GM-CSF regulation in eosinophils

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 121-130

  Esnault, Stéphane ^a   Malter, James S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b University of Wisconsin Health   (United States)

Author keywords

Asthma; Eosinophils; GM CSF; mRNA; Survival

Indexed keywords

GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; MESSENGER RNA;

ASTHMA; CELL SURVIVAL; CYTOLOGY; EOSINOPHIL; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RNA PROCESSING; RNA STABILITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ASTHMA; CELL SURVIVAL; EOSINOPHILS; GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; HUMANS; RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL; RNA STABILITY; RNA, MESSENGER; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0036355358     PISSN: 0004069X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. ADACHI T., MOTOJIMA S., HIRATA A., FUKUTA T. and MAKINO S., (1995): Eosinophil viability-enhancing activity in sputum from patients with bronchial asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 151, 618-623.
2. AGLIETTA M., MONZEGLIO C., PASQUINO P., CARNINO F., STERN A. C. and GAVOSTO F. (1993): Short-term administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor decreases hematopoietic toxicity of cytostatic drugs. Cancer, 72, 2970-2973.
3. + T lymphocytes to the glycoprotein. J. Immunol., 152, 1304-1313.
4. ANSARI S. A., SAFAK M., GALLIA G. L., SAWAYA B. E., AMINI S. and KHALILI K. (1999): Interaction of YB-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat and TAR RNA modulates viral promoter activity. J. Gen. Virol., 80, 2629-2638.
5. ANWAR A. R., MOQDEL R., WALSH G. M., KAY A. B. and WARDLAW A. J. (1993): Adhesion to fibronectin prolongs eosinophil survival. J. Exp. Med., 177, 839-843.
6. ARM J. P. and LEE T. H. (1992): The pathobiology of bronchial asthma. Adv. Immunol. 51, 323-382.
7. BANCHEREAU J. and STEINMAN R. M. (1998): Dentritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature, 392, 245-252.
8. BANDEIRA-MELO C., SUGIYAMA K., WOODS L. J. and WELLER P. F. (2001): Eotaxin elicits rapid vesicular transport-mediated release of preformed IL-4 from human eosinophils. J. Immunol., 166, 4813-4817.
9. BICKEL M., COHEN R. B. and PLUZNIK D. H. (1990): Post-transcriptional regulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor synthesis in murine T cells. J. Immunol., 145, 840-845.
10. BOUSQUET J., CHANEZ P., LACOSTE J. Y., BARNEON G., GHAVANIAN N., ENANDER I., VENGE P., AHLSTEDT S., SIMONY-LAFONTAINE J., GODARD P. and MICHEL F.-B. (1990): Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 323, 1033-1039.
11. BOUVET P., MATSUMOTO K. and WOLFFE A. P. (1995): Sequence-specific RNA recognition by the Xenopus Y-box proteins. An essential role for the cold shock domain. J. Biol. Chem., 47, 28297-28303.
12. BROIDE D. H. and FIRESTEIN G. S. (1991): Endobronchial allergen challenge in asthma. Demonstration of cellular source of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Invest., 88, 1048-1053.
13. BROIDE D. H., LOTZ M., CUOMO A. J., COBURN D. A., FEDERMAN E. C. and WASSERMAN S. I. (1992): Cytokines in symptomatic asthma airways. J. Allergy Clin, Immunol., 89, 958-967.
14. BROIDE D. H., PAINE M. M. and FIRESTEIN G. S. (1992): Eosinophils express interleukin 5 anc granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA at sites of allergic inflammation in asthmatics. J. Clin. Invest., 90, 1414-1424.
15. CAPOWSKI E. E., ESNAULT S., BHATTACHARYA S. and MALTER J. S. (2001): Y box-binding factor promotes eosinophil survival by stabilizing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA. J. Immunol., 167, 5970-5976.
