context. Behav Neurosci. 111:1997;1265-1272.
137. Herzog C., Otto T. Contributions of anterior perirhinal cortex to olfactory and contextual fear conditioning. Neuroreport. 9:1998;1855-1859.
138. Hess W.R., Brügger M. Das subkortikale zentrum der affectiven Abwerreaktion. Helv Physiol Acta. 1:1943;33-52.
139. Hikosaka O., Nakahara H., Rand M.K., Sakai K., Lu X., Nakamura K., Miyachi S., Doya K. Parallel neural networks for learning sequential procedures. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;464-471.
140. Hishikawa Y., Shimizu T. Physiology of REM sleep, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis. Adv Neurol. 67:1994;245-271.
141. Hsieh J.C., Belfrage M., Stone-Elander S., Hansson P., Ingvar M. Central representation of chronic ongoing neuropathic pain studied by positron emission tomography. Pain. 63:1995;225-236.
142. Hsieh J.C., Stone-Elander S., Ingvar M. Anticipatory coping of pain expressed in the human anterior cingulate cortex: a positron emission tomography study. Neurosci Lett. 262:1999;61-64.
143. Huck U.W., Lisk R.D., Gore A.C. Scent marking and mate choice in golden hamsters. Physiol Behav. 35:1985;389-393.
144. Hunsperger R.W. Affektreaktionen auf elektrische Reizung im Hirnstamm der Katze. Helv Physiol Acta. 1:1956;33-52.
145. Hurley K.M., Herbert H., Moga M.M., Saper C.B. Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 308:1991;249-276.
146. Hurst J.L., Payne C.E., Nevison C.M., Marie A.D., Humphries R.E., Robertson D.H., Cavaggioni A., Beynon R.J. Individual recognition in mice mediated by major urinary proteins. Nature. 414:2001;631-634.
147. Iacono R.P., Nashold B.S. Jr. Mental and behavioral effects of brain stem and hypothalamic stimulation in man. Hum Neurobiol. 1:1982;273-279.
148. Insausti R., Herrero M.T., Witter M.P. Entorhinal cortex of the rat: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and the origin and distribution of cortical efferents. Hippocampus. 7:1997;146-183.
149. Javanmard M., Shlik J., Kennedy S.H., Vaccarino F.J., Houle S., Bradwejn J. Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: a comparison of two time points. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;872-882.
150. Jay T.M., Glowinski J., Thierry A.M. Selectivity of the hippocampal projection to the prelimbic area of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Res. 505:1989;337-340.
151. Jay T.M., Witter M.P. Distribution of hippocampal CA1 and subicular efferents in the prefrontal cortex of the rat studied by means of anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol. 313:1991;574-586.
152. Jenck F., Moreau J.L., Martin J.R. Dorsal periaqueductal gray-induced aversion as a simulation of panic anxiety: elements of face and predictive validity. Psychiatr Res. 57:1995;181-191.
153. Joel D., Tarrasch R., Feldon J., Weiner I. Effects of electrolytic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex or its subfields on 4-arm baited, 8-arm radial maze, two-way active avoidance and conditioned fear tasks in the rat. Brain Res. 765:1997;37-50.
154. Johansen J.P., Fields H.L., Manning B.H. The affective component of pain in rodents: direct evidence for a contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;8077-8082.
155. Johnson D.M., Illig K.R., Behan M., Haberly L.B. New features of connectivity in piriform cortex visualized by intracellular injection of pyramidal cells suggest that primary olfactory cortex functions like association cortex in other sensory systems. J Neurosci. 20:2000;6974-6982.
156. Johnston R.E. Scent marking by male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). I. Effects of odors and social encounters. Z Tierpsychol. 37:1975;75-98.
157. Johnston R.E. Vomeronasal and/or olfactory mediation of ultrasonic calling and scent marking by female golden hamsters. Physiol Behav. 51:1992;437-448.
158. Kilts C.D., Schweitzer J.B., Quinn C.K., Gross R.E., Faber T.L., Muhammad F., Ely T.D., Hoffman J.M., Drexler K.P.G. Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58:2001;334-341.
