Welfare issues of genetically modified animals

ILAR Journal

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 100-109

  Dennis Jr , Melvin B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Genetic engineering; Homologous recombination; Mutagenesis; Mutation; Transgenic

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL HOUSING; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMAL WELFARE; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; DISEASE MODEL; GENE THERAPY; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MOUSE; PRIMATE; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION;

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GENE THERAPY; HOUSING, ANIMAL; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MICE; PRIMATES; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

EID: 0036359205     PISSN: 10842020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ilar.43.2.100     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Agca Y. 2000. Cryopreservation of murine oocyte and ovarian tissue. ILAR J 41:207-220.
2. Balling R. 2001. ENU mutagenesis: Analyzing gene function in mice. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2:463-492.
3. Baxevanis AD. 2001. The Molecular Biology Database Collection: An updated compilation of biological database resources. Nucleic Acids Res 29:1-10.
4. Becker KD, Gottshall KR, Chien KR. 1996. Strategies for studying cardiovascular phenotypes in genetically manipulated mice. Hypertension 27:495-501.
5. Blake JA, Eppig JT, Richardson JE, Bult CJ, Kadin JA. 2001. The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): Integration nexus for the laboratory mouse. Nucleic Acids Res 29:91-94.
6. Bult CJ, Krupke DM, Naf D, Sundberg JP, Eppig JT. 2001. Web-based access to mouse models of human cancers: The Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB) Database. Nucleic Acids Res 29:95-97.
7. Burich A, Hershberg R, Waggie K, Zeng W, Brabb T, Westlich G, Viney JL, Maggio-Price L. 2001. Helicobacter-induced inflammatory bowel disease in IL-10 and T cell-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281:G764-G778.
8. Campbell SJ, Carlotti E, Hall PA, Clark AJ, Wolf CR. 1996. Regulation of the CYP1A1 promoter in transgenic mice: An exquisitely sensitive on-off system for cell specific gene regulation. J Cell Sci 109:2619-2625.
9. Carstens E, Moberg GP. 2000. Recognizing pain and distress in laboratory animals. ILAR J 41:62-71.
10. Capecchi MR. 1989. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244:1288-1292.
11. Cheunsuk S, Gerkin E, Osman G, Hood L, Ladiges W. 1999. Predictive parameters of joint disease in DBA/1 transgenic mice. J Gerontol Biol Sci 54A:B271-B275.
12. Choo KH, Filby RG, Jennings IG, Peterson G, Fowler K. 1986. Vectors for expression and amplification of cDNA in mammalian cells: Expression of rat phenylalanine hydroxylase. DNA 5:529-537.
13. Crawley JN. 1999. Behavior phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: Experimental design and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities, and specific behavioral tests. Brain Res 835: 18-26.
14. Critser JK, Mobraaten LE. 2000. Cryopreservation of murine spermatozoa. ILAR J 41:197-206.
15. Dennis MB Jr. 2000. Humane endpoints for genetically engineered animal models. ILAR J 41:94-98.
16. Dennis MB Jr. 1999. Institutional animal care and use committee review of genetic engineering. In: Gonder JC, Prentice ED, Russow LM, eds. Genetic Engineering and Animal Welfare: Preparing for the 21st Century. Greenbelt MD: SCAW. p 20-31.
17. Donahue RE, Kessler SW, Bodine D, McDonagh K, Dunbar C, Goodman S, Agricola B, Byrne E, Raffeid M, Moen R, Bacher J, Zsebo KM, Nienhuis AW. 1992. Helper virus induced T cell lymphoma in nonhuman primates after retroviral mediated gene transfer. J Exp Med 176: 1125-1135.
18. Donehower LA, Godley LA, Aldaz CM, Pyle R, Shi YP, Pinkel D, Gray J, Bradley A, Medina D, Varmus HE. 1995. Deficiency of p53 accelerates mammary tumorigenesis in Wnt-1 transgenic mice and promotes chromosomal instability. Genes Dev 9:882-895.
19. Eckman EA, Cotton CU, Kube DM, Davis PB. 1995. Dietary changes improve survival of CFTR S489X homozygous mutant mouse. Am J Physiol 269:L625-L630.
20. Editorial. 1999. Gene therapy and the germline. Nat Med 5:245.
21. Federal Register. 1994. Guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA. 59 FR 34496.
22. Furth PA, Onge L, St. Boger H, Gruss P, Gossen M, Kistner A, Bujard H, Henninghausen L. 1994. Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:9302-9306.
23. Ghendon Y, Lambert PH. 1996. Safety requirements for maintenance and distribution of transgenic mice susceptible to human viruses: The example of poliovirus-susceptible transgenic mice. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 206:327-340.
24. Gordon JW, Scangos GA, Plotkin DJ, Barbosa JA, Ruddle FH. 1980. Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77:7380-7384.
25. Gurney ME, Pu H, Chiu AY, Dal Canto MC, Polchow CY, Alexander DD, Caliendo J, Hentati A, Kwon YW, Deng HX, Chen W, Zhai P, Sufit RL, Siddique T. 1994. Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutation. Science 264:1772-1775.
26. Hampshire V. 2001. Handheld digital equipment for weight composite distress paradigms: New considerations and for rapid documentation and intervention of rodent populations. Contemp Top 40:11-17.