16. CARBALLO E., LAI W. S. and BLACKSHEAR P. J. (2000): Evidence that tristetraprolin is a physiological regulator of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor messenger RNA deadenylation and stability. Blood, 95, 1891-1899.
17. CEMAN S., NELSON R. and WARREN S. T. (2000): Identification of mouse YB1/p50 as a component of the FMRP-associated mRNP particle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 279, 904-908.
18. CHEN C.-Y., DEL GATTO-KONCZAK F., WU Z. and KARIN M. (1998): Stabilization of interleukin-2 mRNA by the c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase pathway. Science, 280, 1945-1949.
19. CHEN C.-Y., GHERZI R., ANDERSEN J. S., GAIETTA G., JURCHOTT K., ROYER H.-D., MANN M. and KARIN M. (2000): Nucleolin and YB-1 are required for JNK-mediated interleukin-2 mRNA stabilization during T-cell activation. Genes Dev., 14, 1236-1248.
20. CHEN C. Y. and SHYU A. B. (1995): AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends Biochem. Sci., 20, 465-470.
21. CHEN M., SCHNERMANN J., SMART A. M., BROSIUS F. C., KILLEN P. D. and BRIGGS J. P. (1993): Cyclic AMP selectively increases renin mRNA stability in cultured juxtaglomerular granular cells. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 24138-24144.
22. CHERNUKHIN I. V., SHAMSUDDIN S., ROBINSON A. F., CARNES A. F., PAUL A., EL-KADY A. I., LOBANENKOV V. L. and KLENOVA E. M. (2000): Physical and functional interaction between two pluripotent proteins, the Y-box DNA/RNA-binding factor, YB-1, and the multivalent zinc finger factor, CTCF. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 29915-29921.
23. CLUTTERBUCK E. J., HIRST E. M. and SANDERSON C. J. (1989): Human interleukin-5 (IL-5) regulates the production of eosinophils in human bone marrow cultures: comparison and interaction with IL-I, IL-3, IL-6, and GM-CSF. Blood, 73, 1504-1512.
24. DE ANDRES B., CARDABA B., DEL POZO V., MARTIN-OROZCO E., GALLARDO S., TRAMON P., PALOMINO P. and LAHOZ C. (1994): Modulation of the Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII induced by GM-CSF, IFN-gamma and IL-4 on murine eosinophils. Immunology, 83, 155-160.
25. DEL PRETE G. F., DE CARLI M., D'ELIOS M. M., MAESTRELLI P., RICCI M., FABBRI L. and ROMAGNANI S. (1993): Allergen exposure induces the activation of allergen-specific Th2 cells in the airway mucosa of patients with allergic respiratory disorders. Eur. J. Immunol., 23, 1445-1449.
26. DE MONCHY J. G., KAUFFMAN H. F., VENGE P., KOETER G. H., JANSEN H. M., SLUITER H. J. and DE VRIES K. (1985): Bronchoalveolar eosinophils during allergen-induced late asthmatic reaction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 131, 373-376.
27. DURHAM S. R., YING S., VARNEY V. A., JACOBSON M. R., SLIDDERICK R. M., MACKAY I. S., KAY A. B. and HAMID Q. A. (1992): Cytokine messenger RNA expression for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in the nasal mucosa after local allergen provocation: Relationship to tissue eosinophilia. J. Immunol., 148, 2390-2394.
28. ESNAULT S., BENBERNOU N., LAVAUD F., SHIN H.-C., POTRON G. and GUENOUNOU M. (1996): Differential spontaneous expression of mRNA for IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from atopic patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 103, 111-118.
29. ESNAULT S., JARZEMBOWSKI J. A. and MALTER J. S. (1998): Stabilization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor RNA in a human eosinophil-like cell line requires the AUUUA motifs. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 110, 575-584.
30. ESNAULT S. and MALTER J. S. (1999): Primary peripheral blood eosinophils rapidly degrade transfected granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA. J. Immunol., 163, 5228-5234.