159. Kimura M. Role of basal ganglia in behavioral learning. Neurosci Res. 22:1995;353-358.
160. Kita H., Oomura Y. An HRP study of the afferent connections to rat medial hypothalamic region. Brain Res Bull. 8:1982;53-62.
161. Kolb B. Functions of the frontal cortex of the rat: a comparative review. Brain Res. 320:1984;65-98.
162. Kollack-Walker S., Newman S.W. Mating and agonistic behavior produce different patterns of Fos immunolabeling in the male Syrian hamster brain. Neuroscience. 66:1995;721-736.
163. Kollack-Walker S., Watson S.J., Akil H. Social stress in hamsters: defeat activates specific neurocircuits within the brain. J Neurosci. 17:1997;8842-8855.
164. Krieger J.E., Graeff F.G. Defensive behavior and hypertension induced by glutamate in the midbrain central gray of the rat. Braz J Med Biol Res. 18:1985;61-67.
165. Kroll N.E., Markowitsch H.J., Knight R.T., von Cramon D.Y. Retrieval of old memories: the temporofrontal hypothesis. Brain. 120:1997;1377-1399.
166. Krout K.E., Loewy A.D. Periaqueductal gray matter projections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 424:2000;111-141.
167. Kruk M.R., Van der Poel A.M., Meelis W., Hermans J., Mostert P.G., Mos J., Lohman A.H. Discriminant analysis of the localization of aggression-inducing electrode placements in the hypothalamus of male rats. Brain Res. 260:1983;61-79.
168. Lacroix L., Broersen L.M., Weiner I., Feldon J. The effects of excitotoxic lesion of the medial prefrontal cortex on latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition, food hoarding, elevated plus maze, active avoidance and locomotor activity in the rat. Neuroscience. 84:1998;431-442.
169. Laitinen L.V. Emotional responses to subcortical electrical stimulation in psychiatric patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 81:1979;148-157.
170. Lammers J.H., Kruk M.R., Meelis W., van der Poel A.M. Hypothalamic substrates for brain stimulation-induced patterns of locomotion and escape jumps in the rat. Brain Res. 449:1988;294-310.
171. Lammers J.H., Kruk M.R., Meelis W., van der Poel A.M. Hypothalamic substrates for brain stimulation-induced attack, teeth-chattering and social grooming in the rat. Brain Res. 449:1988;311-327.
172. Lane R.D., Reiman E.M., Axelrod B., Yun L.S., Holmes A., Schwartz G.E. Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci. 10:1998;525-535.
173. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;1248-1263.
174. LeDoux J.E. Emotion and the limbic system concept. Concepts Neurosci. 2:1991;169-199.
175. LeDoux J.E., Iwata J., Cicchetti P., Reis D.J. Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J Neurosci. 8:1988;2517-2529.
176. LeDoux J.E., Cicchetti P., Xagoraris A., Romanski L.M. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J Neurosci. 10:1990;1062-1069.
177. Li H.Y., Sawchenko P.E. Hypothalamic effector neurons and extended circuitries activated in neurogenic stress: a comparison of footshock effects exerted acutely, chronically, and in animals with controlled glucocorticoid levels. J Comp Neurol. 393:1998;244-266.
178. Lipp H.P., Hunsperger R.W. Threat, attack and flight elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus of the marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus. Brain Behav Evol. 15:1978;260-293.
179. Luiten P.G.M., Ono T., Nishijo H., Fukuda M. Differential input from the amygdaloid body to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 35:1983;253-258.
180. Maren S. Synaptic transmission and plasticity in the amygdala. An emerging physiology of fear conditioning circuits. Mol Neurobiol. 13:1996;1-22.
181. Maren S. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: a mechanism for emotional learning and memory. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;561-567.
182. Maren S. Neurotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the ventral subiculum produce deficits in the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats. Behav Neurosci. 113:1999;283-290.
183. Maren S., Aharonov G., Fanselow M.S. Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats. Behav Brain Res. 88:1997;261-274.