27. Harvey M, McArthur MJ, Montgomery CA Jr, Butel JS, Bradley A, Donehower LA. 1993. Spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Nat Genet 5:225-229.
28. Hendriksen CFM, Steen B. 2000. Refinement of vaccine potency testing with the use of humane endpoints. ILAR J 41:105-113.
29. Justice MJ, Noveroske JK, Weber JS, Zheng B, Bradley A. 1999. Mouse ENU mutagenesis. Hum Mol Genet 8:1955-1963.
30. Kistner A, Gossen M, Zimmerman F, Jerecic J, Ullmer C, Lubbert H, Bujard H. 1996. Doxycycline-mediated quantitative and tissue-specific control of gene expression in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:10933-10938.
31. Lewis DB, Liggitt HD, Effman EL, Motley ST, Teitelbaum SL, Jepsen KJ, Goldstein SA, Bonadio J, Carpenter J, Perlmutter RM. 1993. Osteoporosis induced in mice by overproduction of interleukin 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:11618-11622.
32. shc adapter protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature 402:309-313.
33. Morton DB. 2000. A systematic approach for establishing humane endpoints. ILAR J 41:80-86.
34. Nelms KA, Goodnow CC. 2001. Genome-wide ENU mutagenesis to reveal immune regulators. Immunology 15:409-418.
35. No D, Yao TP, Evans RM. 1996. Ecdysone-inducible gene expression in mammalian-cells and transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:3346-3351.
36. NRC [National Research Council]. 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 7th ed. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
37. Olfert ED, Godson DL. Humane endpoints for infectious disease animal models. ILAR J 41:99-104.
38. Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Hammer RE, Trumbauer ME, Rosenfeld MG, Birnberg NC, Evans RM. 1982. Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes. Nature 300:611-615.
39. Pelicci G, Lanfrancone L, Grignani F, Forni G, Nicoletti I, Pawson T, Pelicci PG. 1992. A novel transforming protein (SHC) with an SH2 domain is implicated in mitogenic signal transduction. Cell 70:93-104.
40. Pilaro AM, Serabian MA. 1999. Preclinical development strategies for novel gene therapeutic products. Toxicol Pathol 27:4-7.
41. Purdie CA, Harrison DJ, Peter A, Dobbie L, White S, Howie SEM, Salter DM, Bird CC, Wyllie AH, Hooper ML, Clarke AR. 1994. Tumor incidence, spectrum and ploidy in mice with a large deletion in the p53 gene. Oncogene 9:603-609.
42. Rail WF, Schmidt PM, Lin X, Brown SS, Ward AC, Hansen CT. 2000. Factors affecting the efficiency of embryo cryopreservation and red-erivation of rat and mouse models. ILAR J 41:221-227.
43. Ray MK, Fagan, SP, Brunicardi FC. 2000. The cre-loxP system: A versatile tool for targeting genes in a cell- and stage-specific manner. Cell Transplant 9:805-815.
44. Rehg JE, Toth LA. 1998. Rodent quarantine programs: Purpose, principles, and practice. Lab Anim Set 48:438-447.
45. Ringwald M, Eppig JT, Begley DA, Corradi JP, McCright IJ, Hayamizu TF, Hill DP, Kadin JA, Richardson JE. 2001. The Mouse Gene Expression Database (GXD). Nucleic Acids Res 29:98-101.
46. Rogers DC, Fisher EMC, Brown SDM, Peters J, Hunter AJ, Martin JE. 1997. Behavioral and functional analysis of mouse phenotype: SHIRPA, a proposed protocol for comprehensive phenotype assessment. Mamm Genome 8:711-713.
47. Russell WMS, Burch RL. 1959. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen.
48. Sarao R, Dumont DJ. 1998. Conditional transgene expression in endothelial cells. Transgenic Res 7:421-427.
49. Sass N. 2000. Humane endpoints and acute toxicity testing. ILAR J 41: 114-123.
50. Stokes WS. 2000. Reducing unrelieved pain and distress in laboratory animals using humane endpoints. ILAR J 59-61.
51. Toth LA. 2000. Defining the moribund condition as an experimental endpoint for animal research. ILAR J 41:72-79.
52. Ullman-Cullere MH, Folz CJ. 1999. Body condition scoring: A rapid and accurate method for assessing health status in mice. Lab Anim Sci 49:319-323.
53. Wallace J. 2000. Humane endpoints and cancer research. ILAR J 41:87-93.
54. Ward JM, Anver MR, Haines DC, Melhorn JM, Gorelick P, Yan L, Fox JG, 1996. Inflammatory large bowel disease in immunodeftcient mice naturally infected with Ilelicobacter hepaticus. Lab Anim Sci 46:15-20.
55. Willgoos C. 2001. FDA regulation: An answer to the questions of human cloning and germline gene therapy. Am J Law Med 27:101-124.
56. Wolf E, Wanke R. 1995. Growth hormone overproduction in transgenic mice: Phenotypic alterations and educed animal models. In: van Zutphen LFM, van der Meer M, eds. Welfare Aspects of Transgenic Animals. Berlin: Springer Verlag, p 26-47.
57. Wong FS, Dittel BN, Janeway CA Jr. 1999. Transgenes and knockout mutations in animal models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Immunol Rev 169:93-104.
58. Wood PA. 2000. Phenotype assessment: Are you missing something? Comp Med 50:12-15.
59. Woychik RP, Wassom JS, Kingsbury D. 1993. TBASE: A computerized database for transgenic animals and targeted mutations. Nature 363: 375-376.
60. Zhou QY, Palmiter RD. 1995. Dopamine-deficient mice are severely hypoactive, adipsic, and aphagic. Cell 83:1197-1209.
61. Zhou QY, Quaife CJ, Palmiter RD. 1995. Targeted disruption of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals that catecholamines are required for mouse fetal development. Nature 13:640-643.