31. ESNAULT S. and MALTER J. S. (2001): Granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA is stabilized in airway eosinophils and peripheral blood eosinophils activated by TNF-alpha plus fibronectin. J. Immunol., 166, 4658-4663.
32. ESNAULT S. and MALTER J. S. (2001): Minute quantities of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor prolong eosinophil survival. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 21, 117-124.
33. ESNAULT S. and MALTER J. S. (2002): Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates GM-CSF mRNA stabilization in TNF-α plus fibronectin-activated peripheral blood eosinophils. Blood (in press).
34. FAN X. C. and STEITZ J. A. (1998): Overexpression of HuR, a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, increases the in vivo stability of ARE-containing mRNAs. EMBO J., 17, 3448-3460.
35. FRANITZA S., HERSHKOVIZ R., KAM N., LICHTENSTEIN N., VADAY G. G., ALON R. and LIDER O. (2000): TNF-α associated with extracellular matrix fibronectin provides a stop signal for chemotactically migrating T cells. J. Immunol., 165, 2738-2747.
36. GALLOUZI I. E., BRENNAN C. M. and STEITZ J. A. (2001). Protein ligands mediate the CRM1-dependent export of HuR in response to heat shock. RNA, 7, 1348-1361.
37. GILLIS P. and MALTER J. S. (1989). The adenosine-uridine binding factor recognizes the AU-rich elements of cytokine, lymphokine, and oncogene mRNAs. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 3172-3177.
38. HOD Y. and HANSON R. W. (1988): Cyclic AMP stabilizes the mRNA for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) against degradation. J. Biol. Chem., 263, 7747-7752.
39. 2+ ionophore A23187-dependent stabilization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor messenger RNA in murine thymoma EL-4 cells is mediated through two distinct regions in the 3' - untranslated region. J. Immunol., 150, 4386-4394.
40. JENKINS F., COCKERILL P. N., BOHMANN D. and SHANNON M. F. (1995): Multiple signals are required for function of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene promoter in T cells. J. Immunol., 155, 1240-1251.
41. KABNICK K. S. and HOUSMAN D. E. (1988): Determinants that contribute to cytoplasmic stability of human c-fos and β-globin mRNAs are located at several sites in each mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol., 8, 3244-3250.
42. KHWAJA A. and LINCH D. C. (1994): Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on neutrophil formation and function. Curr. Opin. Hematol., 1, 216-220.
43. KIM J.-T., GLEICH G. J. and KITA H. (1997): Roles of CD9 molecules in survival and activation of human eosinophils. J. Immunol., 159, 926-933.
44. KIM J.-T., SCHIMMING A. W. and KITA H. (1999): Ligation of FcγRII (CD32) pivotally regulates survival of human eosinophils. J. Immunol., 162, 4253-4259.
45. KITA H., OHNISHI T., OKUBO Y., WEILER D., ABRAMS J. S. and GLEICH G. J. (1991): Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 3 release from human peripheral blood eosinophils and neutrophils. J. Exp. Med., 174, 745-748.
46. LAI W. S., CARBALLO E., THORN J. M., KENNINGTON E. A. and BLACKSHEAR P. J. (2000): Interactions of CCCH zinc finger proteins with mRNA, binding of tristetraprolin-related zinc finger proteins to AU-rich elements and destabilization of mRNA. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 17827-17837.
47. LASA M., BROOK M., SAKLATVALA J. and CLARK A. R. (2001): Dexamethasone destabilizes cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21, 771-780.
48. LAZAROVA D. L., SPENGLER B. A., BIEDLER J. L. and ROSS R. A. (1999): HuD, a neuronal-specific RNA-binding protein, is a putative regulator of N-myc pre-mRNA processing/stability in malignant human neuroblasts. Oncogene, 18, 2703-2710.
49. LEVI-SCHAFFER F., LACY P., SEVERS N. J., NEWMAN T. M., NORTH J., GOMPERTS B., KAY A. B. and MOQBEL R. (1995): Association of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with the crystalloid granules of human eosinophils. Blood, 85, 2579-2586.