184. Marsden C.D. What do the basal ganglia tell premotor cortical areas? Ciba Found Symp. 132:1987;282-300.
185. Markowitsch H.J., Thiel A., Reinkemeier M., Kessler J., Koyuncu A., Heiss W.D. Right amygdalar and temporofrontal activation during autobiographic, but not during fictitious memory retrieval. Behav Neurol. 12:2000;181-190.
186. Maruniak J.A., Wysocki C.J., Taylor J.A. Mediation of male mouse urine marking and aggression by the vomeronasal organ. Physiol Behav. 37:1986;557-655.
187. Maslow A.H. A theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev. 50:1943;370-396.
188. Maslow A.H., Flanzbaum S. The role of dominance in the social and sexual behavior of infra-human primates. II: An experimental determination of the behavior syndrome of dominance. J Gen Psychol. 48:1936;278-309.
189. Matochik J.A. Role of the main olfactory system in recognition between individual spiny mice. Physiol Behav. 42:1988;217-222.
190. Maxwell B., Powell D.A., Buchanan S.L. Multiple-and single-unit activity in area 32 (prelimbic region) of the medial prefrontal cortex during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbits. Cereb Cortex. 4:1994;230-246.
191. McDonald A.J. Projections of the intermediate subdivision of the central amygdaloid nucleus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial diencephalon. Neurosci Lett. 85:1988;285-290.
192. McDonald A.J. Topographical organization of amygdaloid projections to the caudatoputamen, nucleus accumbens, and related striatal-like areas of the rat brain. Neuroscience. 44:1991;15-33.
193. McDonald A.J., Mascagni F., Guo L. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus Vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience. 71:1996;55-75.
194. McIntyre D.C., Kelly M.E., Staines W.A. Efferent projections of the anterior perirhinal cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 369:1996;302-318.
195. Meller S.T., Dennis B.J. Afferent projections to the periaqueductal gray in the rabbit. Neuroscience. 19:1986;927-964.
196. Meller S.T., Dennis B.J. Efferent projections of the periaqueductal gray in the rabbit. Neuroscience. 40:1991;191-216.
197. Meunier M., Bachevalier J., Mishkin M., Murray E.A. Effects on visual recognition of combined and separate ablations of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci. 13:1993;5418-5432.
198. Meunier M., Bachevalier J., Mishkin M. Effects of orbital frontal and anterior cingulate lesions on object and place memory in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychologia. 35:1997;999-1015.
199. Milani H., Graeff F.G. Gaba-benzodiazepine modulation of aversion in the medial hypothalamus of the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 28:1987;21-27.
200. Mitler M.M., Dement W.C. Cataplectic-like behavior in cats after micro-injections of carbachol in pontine reticular formation. Brain Res. 68:1975;335-343.
201. Morecraft R.J., Van Hoesen G.W. Convergence of limbic input to the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res Bull. 45:1998;209-232.
202. Morgan M.A., LeDoux J.E. Differential contributions of dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Behav Neurosci. 109:1995;681-688.
203. Mufson E.J., Pandya D.N. Some observations on the course and composition of the cingulum bundle in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol. 225:1984;31-43.
204. Mumby D.G., Pinel J.P. Rhinal cortex lesions and object recognition in rats. Behav Neurosci. 108:1994;11-18.
205. Murray E.A., Bussey T.J. Perceptual-mnemonic functions of the perirhinal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 3:1999;142-151.
206. Murray E.A., Bussey T.J., Hampton R.R., Saksida L.M. The parahippocampal region and object identification. Ann NY Acad Sci. 911:2000;166-174.
207. Naber P.A., Caballero-Bleda M., Jorritsma-Byham B., Witter M.P. Parallel input to the hippocampal memory system through peri- and postrhinal cortices. Neuroreport. 8:1997;2617-2621.
208. Nader K., Majidishad P., Amorapanth P., LeDoux J.E. Damage to the lateral and central, but not other, amygdaloid nuclei prevents the acquisition of auditory fear conditioning. Learn Mem. 8:2001;156-163.