50. LEVI-SCHAFEER F., TEMKIN V., MALAMUD V., FELD S. and ZILBERMAN Y. (1998): Mast cells enhance eosinophil survival in vitro: Role of TNF-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Immunol., 160, 5554-5562.
51. LEVY N. S., CHUNG S., FURNEAUX H. and LEVY A. P. (1998): Hypoxic stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the RNA-binding protein HuR. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 6417-6423.
52. LEWIS T., GUEYDAN C., HUEZ G., TOULME J. J. and KRUYS V. (1998): Mapping of a minimal AU-rich sequence required for lipopolysaccharide-induced binding of a 55-kDa protein on tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 13781-13786.
53. LINDSTEN T., JUNE C. H., LEDBETFER J. A., STELLA G. and THOMPSON C. B. (1989): Regulation of lymphokine messenger RNA stability by a surface-mediated T cell activation pathway. Science, 244, 339-343.
54. LIU L. Y., SEDGWICK J. B., BATES M. R., VRIST R. F., JARJOUR N. N., BUSSE W. W., GERN J. E., KITA H. and KELLY E. A. B. Decreased expression of mIL-5a on airway eosinophils: IL-5 down-modulates its receptor via a protease-mediated process (submitted).
55. LOFLIN P., CHEN C. Y. and SHYU A. B. (1999): Unraveling a cytoplasmic role for hnRNP D in the in vivo mRNA destabilization directed by the AU-rich element. Genes Dev., 13, 1884-1897.
56. MA W.-J., CHENG S., CAMPBELL C., WRIGTH A. and FURNEAUX H. (1996): Cloning and characterization of HuR, a ubiquitously expressed Elav-like protein. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 8144-8151.
57. MALTER J. S. (1989): Identification of an AUUUA-specific messenger RNA binding protein. Science, 246, 664-666.
58. MALTER J. S. and HONG Y. (1991): A redox switch and phosphorylation are involved in the post-transcriptional up-regulation of the adenosine-uridine binding factor by phorbol ester and ionophore. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 3167-3171.
59. MATTOLI S., MATTOSO V. L., SOLOPERTO M., ALLEGRA L. and FASOLI A. (1991): Cellular and biochemical characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in symptomatic nonallergic asthma. J. Allergy Clin, Immunol., 87, 794-802.
60. MAYRAND S. H., DWEN P. and PEDERSON T. (1993): Serine/ threonine phosphorylation regulates binding of C hnRNP proteins to pre-mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 7764-7768.
61. MEERSCHAERT J., KELLY E. A. B., MOSHER D. F., BUSSE W. W. and JARJOUR N. N. (1999): Segmental antigen challenge increases fibronectin in brochoalveolar lavage fluid. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 159, 619-625.
62. MEERSCHAERT J., VRTIS R. F., SHIKAMA Y., SEDGWICK J. B., BUSSE W. W and MOSHER D. F. (1999): Engagement of α4β7 integrins by monoclonal antibodies or ligands enhances survival of human eosinophils in vitro. J. Immunol., 163, 6217-6227.
63. MING X.-F., KAISER M. and MORONI C. (1998): c-jun N-terminal kinase is involved in AUUUA-mediated interleukin-3 mRNA turnover in mast cells. EMBO J., 17, 6039-6048.
64. MIYAZAWA K., MORI A., MIYATA H., AKAHANE M., AJISAWA Y. and OKUDAIRA H. (1998): Regulation of interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 gene expression in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 24832-24838.
65. MOQBEL R., HAMID Q., YING S., BARKANS J., HARTNELL A., TSICOPOULOS A., WARDLAW A. J. and KAY A. B. (1991): Expression of mRNA and immunoreactivity for the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in activated human eosinophils. J. Exp. Med., 174, 749-752.
66. NAGATA M., SEDGWICK J. B. and BUSSE W. W. (1995): Differential effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on eosinophil and neutrophil superoxide anion generation. J. Immunol., 155, 4948-4954.
67. NAKAJIMA H., GLEICH G. J. and KITA H. (1996): Constitutive production of IL-4 and IL-10 and stimulated production of IL-8 by normal peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Immunol., 156, 4859-4866.
68. NAKAMAKI T., IMAMURA J., BREWER G., TSURUOKA N. and KOEFFLER H. P. (1995): Characterization of adenosine-uridine-rich RNA binding factors. J. Cell. Physiol., 165, 484-492.
69. OH J. W., LEE H. B., KIM C. R., YUM M. K., KOH Y. J., MOON S. J., KANG J. O. and PARK I. K. (1999): Analysis of induced sputum to examine the effects of inhaled corticosteroid on airway inflammation in children with asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 82, 491-496.
70. OHKAWARA Y., LIM K. G., XING Z., GLIBETIC M., NAKANO K., DOLOVICH J., CROITORU K., WELLER P. F. and JORDANA M. (1996): CD40 expression by human peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1761-1766.
71. OHNISHI T., KITA H., WEILER D., SEDGWICK J. B., CALHOUN W. J., BUSSE W. W., ABRAMS J. and GLEICH G. J. (1993): IL-5 is the predominant eosinophil-activc cytokine in the antigen-induced pulmonary late phase reaction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 147, 901-907.
72. PALFRAMAN R. T., COLLINS P. D., SEVERS N. J., ROTHERY S., WILLIAMS T. J. and RANKIN S M. (1998): Mechanisms of acute eosinophil mobilization from the bone marrow stimulated by interleukin 5: the role of specific adhesion molecules and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J. Exp. Med., 188, 1621-1632.
73. PARK C. S., CHOI Y. S., KI S. Y., MOON S. H., JEONG S., W. UH S.-T. and KIM Y. H. (1998): Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is the main cytokine enhancing survival of eosinophils in asthmatic airways. Eur. Respir. J., 12, 872-878.
74. PARK S., MYSZKA D. G., YU M., LITTLER S. J. and LAIRD-OFFRINGA I. A. (2000): HuD RNA recognition motifs play distinct roles in the formation of stable complex with AU-rich RNA. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 4765-4772.
75. PENG H. and LEVER J. E. (1995): Regulation of Na(+)-coupled glucose transport in LLC-PK1 cells. Message stabilization induced by cyclic AMP elevation is accompanied by binding of a M(r) = 48,000 protein to a uridine-rich domain in the 3'-untranslated region. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 23996-4003.
76. RAJAGOPALAN L. E., BURKHOLDER J. K., TURNER J., CULP J., YANG N. S. and MALTER J. S. (1995): Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA stabilization enhances transgenic expression in normal cells and tissues. Blood, 86, 2551-2558.
77. RAJAGOPALAN L. E. and MALTER J. S. (1994): Modulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA stability in vitro by adenosine-uridine binding factor. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 23882-23888.
78. RAJAGOPALAN L. E. and MALTER J. S. (1996): Turnover and translation of in vitro synthesized messenger RNAs in transfected, normal cells. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 19871-19876.
79. RAJAGOPALAN L. E., WESTMARK C. J., JARZEMBOWSKI J. A. and MALTER J. S. (1998): HnRNP C increases amyloid precursor protein (APP) production by stabilizing APP mRNA. Nucleics Acids Res., 26, 3418-3423.
80. RIDLEY H. S., DEAN J. L. E., SARSFIELD S. J., BROOK M., CLARK A. R. and SAKLATVALA J. (1998): A p38 MAP kinase inhibitor regulates stability of interleukin-1-induccd cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. FEBS Lett., 439, 75-80.
81. ROBINSON D. S., BENTLEY A. M., HARTNELL A., KAY A. B. and DURHAM S. R. (1993): Activated memory T helper cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with atopic asthma: relation to asthma symptoms, lung function, and bronchial responsiveness. Thorax, 48, 26-32.