209. Nagahara A.H., Handa R.J. Age-related changes in c-fos mRNA induction after open-field exposure in the rat brain. Neurobiol Aging. 18:1997;45-55.
210. Nakano K., Hasegawa Y., Tokushige A., Nakagawa S., Kayahara T., Mizuno N. Topographical projections from the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the striatum in the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata. Brain Res. 537:1990;54-68.
211. Nashold B.S., Wilson W.P., Slaughter G. Sensations evoked by stimulation of the midbrain of man. J Neurosurg. 30:1969;14-24.
212. Nashold B.S. Jr, Durham N.C. Phosphenes resulting from stimulation of the midbrain in man. Arch Ophthalmol. 84:1970;433-435.
213. Newman D.B., Hilleary S.K., Ginsberg C.Y. Nuclear terminations of corticoreticular fiber systems in rats. Brain Behav Evol. 34:1989;223-264.
214. Nietzsche F.W. The will to power. 1901;Vintage Books, New York. p. 1968.
215. Numan M., Numan M. A lesion and neuroanatomical tract-tracing analysis of the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in rats. Dev Psychobiol. 29:1996;23-51.
216. O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Francis S., Bowtell R., McGlone F. Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. J Neurophysiol. 85:2001;1315-1321.
217. Ohtake T., Yamada H. Efferent connections of the nucleus reuniens and the rhomboid nucleus in the rat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. Neurosci Res. 6:1989;556-668.
218. Olazabal D.E., Ferreira A. Maternal behavior in rats with kainic acid-induced lesions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Physiol Behav. 61:1997;779-784.
219. Olivier B., Olivier-Aardema R., Wiepkema P.R. Effect of anterior hypothalamic and mammillary area lesions on territorial aggressive behaviour in male rats. Behav Brain Res. 9:1983;59-81.
220. Olszewski J. The thalamus of the Macaca mulatta. 1952;Karger, New York.
221. Ongur D., An X., Price J.L. Prefrontal cortical projections to the hypothalamus in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol. 401:1998;480-505.
222. Ono T., Luiten P.G., Nishijo H., Fukuda M., Nishino H. Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the hypothalamus of the rat. Neurosci Res. 2:1985;221-238.
223. Ono K., Niimi K. Direct projections of the hypothalamic nuclei to the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the cat. Neurosci Lett. 57:1985;183-287.
224. Ostrowsky K., Isnard J., Ryvlin P., Guenot M., Fischer C., Mauguiere F. Functional mapping of the insular cortex: clinical implication in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 41:2000;681-686.
225. Papez J.W. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 38:1937;725-743.
226. Petrulis A., Johnston R.E. Lesions centered on the medial amygdala impair scent-marking and sex-odor recognition but spare discrimination of individual odors in female golden hamsters. Behav Neurosci. 113:1999;345-357.
227. Petrulis A., Peng M., Johnston R.E. Effects of vomeronasal organ removal on individual odor discrimination, sex-odor preference, and scent marking by female hamsters. Physiol Behav. 66:1999;73-83.
228. Pfaff D.W. Drive: neurobiological and molecular mechanisms of sexual motivation. 1999;MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
229. Phillips R.G., LeDoux J.E. Lesions of the dorsal hippocampal formation interfere with background but not foreground contextual fear conditioning. Learn Mem. 1:1994;34-44.
230. Pitkanen A., Pikkarainen M., Nurminen N., Ylinen A. Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, perirhinal cortex, and postrhinal cortex in rat. A review. Ann NY Acad Sci. 911:2000;369-391.
231. Ploghaus A., Tracey I., Gati J.S., Clare S., Menon R.S., Matthews P.M., Rawlins J.N. Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science. 284:1999;1979-1981.
232. Poplawsky A., Johnson D.A. Open-field social behavior of rats following lateral or medial septal lesions. Physiol Behav. 11:1973;845-854.
233. Quirk G.J., Russo G.K., Barron J.L., Lebron K. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. J Neurosci. 15:2000;6225-6231.
234. Rainville P., Duncan G.H., Price D.D., Carrier B., Bushnell M.C. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science. 277:1997;968-971.
235. Ralls K. Mammalian scent marking. Science. 171:1971;443-449.
236. Rauch S.L., Shin L.M., Dougherty D.D., Alpert N.M., Orr S.P., Lasko M., Macklin M.L., Fischman A.J., Pitman R.K. Neural activation during sexual and competitive arousal in healthy men. Psychiatry Res. 91:1999;1-10.
237. Ray A., Sen P., Alkondon M. Biochemical and pharmacological evidence for central cholinergic regulation of shock-induced aggression in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 32:1989;867-871.
238. Reiman E.M., Raichle M.E., Robins E., Mintun M.A., Fusselman M.J., Fox P.T., Price J.L., Hackman K.A. Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1989;493-500.
239. Richmond M.A., Yee B.K., Pouzet B., Veenman L., Rawlins J.N., Feldon J., Bannerman D.M. Dissociating context and space within the hippocampus: effects of complete, dorsal, and ventral excitotoxic hippocampal lesions on conditioned freezing and spatial learning. Behav Neurosci. 113:1999;1189-1203.
240. Risold P.Y., Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 348:1994;1-40.
241. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Structural evidence for functional domains in the rat hippocampus. Science. 272:1996;1484-1486.
242. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Connections of the rat lateral septal complex. Brain Res Rev. 24:1997;115-195.
243. Rizvi T.A., Ennis M., Behbehani M.M., Shipley M.T. Connections between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the midbrain periaqueductal gray: topography and reciprocity. J Comp Neurol. 303:1991;121-131.
244. Robbins A., Schwartz-Giblin S., Pfaff D.W. Ascending and descending projections to medullary reticular formation sites which activate deep lumbar back muscles in the rat. Exp Brain Res. 80:1990;463-474.
245. Roeling T.A., van Erp A.M., Meelis W., Kruk M.R., Veening J.G. Behavioural effects of NMDA injected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Brain Res. 550:1991;220-224.
246. Rogan M.T., LeDoux J.E. Emotion: systems, cells, synaptic plasticity. Cell. 85:1996;469-475.
247. Rogan M.T., Staubli U.V., LeDoux J.E. Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala. Nature. 390:1997;552-553.
248. Rolls E.T. The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cereb Cortex. 10:2000;284-294.
249. Rosene D.L., Van Hoesen G.W. Hippocampal efferents reach widespread areas of cerebral cortex and amygdala in the rhesus monkey. Science. 198:1977;315-317.
250. Rudy J.W., O'Reilly R.C. Contextual fear conditioning, conjunctive representations, pattern completion, and the hippocampus. Behav Neurosci. 113:1999;867-880.
251. Schafe G.E., LeDoux J.E. Memory consolidation of auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning requires protein synthesis and protein kinase A in the amygdala. J Neurosci. 20:2000;RC96.
252. Schenberg LC, Bittencourt AS, Sudré EC, Vargas LC. Modeling panic attacks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002;25:647-59.
253. Schmidt E.M., Bak M.J., Hambrecht F.T., Kufta C.V., O'Rourke D.K., Vallabhanath P. Feasibility of a visual prosthesis for the blind based on intracortical microstimulation of the visual cortex. Brain. 119:1996;507-522.
254. Schneider A., von Däniken C., Gutbrod K. Disorientation in amnesia. Brain. 119:1996;1627-1632.
255. Selemon L.D., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Longitudinal topography and interdigitation of corticostriatal projections in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci. 5:1985;776-794.
256. Selionov V.A., Shik M.L. Medullary locomotor strip and column in the cat. Neuroscience. 13:1984;1267-1278.
257. Sesack S.R., Deutch A.Y., Roth R.H., Bunney B.S. Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol. 290:1989;213-242.
258. Sewards T.V., Sewards M.A. Visual awareness due to neuronal activities in subcortical structures: a proposal. Consious Cogn. 9:2000;86-116.