82. ROBINSON D. S., HAMID Q., YING S., TSICOPOULOS A., BARKANS J., BENTLEY A. M., CORRIGAN C., DURHAM S. R. and Kay A. B. (1992): Predominant Th2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N. Engl. J. Med., 326, 298-304.
83. RUTAULT K., HAZZALIN C. A. and MAHADEVAN L. C. (2001): Combinaisons of ERK and p38 MAPK inhibitors ablate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) mRNA induction. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 6666-6674.
84. RUTH J. H., ESNAULT S., JARZEMBOWSKI J. A. and MALTER J. S. (1999): Calcium ionophore upregulation of AUUUA-spccific binding protein activity is contemporaneous with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor messenger RNA stabilization in AML14.3D10 cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 21, 621-628.
85. SCHLEIMER R. P., STERBINSKY S. A., KAISER J., BICKEL C. A., KLUNK D. A., TOMIOKA K., NEWMAN W., LUSCINSKAS F. W., GIMBRONE M. A. and MCINTYRE B. W. JR. (1992): IL-4 induces adherence of human eosinophils and basophils but not neutrophils to endothelium. Association with expression of VCAM-1. J. Immunol., 148, 1086-1092.
86. SEGWICK J. B., CALHOUN W. J., VRTIS R. F., BATES M. E., MCALLISTER P. K. and BUSSE W. W. (1992): Comparison of airway and blood eosinophil function after in vivo antigen challenge. J. Immunol., 149, 3710-3708.
87. SEDGWICK J. B., SHIKAMA Y., NAGATA M., BRENER K. and BUSSE W. W. (1996): Effect of isolation protocol on eosinophil function: Percoll gradients versus immunomagnetic beads. J. Immunol. Methods. 198, 15-24.
88. SHAVER J. R., ZANGRILLI J. G., CHO S.-K., CIRELLI R. A., POLLICE M., HASTIE A. T., FISH J. E. and PETERS S. P. (1997): Kinetics of the development and recovery of the lung from IgE-mediated inflammation: dissociation of pulmonary eosinophilia, lung injury, and eosinophil-active cytokines. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 155, 442-448.
89. SHAW G. and KAMEN R. (1986): A conserved AU sequence from the 3' untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell, 46, 659-667.
90. SHIH S.-C. and CLAFFEY K. P. (1999): Regulation of human vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA stability in hypoxia by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 1359-1365.
91. SHNYREVA M., SCHULLERY D. S., SUZUKI H., HIGAKI Y. and BOMSZTYK K. (2000): Interaction of two multifunctional proteins. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K and Y-box-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 15498-15503.
92. SHORT S., TIAN D., SHORT M. L. and JUNGMANN R. A. (2000): Structural determinants for post-transcriptional stabilization of lactate dehydrogenase A mRNA by the protein kinase C signal pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 12963-12969.
93. SIMON H.-U., YOUSEFI S., DIBBERT B., LEVI-SCHAFFER F. and BLASER K. (1997): Anti-apoptotic signals of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor arc transduced via Jak2 tyrosine kinase in eosinophils. Eur. J. Immunol., 27, 3536-3539.
94. SOLOPERTO M., MATTOSO V. L., FASOLI A. and MATTOLI S. (1991): A bronchial epithelial cell-derived factor in asthma that promotes eosinophil activation and survival as GM-CSF. Am. J. Physiol., 260, L530-538.
95. TAKANASHI S., NONAKA R., XING Z., O'BYRNE P., DOLOVICH J. and JORDANA M. (1994): Interleukin 10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced survival and cytokine production by human peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Exp. Med., 180, 711-715.
96. TAMURA N., ISHII N., NAKAZAWA M., NAGOYA M., YOSHINARI M., AMANO T., NAKAZIMA H. and MINAMI M. (1996): Requirement of CD80 and CD86 molecules for antigen presentation by eosinophils. Scand. J. Immunol., 44, 229-238.