259. Sewards T.V., Sewards M.A. On the neural correlates of recognition awareness: relationship to computational activities and activities mediating perceptual awareness. Consious Cogn. 2001;10.
260. Shammah-Lagnado S.J., Negrao N., Silva B.A., Ricardo J.A. Afferent connections of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Neuroscience. 20:1987;961-989.
261. Shekhar A., DiMicco J.A. Defense reaction elicited by injection of GABA antagonists and synthesis inhibitors into the posterior hypothalamus in rats. Neuropharmacology. 26:1987;407-417.
262. Shin L.M., McNally R.J., Kosslyn S.M., Thompson W.L., Rauch S.L., Alpert N.M., Metzger L.J., Lasko N.B., Orr S.P., Pitman R.K. Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: a PET investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 156:1999;575-584.
263. Shipley M.T., Ennis M. Functional organization of olfactory system. J Neurobiol. 30:1996;123-176.
264. Siegel A., Pott C.B. Neural substrate of aggression and flight in the cat. Prog Neurobiol. 31:1988;261-283.
265. Siegel A., Brutus M. Neural substrates of aggression and rage in the cat. Epstein A.N., Morrison A.R., Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology. 1990;135-233 Academic Press, San Diego.
266. Silveira M.C.L., Graeff F.G. Defense reaction elicited by microinjection of kainic acid into the medial hypothalamus of the rat: antagonism by a GABAA receptor agonist. Behav Neural Biol. 57:1992;226-232.
267. Silveira M.C., Sandner G., Graeff F.G. Induction of Fos immunoreactivity in the brain by exposure to the elevated plus-maze. Behav Brain Res. 56:1993;115-118.
268. Singewald N., Sharp T. Neuroanatomical targets of anxiogenic drugs in the hindbrain as revealed by Fos immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience. 98:2000;759-770.
269. Sinnamon H.M., Galer B.S. Head movements elicited by electrical stimulation of the anteromedial cortex of the rat. Physiol Behav. 33:1984;185-190.
270. Slotnick B.M., McMullen M.F. Intraspecific fighting in albino mice with septal forebrain lesions. Physiol Behav. 8:1972;333-337.
271. Smith D.A., Flynn J.P. Afferent projections to quiet attack sites in cat hypothalamus. Brain Res. 194:1980;29-40.
272. Smith W.K. The functional significance of the rostral cingular cortex as revealed by its responses to electrical excitation. J Neurophysiol. 8:1945;241-255.
273. Stoerig P. The neuroanatomy of phenomenal vision: a psychological perspective. Ann NY Acad Sci. 929:2001;176-194.
274. Struthers W.M., Wirtshafter D. Quinpirole attenuates the striatal fos expression induced by escape behavior. Brain Res. 785:1998;347-350.
275. Sudré E.C.M., Barros M.R., Sudré G.N., Schenberg L.C. Thresholds of electrically induced defence reaction of the rat: short- and long-term adaptation mechanisms. Behav Brain Res. 58:1993;141-154.
276. Sun N., Roberts L., Cassell M.D. Rat central amygdaloid nucleus projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Brain Res Bull. 27:1991;651-662.
277. Suzuki W.A., Zola-Morgan S., Squire L.R., Amaral D.G. Lesions to the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices in monkey produce long-lasting memory impairment in the visual and tactual modalities. J Neurosci. 13:1993;2430-2451.
278. Swanson L.W., Cowan W.M. An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 172:1977;49-84.
279. Takagishi M., Chiba T. Efferent projections of the infralimbic (area 25) region of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tracer PHA-L study. Brain Res. 566:1991;26-39.
280. Tassoni G., Lorenzini C.A., Baldi E., Sacchetti B., Bucherelli C. A peculiar pattern of temporal involvement of rat perirhinal cortex in memory processing. Behav Neurosci. 113:1999;1161-1169.
281. ter Horst G.J., Luiten P.G.M. The projections of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 16:1986;231-248.
282. Thompson R.H., Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a PHA-L study in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 376:1996;143-173.
283. Thompson R.H., Swanson L.W. Organization of input to the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a reexamination with fluorogold and PHAL in the rat. Brain Res Rev. 27:1998;89-118.
284. Totterdell S., Meredith G.E. Topographical organization of projections from the entorhinal cortex to the striatum of the rat. Neuroscience. 78:1997;715-729.
285. Trafton C.L. Effects of lesions in the septal area and cingulate cortical areas on conditioned suppression of activity and avoidance behavior in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 63:1967;191-197.
286. Van Hoesen G.W., Yeterian E.H., Lavizzo-Mourey R. Widespread corticostriate projections from temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol. 199:1981;205-219.
287. Van Hoesen G.W., Morecraft R.J., Vogt B.A. Connections of the monkey cingulate cortex. Vogt B.A., Gabriel M., Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus. 1993;Birkhauser, Boston.
288. Vargas L.C., Marques T.A., Schenberg L.C. Micturition and defensive behaviors are controlled by distinct neural networks within the dorsal periaqueductal gray and deep gray layer of the superior colliculus of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 280:2000;45-48.
289. Vargas L.C., Schenberg L.C. Long-term effects of clomipramine and fluoxetine on dorsal periaqueductal grey-evoked innate defensive behaviours of the rat. Psychopharmacology. 155:2001;260-268.
290. Verberne G., de Boer J. Chemocommunication among domestic cats, mediated by the olfactory and vomeronasal senses. I. Chemocommunication. Z Tierpsychol. 42:1976;86-109.
291. Vertes R.P. PHA-L analysis of projections from the supramammillary nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 326:1992;595-622.
292. Vertes R.P., Crane A.M., Colom L.V., Bland B.H. Ascending projections of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus: PHA-L analysis in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 359:1995;90-116.
293. Vertes R.P., Crane A.M. Descending projections of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin analysis in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 374:1996;607-631.
294. Vertes R.P. Analysis of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the thalamus in the rat, with emphasis on nucleus reuniens. J Comp Neurol. 442:2002;163-187.
295. Vogt B.A., Miller M.W. Cortical connections between rat cingulate cortex and visual, motor, and postsubicular cortices. J Comp Neurol. 216:1983;192-210.
296. Vogt B.A., Pandya D.N., Rosene D.L. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents. J Comp Neurol. 262:1987;256-270.
297. Vouimba R.M., Garcia R., Jaffard R. Opposite effects of lateral septal LTP and lateral septal lesions on contextual fear conditioning in mice. Behav Neurosci. 112:1998;875-884.
298. Weller K.L., Smith D.A. Afferent connections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Brain Res. 232:1982;255-270.
299. Winocur G. Hippocampal lesions alter conditioning to conditional and contextual stimuli. Behav Brain Res. 88:1997;219-229.
300. Wirtshafter D., Stratford T.R., Shim I. Placement in a novel environment induces fos-like immunoreactivity in supramammillary cells projecting to the hippocampus and midbrain. Brain Res. 789:1998;331-334.
301. Wysocki C.J., Nyby J., Whitney G., Beauchamp G.K., Katz Y. The vomeronasal organ: primary role in mouse chemosensory gender recognition. Physiol Behav. 29:1982;315-327.
302. Zangrossi H. Jr, Graeff F.G. Behavioral validation of the elevated T-maze, a new animal model of anxiety. Brain Res Bull. 44:1997;1-5.
303. Zeki S. Localization and globalization in conscious vision. Annu Rev Neurosci. 24:2001;57-86.
304. Zeki S., Bartels A. Toward a theory of visual consciousness. Conscious Cogn. 8:1999;225-259.
305. Zeng D., Stuesse S.L. Morphological heterogeneity within the cingulate cortex in rat: a horseradish peroxidase transport study. Brain Res. 565:1991;290-300.
306. Zhang S.P., Bandler R., Carrive P. Flight and immobility evoked by excitatory amino acid microinjection within distinct parts of the subtentorial midbrain periaqueductal gray of the cat. Brain Res. 520:1990;73-82.
307. Zilles K. A stereotactic atlas. A stereotactic atlas. 1985;Springer, Berlin.