97. TURNER H. and KINET J. P. (1999): Signaling through the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilon RI. Nature, 25, B24-30.
98. VIRCHOW J.-C., WALKER C., HAFNER D., KORTSIK C., WERNER P., MATTHYS H. and KROEGEL C. (1995): T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen provocation in atopic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 151, 960-968.
99. VOCERO-AKBANI A., LISSY N. A. and DOWDY S. F. (2000): Transduction of full-length tat fusion proteins directly into mammalian cells: analysis of T cell receptor activation-induced cell death. Methods Enzymol., 322, 508-521.
100. WALKER C., BAUER W., BRAUN R. K., MENZ G., BRAUN P., SCHWARZ F., HANSEL T. T. and VILLIGER B. (1994): Activated T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with various lung diseases associated with eosinophilia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 150, 1038-1048.
101. WANG P., WU P., CHEEWATRAKOOLPONG B., MYERS J. G., EGAN R. W. and BILLAH M. M. (1998): Selective inhibition of IL-5 receptor α-chain gene transcription by IL-5, IL-3, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human blood eosinophils. J. Immunol., 160, 4427-4432.
102. WANG W., FURNEAUX H., CHENG H., CALDWELL M. C., HUTTER D., LIU Y., HOLBROOK N. and GOROSPE M. (2000): HuR regulates p21 mRNA stabilization by UV light. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 760-769.
103. WELLER P. F., RAND T. H., BARRETT T., ELOVIC A., WONG D. T. and FINBERG R. W. (1993): Accessory cell function of human eosinophils. HLA-DR-dependent, MHC-restricted antigen-presentation and IL-1 alpha expression. J. Immunol., 150, 2554-2562.
104. WESTMARK C. J. and MALTER J. S. (2001): Extracellular-regulated kinase controls beta-amyloid precursor protein mRNA decay. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 90, 193-201.
105. WESTMARK C. J. and MALTER J. S. (2001): Up-regulation of nucleolin mRNA and protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by extracellular-regulated kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 1119-1126.
106. WILSON T. and TREISMAN R. (1988): Removal of poly(A) and consequent degradation of c-fos mRNA facilitated by 3' AU-rich sequences. Nature, 336, 396-399.
107. WINZEN R., KRACHT M., RITTER B., WILHELM A., CHEN C-Y., SHYU A. B., MULLER M., GAESTEL M., RESCH K. and HOLTMANN H. (1999): The p38 MAP kinase pathway signals for cytokine-induced mRNA stabilization via MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 and an AU-rich region-targeted mechanism. EMBO J., 18, 4969-4980.
108. WODNAR-FILIPOWICZ A. and MORONI C. (1990): Regulation of interleukin 3 mRNA expression in mast cells occurs at the post-transcriptional level and is mediated by calcium ions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 777-781.
109. WOOLLEY K. L., ADELROTH E., WOOLLEY M. J., ELLIS R., JORDANA M. and O'BYRNE P. M. (1995): Effects of allergen challenge on eosinophils, eosinophil cationic protein, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in mild asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 151, 1915-1924.
110. XIAO Y.-Q., SOMEYA K.-I., MORITA H., TAKAHASHI K. and OHUCHI K. (1999): Involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK/ MAPK pathways in staurosporine-induced production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in rat peritoneal neutrophils. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1450, 155-163.
111. XU N., CHEN C. Y. and SHYU A. B. (2001): Versatile role for hnRNP D isoforms in the differential regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell Biol., 21, 6960-6971.
112. YOUNG D. A., LOWE L. D. and CLARK S. C. (1990): Comparison of the effects of IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor in supporting monocyte differentiation in culture: analysis of macrophage antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. J. Immunol., 145, 607-615.
113. ZHANG W., WAGNER B. J., EHRENMAN K., SCHAEFER A. W., DEMARIA C. T., CRATER D., DEHAVEN K., LONG L. and BREWER G. (1993): Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1. Mol. Cell. Biol., 13, 7652-7665.